Sometime within the next several years, th~ firstAmerican will soar into orbit around the earth. He will besealed in a small, cone-shaped space capsule mounted atop ~n

Atlas missile. The missile will climb 100 miles in. less th.an SIX

minutes, where the capsule will disengage and go mto orbit. Theman will be alone in space.

USSis a registeredtrademark

The vehicle for this historic voyage is already in production underthe auspices of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's"Project Mercury." Oneof the methods of heat protection is a beryl-lium heat sink, forged on two giant steel dies. Both dies are USSQuality Steel Forgings. The top die (shown being rough-machinedon one of our vertical boring mills) will be convex, 20 inches thickand will weigh 26,520 pounds. The bottom die, concave and 18inches thick, weighs 27,700 pounds. Both are 92 inches in diameter.

Steel is the starting gun in the race to outer space. Space shipsand missiles couldn't get off the ground without it. And Steel de-pends on'men like you. Send the coupon if you would like to find outabout the many engineering financial analysis or sales career op-portunities at U. S. Steel.

~ United States Steel

This mark tells you a product is made ~of modern, dependable Steel. \:£l

United States Steel CorporationPersonnel Division525 William Penn PlacePittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania

I "P ths of Opportunity."Please send me the book et, a

Name ---

School - _

Address- -----

________ ~7.one-State-City

FACTS ABOUT

AIR FORCEOFFICER TRAININGFOR ENGINEERS

Who is eligible?

College graduates, with a degree from anaccredited college or university, who are U. S.citizens 201/2 to 27112 at time of application.Male applicants may be married or unmarried;female applicants must be single and have nodependents. Applicants must complete writtenand physical examinations for commissioning.

What kinds of engineersare needed most?Aeronautical, electrical, mechanical, civil,architectural, industrial. (Also graduates withany degree who majored in nuclear physics,engineering physicS or meteorology.)

What is Air ForceOfficer Training School?

A precommission training course of 3 months'duration at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.Officer trainees upon graduation receive a com-mission as second lieutenant. They are then as-signed directly to duty or additional training.

May, 1961

Does the Air Forceoffer career opportunities?Yes. Technically trained officershave a particu.larly bright career outlook. They have goodopportunities for graduate study.

How can further informationbe obtained?Write to OTS Information, Box 7608, Wash-ington 4, D.C., or inquire at any Air Force Hc-cruiting Office, listed in thc telephonc dircctoryunder "U. S. Government-Air Force."

******************************* ** ** Civilian Career Opportunities ** *: The Air Force also offers challenging jobs for :* engineers as civilians. Write to Directorate of ** Civilian Personnel, Hq. Air Force Systems Com. ** ** mand, Andrews Air Force Base, Washington 25, *: D. C., concerning opportunities for individuals :* with degrees in aeronautical, electrical, elec- *: tronic, and mechanical engineering. Write to :* Directorate of Civilian Personnel, Hq. Air Force *: Logistics Command, Wright. Patterson Air Force :* Base, Ohio, concerning opportunities for individ- *: uals with degrees in industrial engineering. :

:****************************:

At Convair, we know how important it is tochoose your first association wisely. We canalmost always help to make the decision a littleeasier, whether or not you choose Convair.

No company can be all things to all graduatesbut Convair offers some unusual advantages thatshou!d interest you. We're a big company, butprovide .many of the advantages usually consid-ered umque to smaller firms. Our engineering?epar.tments, for exa~~le, are purposely organ-Iz~d mto s~al.I,. spec.mhzed groups, achieving ac!lmate of mdlvlduahs~ ra!e in a company oursize. A.lso, a large orgamzatlOn can pursue a vari-ety of mdependent research and technical studies'its resources provide an extra measure of stability:

Looking for real opportunity? Convair, as amem~er of the General Dynamics family, offerswhat ..S probably the most advanced and diversi-fied h~t of programs and products in the aero-space mdustry.

Salary? You'll find us competitive right downthe line.

Location? Convair's operating divisions are lo-cated in California and Texas. Each has advan-tages; all are in medium-sized metropolitan areas.

Associates? Distinguished men in your fieldhave chosen Convair as their company; the bestplace to express their ideas and formulate theircareers.

Graduate study? Convair aggressively encour-ages graduate study and participation in localeducational programs through lecturing andteaching.

Yes, before you decide, pick up all the factsabout Convair. You'll find them in our new bro-chure, "Engineering Opportunities." See it inyour placement office or write for a copy. AddressMr. H. T. Brooks, Engineering Personnel Ad-ministrator, Convair General Office, San Diego12, California.

2

CONVAIRA DIVISION OF

GENERAL DYNAMICS

Spartan Engineer

WANT INTERESTING WORK?

WANT TO LEARN AS YOU EARN?

Here's a .chance. to put theory to practice ... to appraise what you havelearne~ In relation to what Industry requires on the job. You'll get abetter Idea of where you can go in your chosen field ... and perhapsthe route to take after graduation.

If you're a junior, senior, or graduate student of chemical ormechanical engineering, or chemistry, you may be given a regular plantor laboratory assignment, important and challenging work, keyed toyour education to date. You'll get the same personal, interested trainingas our permanent employees.

A summer job with Du Pont can be an important step toward agood job with us after college. You learn about us and what kind ofcompany we are. We learn about you.

Jobs for students are limited, of course, so write soon to Du Pont,Room 2430-2 Nemours Building, Wilmington 98, Delaware.

(There are some jobs, too, for freshmen and sophomores, as labassistants and vacation relief operators. They should apply direct to theDu Pont laboratory or plant of their choice.)

BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING ••• THROUGH CHEMISTRY

WORK WITH DU PONT THIS SUMMER

3May, 1961

4

Editor's

Corner

You HAVE the feeling of pride and accomplishment ..... and it is well

deserved, for you will soon complete a rigorous four-year engineering pro-

gram.

You're among the very best of the nation's youth and the nation is wait-

ing for you with open arms. She expects big things from you, so don't dis-

appoint her Place no limit on your visions and thinking .

Dream big dreams and do your best to make those dreams come true.

You cannot limit yourself to what has been done. To quote Dean Ryder,

"We have built buildings and bridges before, but when it comes to building

rockets, we are not following a previous pattern."

Creativity is the prime requisite for englOeers and scientists; they mustthink "big" and be pioneers.

More than 100 years ago, Michael Faraday was demonstrating his elec-

tromagnetic equipment to a British government committee in the hope of

obtaining government support. One member admitted he was fascinated,

but asked Faraday, "What practical benefits can we expect?" "1 can't answer

that question," Faraday replied, "but I can tell you that 100 years from nowyou will be taxing something like this."

When you get into the world of science, let your motivation be that of

the mountain-climber he climbs a mountain because it's there!

RY.P.

Spartan Engineer

VOLUME 14

Spartan EngineerNO. 4

4 EDITOR'S CORNER

7 DEAN'S LETTER

8 A GIANT

12 JETS

14 AUTOMA TIC HIGHWAYS

20 SIDETRACKED

22 BOOK REVIEW

"

MAY 1961

editor ... ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. REG PILARSKI

business manager .

assistant business manager .

copy editor .........publicity .

staff artist . ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DON ANDERSON

JEANNETTE McCI.EES

PAUL BUTLER

ART BEKMANISSIGMA PHI DEI.TA

SYDNEY SUE YOUNG

staff

advisors

May, 1961

C. CHURCH

R. HUFFMASTER

K. LESLEY

J. THORNTON

]. RYDER

T. FARRELL

H. PLUMB

J. STOKLEY

D. McGRADY

W. MciLRATH

Member, Engineering CollegeMagazine AlSocioted

~ Chairman: Profenor Charles E. Wales,;. Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

o 0 0

Publishe,'s Rep: littell.Murrey-Barnhill, Inc.369 lexington Ave., New York 17, N. Y.

737 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III.

Published four times yearly by the students of the ,COllE?E. OFENGINEERING, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, Eost tonsong, M,ch'gon.The office is on the third floor of the Student Services. Bldg.,. P,honeED 2- 1511. Ext. 2614. Second closs postage paid in E. lanSing, Michigan,

under act of March J, 1879.

Subscription rate by moil S 1.00 per year. Single copies 2S cents.

5

Malleable Puts More Muscle in Machinery

PROBLEM-SOLVING IDEASare yours free in DataUnit No.1I5. For yourcopy, ask any memberof the Malleable Cast-ings Council, or writeto Malleable CastingsCouncil, Union Com-merce Building, Cleve-land 14, Ohio.

In the agricultural equipment field, reputations depend on buildingproducts that can take rough treatment ... and give real value. To doit, agricultural equipment manufacturers rely heavily on Malleableiron castings.

Malleable's excellent ductility and shock resistance mean longer lifeand fewer problems than obtainable with fabrications. Low start-upcost for small quantities also is vitally important in this competitiveindustry.

Put more reputation-building quality into your products at less costwith Malleable.

oMALLEABLEIRON

CASTINGS

The versatility of Malleable Castings is reflected in th' ..e vanety of ferntlc and r' M Idable front axle bar to bolsters lift arms clamps I' h' . pear ItlC a leable tractor parts, from the tough, depen-

, , , c eVlses, Itches, hinges f t d I . ,, 00 pe a s, transmission planetary carriers and clutch parts.

6 Spartan Engineer

J. D. RYDER

May, 1961

Dean'sLetter

o~R SENIORS have just completed their parts in the annual hunt for col-leg~ Ivo~y-the campa.ign conducted by U. S. industry to guide the potentialengIneerIng graduate Into the profession. This year, as for several past, hasseen our campus attract representatives of more industrial companies andg~vernmental agencies than visit any other institution in the state. DuringWInter term alone, our 250 engineering seniors had nearly 2300 interviews withthe visiting personnel representatives.

What do these men look for in the seniors they interview? \V/e believethe ~oremost quali~y desired is "teachableness," or a willingness and ability tocontInue the learnmg process. How do they measure this quality? Certainlythe first quantitative criterion applied is that of the student's grade-point aver-age. A good average is at least an indication that he has learned in the pastand should be able to continue the learning process in moving into our techni-cal profession in the future. Interest in possible graduate study, in company-sponsored technical and business training programs, in the technical advantagesoffered by the geographical locale of the company's operations, all demonstrateto the ivory-hunter that a senior wishes to continue learning.

A good point average, however, is not all that is desired by the inter-viewer. After assuring himself of academic abilities, he next looks to person-ality, appearance, responsiveness, ability to spea,k. The interviewer kn~ws thatthese qualities, not too well measured by the pOll1t a~erage, have a .maJor bear-ing on the future of an engineer-he must work With and supervise others-will he be a smooth-working member of the company team?

Many of these latter capabilities are present in a st~dent before he evenarrives on our campus as a freshman, ,an~ we must admit ~l~at often we onlyoffer opportunity for exercise and poltshmg o~ these. qualttlCs. ~o\~ever, wewould like to point out that the point average IS the tIcket of a~~lISslOn to theinterview room-without this a graduate has lessened opportullltles to demon-strate his other winning qualities or personality.

A d even though such a mundane subject as salary should not enter, agood p:int average has been known to put mo~e beef in the salary offer, whichusually leads to more beef on the table at meal tIme.

/

7

AFOR A NEIGHBOR

Spartan Engineer

radio telescope being built there butthe little town will continue its way oflife nearly unaffected.

The new radio telescope, started bythe Navy in the summer of 1959 andto be completed in 1962, will havedimensions presently unequaled any-where in the world. Standing 665 feetabo\'e the ground level of the valley,the structure will require 20,000 tonsof steel, 600 tons of aluminum, andnearly 14,000 cubic yards of concrete.A huge parabolic reflector, with adiameter of 600 feet, a circumferenceof approximately one-third of a mile,and a reflecting area of seven squaremiles will top the structure. Whencompleted, it will have cost $79 mil-lion. The Navy feels that its invest-ment will be realized.

For each operating day, the Navywill spend one-half day conductingresearch of a classified nature on itemsof interest to them; i.e., navigation,communication, ionospheric physics,etc. The other half of the day will beused by astronomers. A special Navyconsulting board will allocate time ac-cording to pre-determined subject pri-orities.

The rigorous selection priorities arenecessitated by the demand created forthe telescope due to its outstandingqualities. The parabolic reflector, cra-dled between two ferris wheel-likestructures, is capable of a 0 to 90°vertical scan and a 3600 horizontalrotation facilitated by railroad trucksat the base. The surface of the reflectorconsists of individual aluminum wire-screen panels that are automaticallycompensated by servomechanisms fordistortion due to wind, temperaturechanges, or the severe stresses due togravity when in movement. To avoid

attention to its growth and are littleaffected by its presence. Their lifecontinues much as it has for decadesprior to the conception of their newneighbor. Much of the outside worldwill be greatly influenced by the giant

NESTED in a valley surrounded bythe natural protection of the highmountains of \X1est Virginia, a giantgrows up. In the small nearby moun-tain town of Sugar Grove (population125), the townspeople pay little or no

r- ~~~~.. T.hese are two temporary towers. erected by the American Bridge

DIVISIon of the U. S. Steel CorporatIon at the site of tl ;'T , I. d' . " lJe l~avys lJugela 10 telescope at Sugar G.r.o/le, lP"est Vtrgllua. The men at the to s ofthese towers are ~arely I'1Sl~/e. The .tower at the left is 360 feet Phighand 90 feet squal e. Both wt/I be bltllt to a height of 420 f d '11b d I .. eet an . WIe SIIfIII01lllte . oy derncks wlIh booms 200 feet 101lg.

8

An artist's sketch of the completed radio-telescope.

by Kennet b L. Lesl e)', E.E.

distortion, the surface must not varymore than one inch at the important21 em. wavelength (hydrogen linewavelength). An inertial guidance sys-tem will allow the focusing of a spotonly 1/60 of the area of the moonregardless of outside parameters suchas the movement of the earth.

The control parameters to the guid-ance system will be determined by acomputer using punched cards pre-pared by an expert operating crewfrom a detailed description of the ex-periment proposed by the astronomer.At the focus of the reflector (240 feetfrom its center) is the Navy receivingapparatus. If the astronomer desiresto utilize his own gear, he may do soby placing it at the focus. Presently,it seems likely that the results obtainedwill be printed either on a punched-card or tape to allow the astronomer toutilize his own computer facilitiesthereby freeing the system for otherprojects.

A project having high priority with.the Navy consulting board is the studyof the temperatures on the surface ofthe moon. Since the resolving powerof a telescope is defined as the ratioof the aperture (diameter) to the op-erating wavelength, it can be readilyseen that the 600-foot radio telescopewill have a very nice degree of reso-lution. This will allow studying thesurface of the moon in greater detail~han previously attainable. Optical andmfrared studies have indicated thatthe surface of the moon remains warmfor several days after it has turnedaway from the sun and that it remainscool for several days after returningagain to the sunlight. To the scientistthis suggests the possibility of themoon's surface being covered by a

May, 1961

layer of some insulating material suchas dust. The presence of this materialcould very well ha,'e a bearing uponany projected moon landings. Theradio telescope verifies these previousfindings and does so in a more accu-rate manner by being able to studysmaller areas. It is also being usedfor temperature studies on the differ-ent stars and planets.

Scientists anticipate that the 600-foot radio telescope will permit theaccurate measurement of the amountof radiation from the solar flares thataccompany the appearance of sunspotson our own sun. The practical appli-cation of the results of this work willbe in the field of communications.Atmospheric conditions generally at-tributed to sun-spot radiation createsinterference on most present means ofradio communication. Perhaps a moreaccurate knowledge of the nature ofthese interference causing conditionswill lead to equipment that will notbe affected by them.

An item of topical interest to anynation professing the desire to p~tman into space is the Van Allen radI-ation belt. Some short time ago, Dr.

James Van Allen announced the dis-covery of two horn-shaped belts of in-tense radiation surrounding the earth.By means of the greater resolutionavailable through the use of the 600-foot radio telescope, it will be possibleto chart these belts with some fairdegree of accuracy. A knowledge ofthe location and intensity of any radia-tion will enhance man's chances of re-turning unaffected back to earth oncehe has been put into orbit. To manyconcerned with the conquest of outerspace, this may be considered amplequalification for the time and resourcesbeing put into the giant.

Thus it is' that a giant can growup in the mountains without botheringor perhaps even interesting the inhab-itants of the local area. It will rise toits magnificent 665 foot heighth andprobe the heavens in a manner hereto-fore impossible. It will search theskies for knowledge of the secretsthere. It will contribute to the further-ing of science and the betterment ofman. The giant 600-foot radio tele-scope will not disturb the people ofSugar Grove-and, they will certainlynot disturb it.

9

This steel plant consumes 1/400th of theelectric power generated in the United States

BETHLEHEM STEEL R

Surprising? Not if you realize that steelmaking requiresa tremendous amount of electric power.

It takes about 20,000 electric motors to drive therolling mills and other equipment at our Sparrows PointPlant, near Baltimore, the nation's largest steelmakingplant. Here, at our own steam-electric generating station,we produce enough power for a city of 250,000.

It goes without saying that we need the services ofelectrical engineers to design, construct, and maintain

@teelforStrength.. , Economy•.. Versatility

the vast and complicated array of electrical equipmentat our many plants and facilities.

Bethlehem offers excellent career opportrmi.ties for men in virtually all engineering curricula:metallurgical, mechanical, chemical, industrial, civil, min.ing, ceramic, architectural, and others. We suggest thatyou discuss Bethlehem with your Placement Officer. A~dbe sure to pick up a copy of our booklet, "Careers WIthBethlehem Steel and the Loop Course."

BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANYBethlehem, Pa.

Division of General Motors, Indianapolis 6, Indiana11

Gravity is both a bane and a boon to man'sefforts - and a thorough understanding ofit is of great significance in the completionof Allison's energy conversion mission .

.....s '0.:$.~,';$ Gravity conditions our thinking on ad-

,"~~~,':-." ..'",\," vanced assignments. For example, in......~~~"~ outer space there is a disorientation of

:~~~~,~"~~~::~_~ .. :.:~...•>,~~~~ conventional design. The fact that large.~-:;;,.~'<.,~~ ,,':"i!.-~" accelerations can be obtained with low," :,~~"~ thrust forces has taken us into the new field

....,:",""",:~"'-~~~~'~ .-',..;~~~,... of electrical propulsion, ion and magneto."<;'.'~~4....,-";~J.~~~;,... hydrodynamic rockets.

~J7:~ :;,£4'.2-~ ~ "~:-47~-r-'- ~_~. In our inquiries, we supplement our own/#,- __ ~ ~~~ resources by calling on many talents and

~ ~ ~ capabilities: General Motors Corporation,£,cp;~;',::-~ ~ .. its Divisions, other individuals and organi-

,.-.r/ zations. By applying this systems engineer-ing concept to new projects, we increasethe effectiveness with which we aCcom-plish our mission - exploring the needs ofadvanced propulsion and weapons systems.Energy conversion is our business

May, 1961

by Roberta Huffmaster, l\1ath and Physical Science

Do YOU \XIANT to know how tobuild a pulsating jet engine-a radiocontrolled robot? Or see what a spacestation will look like, or examine thenucleus of a radioactive element? OnMay 12 and 13, these and other un-usual displays will be shown at the9th Annual JETS Engineering Expo-sition. The theme for this year will beThe Space Generation.

Typical of the kind of projects pre-sented is that of Shirley Heuchert, aJETS member at Sexton High Schoolin Lansing. Her pulse jet engine (pic-

12

tured below), won a special JETSaward, plus a first place and AirForce award at the 1961 Youth TalentExhibit and Science Fair sponsoredby The State JOllrnal and Oldsmobile.She designed and built it herself as aphysics project. The engine uses pro-pane fuel, and shoots an eight-footblast from its tail. It took a year tobuild and works something like atorch.

Another JETS award winner fromSexton is Jim Hewitt. He will not be

. /. I~I• \ 3

-~.',\

displaying his infra-red guidance sys-tem here at the exposition because heis taking it to the National ScienceFair in Kansas City. The system candetect a heat source and tell wherethe heat is coming from.

A radio-controlled robot will bedisplayed by Ray Gearhart, a Mt. Pleas-ant, Texas, JETS member. (Picturebelow). The robot has a system ofmechanical devices that trip certainrelays depending on the commandgiven to it by means of a radio trans-mitter. This type of radio control iscomparable to that used in controllingmissiles, and is called command guid-ance.

In all, there will be projects fromat least 14 states at the exposition, in-cluding New York, Alabama, andNew Mexico.

This year, there is a new rule thatall projects entered must have wonsome award previous to entering ithere. Each project must also be en-tered in one of the 14 specific cate-gories, ranging from Agricultural En-gineering to Mathematics, and all haveto be workable applications of knowl-edge, not just posters or kits.

The JETS have also added anotheraward to the exposition, the 1961JETS National Technician, to be givento some outstanding member who isnot planning on going to college, butwants to further his technical Knowl-edge. Both the winner of this award,and the 1961 JETS National JuniorEngineer winner will be taken on atour of the military bases and installa-tions around Washington, D.C., inaddition to other awards.

Various societies and companies willalso give out prizes to entries in theirfields. Republic Aviation will give onein the Aeronautical Engineering Divi-

Spartan Engineer

J\~).l 'F.J,.......,..t ~ ........

~/h~• I..,.-','..1"...,"'<"", ..... ,f'J'

/(}..,.~V ,.-~A M,JJ

~ J,_jJf.-~ f.r,

sion, the American Society of CivilEngineers will give one in the Civil-Architectural Engineering group, andthe Consumers Power Co. plans togive one common share of its stock,worth approximately $50, to the topentry in the Electrical Engineering di-VISion.

Awards will be given out at anawards luncheon in the Big Ten Roomof Kellogg Center on May 13. Theawards for the exhibits are: red andblue medallions, signifying excellentand superior achievement, slide rules,and drawing instruments. The speakerfor the luncheon will be from the AirForce Systems Command.

Dr. Lorin Miller, Dean of the Col.lege of Engineering until 1954 andone of the founders of JETS, will behonored at the luncheon along withoutstanding pilots(leaders of the JETSgroups in the high school) and in-dustrial co.ordinators.

This is a sample of the work beingdone by members of JETS, but howdid it come into being?

In 1950, Dr. Miller and Prof.Skamser of the MSU College of En-gineering started a club whose purposewas to introduce high school studentsto the applied sciences, so that theywould become aware of the opportuni.ties and challenges connected with atechnical career. The name, Junior En.gineering Technical Society, was cho-sen with an eye on the initials. Millerand Skamser wanted the club's initialsto indicate the forward.moving ideasand applications of science to be util-ized in running the clubs.

May, 1961

One of the main ideas inherent inthe clubs is that members learn bydoing, not by rote memorization offormulas and statistics. Each club hasa pilot, who is usually a science ormath teacher in the school. He, alongwith any advisors from industry,guides the members in building proj-ects, takes them on field trips to in.dustrial plants, and obtains speakerswho give talks on their special fields,such as thermodynamics or aerody-namics.

By 1958, the JETS had grown solarge, with 365 chapters, that it hadto be reorganized as a national, non-profit society. The headguarters is in

l~""

RAD 0 CONTRQLED ROBOT

f .~.i .•

I..

the Mechanical Engineering Lab oncampus, with Dr. Fallon as director,and Dean Ryder as president of thesociety.

The JETS aim of introducing highschool students to the many aspects ofengineering and science has had twoconseguences. One, it weeds out thosestudents who are not suited to engi-neering and science before they get achance to flunk out in college. Second-ly, it prepares the serious studentsfor the type of study done in college.Through this, JETS has done a greatdeal to promote technical and scientificpursuits among the potential engineersof tomorrow.

~1

13

AUTOMATIC HIGHWAYSTake a nap while zooming along on the highway of the future

Edited by JeanJlette ldcC/ ees, E.E.

Photos courtes)' IVestinghouse Electric Corp.

UNDER A NEW concept for masstransportation put forward by Westing-house engineers, a high-speed electri-cally driven system of "Roller Roads"would transport groups of automobilesand their occupants at speeds up to150 miles per hour or commuters atspeeds up to 75 miles per hour. Theroadway would consist of a series ofrubber rollers powered by individualmotors and spaced approximately 20feet apart to resemble inverted roller-skates. These rollers would both sup-port and propel the flat-bottomed car-riers in which automobiles and pas-sengers would travel.

The Roller Road has potential forsolving problems of highway trafficcongestion and metropolitan rapidtransit service in the near future. Thenew high-speed highway would pro-vide more reliability and safety thanany proposal \X'estinghouse has seenfor solving the country's very complextransportation problems.

The number of automobiles in theU.S. (61,000,000 presently) is expect-ed to exceed the 100,000,000 mark inthe 1970's. Consequently, conventionalmethods of inter city turnpike travelwill be inadequate, so Westinghouseengineers examined ways in which new

14

highway systems might be constructed.Airborne conveyances, monorails, elec-trified trains, self-propelled trains andother concepts were considered. Onlythe Roller Road, however, seemed tooffer the reliability needed withoutsacrifice in other essential require-ments.

Essentials of the new concept areas follows: The conveyances whichcarry automobiles will be devoid ofall apparatus whose failure mightcause a highway shutdown or delay.Each lane of the highway will be acontinuous, computer-controlled systemof individually powered rollers, re-ceiving electric energy from neighbor-ing interconnected electric utility sys-tems. This roller system will not onlybe the highway surface, but will ac-celerate the conveyances, keep themmoving once accelerated, and providebraking power at proper locations.The conveyances will be stopped atfixed stations where the automobileswill be loaded and unloaded automati-cally to achieve uniform loading inminimum time.

Each carrier would be approximate-ly 110 feet long. Provision would bem~de for 10 automobiles plus a loungewIth rest room facilities.

The carners would be operated instrings of 3 to 10 units under normalconditions. The only factor limitingthe number of carriers would be thelength of the loading platforms.

Guide wheels operating against therails at either side of the Roller Roadwould steer the carriers along therollers. As the only rotating deviceson the carriers, these wheels couldalso be used to power generators tosupply light and heat inside the car-ners.

The drive package for each rollerwould consist of a three-phase induc-tion motor, a torque coverter, a brake,and a reduction gear. The time re-quired for a 1100-foot string of 10carriers to pass over a given roller at150 mph is about 5 seconds. Conse-quently these motors would work for5 seconds and then would idle untilthe next conveyance came along. Themotors thus could be heavily "over-loaded" for short peak intervals, grc:at-ly reducing their size. The mechanIcalbrake would be included on eachroller to provide for emergency stopsanywhere along the highway.

A loading and unloading time ofone minute was set as a goal in orderto maintain an average speed of 120

(Continued on Page 18)

Spartan Engineer

"IT'S HERE-IF YOU WANT TO WORK FOR IT"Even before Ron Spetrino received his engi-

neering degree from Case he had good job offersfrom six companies.

He joined The Ohio Bell Telephone Company-his reason: "I was convinced an engineer couldgo further here-if he was willing to work for it."

As soon as Ron got his feet on the groundin telephone engineering, he was tapped for atough assignment. The job-to engineer switch-ing equipment modifications needed to prepareCleveland for nationwide customer dialing of longdistance calls.

Ron wrapped it up in five months, and foundhe had earned a shot at another tough assignment.In this job Ron helped engineer a completely newlong distance switching center for Cleveland. Thisswitching center connected Cleveland with thenationwide customer dialing network. It wasabout a year later that Ron put the finishing

touches on the specs for this $1,600,000 project.Today, as a Supervising Engineer, Ron heads

a staff of five engineers and is responsible fortelephone switching in much of the greaterCleveland area.

He supervises the design and purchase of $3million worth of equipment a year. And evenmore important, he is charged with developingthe technical and managerial skills of his statT.

Ron knows what he's talking about when hesays, "In this business you have to do more thana good job. We expect a man to be a self-developer.We expect him to take responsibility from hisfirst day on the job and think for himself. Youdon't get ahead around here by just doing time."

If you want a job in which you're given everychance to prove yourself, and real responsibilityright from the start-you'll want to see your Place-ment Officefor further information.

May, 1961

"Our number one aim is to have in allmanagement jobs the most vital, intelli-gent, positive and imaginative men wecan possibly find."

FREDERICK R. KAPPEL, PresidentAmerican Telephone & Telegraph Co.

@BELL TELEPHONE COMPANIES

15

... is a rare and marvelous possession. It is to becoveted and protected-nourished and encouraged-givenfreedom for expression, and, at the same time,intelligent guidance.

At Delco Radio Division of General Motors we havean appreciation for talent-the kind of talent which ledDelco to a position of leadership in the fields ofelectronics and solid state physics.

Armed with this background and men of provenabilities, we intend to assault the challenges of the future.We have unusual opportunities for ambitious young menwith new ideas-new talent. If you're interested in becominga part of this aggressive Delco, GM team, write toMr. Carl Longshore, Supervisor-Salaried Employment,for additional information-or talk with ourrepresentative when he visits your campus.

16

@LCO RADIO DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS

KOKOMO, INDIANA

Spartan Engineer

HOW FORGED PARTShelp airplanes haulbigger payloads

In an airliner, every pound of weight saved is worth hundreds of dollars... in revenue-making payload. And in military aircraft, pounds saved mcanadded miles-per-hour ... or added load carricd.

In commercial products ... trucks, cars, matcrials.handling cquipmcnt ...the pounds of dead weight you eliminate by using forgings makc moneyyear-after-year for the operator. The forging proccss Icts you put thc mctal exactlywhere you need it to carry thc load, withstand shock or vihration,endure torsion. And with not a surplus ouncc of non-working weight goillg

along just for the ride.Forged parts are the designer's friend ..• strong whcre strength is necdcd,

lowest in weight, twice-worked by original rolling of the best mctalsplus the hammer blows or high pressures of the forging process.

Write for literature to help you specify, design, and procure forged parts.

May, 1961

Drop Forging Association' Cleveland 13, Ohio Names of sponsorin, companies on "quest to thi, maltuine

17

The caniers rest 011 alld are propelled by the series of rollers showilhere. The two rails serlle to guide the carriers alollg the rollers.

~-/~ 7-~~--~~,

Sket~h showillg. aut.omatic loading statio 11 for cars alld their ocCII-pallts (/IOllt of carner IS remolJed in sketch).

HIGHWAYS(Continued from Page 14)

mph over the highways. Drivers in-tending to board a carrier would placetheir cars on dollies at platforms ad-jacent to the highway. This would bethe last action required of the driveruntil he and his car were automaticallyunloaded at his destination.

Computer-controlled lights wouldindicate to a driver which spaces wereempty on the approaching carrier.When the carriers stop, automaticdevices attached to the station plat-form raise the proper doors on eachside of the carriers. With the doorsraised, a mechanical device wouldpush the dolly and the car onto thecarrier. The corresponding dolly onthe carrier, whether or not it carriesan automobile, is pushed off the car-rier on to the other side of the plat-form.

Consideration was given to the pos-sibility of people driving automobileson and off the carriers, but was dis-carded because of the uncertainties ofhuman behavior. The computer con-trol for the system would dispatchstrings of carriers at proper intervals,provide protection against rear-end col-lisions, and control the automatic load-ing and unloading at stations.

A high-speed system of this kindwould offer many advantages. It couldhandle conventional toll road traflicat twice the speed. Its capacity couldbe increased with little expense byrunning more than 10 carriers to-gether as an operating unit. It couldcarry high-class freight in containersat speeds comparable to the airlines.It would be an all-weather route, in-vulnerable to delays f rom fog, ice,slc:et or snow. It could carry passengerswho desire to travel without their auto-mobiles. The same principles could beapplied to produce an excellent rapidtransit system for large urban com-munities such as San Francisco, LosAngeles or Pittsburgh.

\Xfestinghouse pointed out that "themajor problem in an automatic systemdesigned to handle the tremendoustraffic of modern turn pikes is that ofreliability in the propulsion system.\Xfhile the Roller Road concept natur-ally introduces many problems, it co-compasses the only propulsion planwhich seems to offer the reliabilityneeded to make a high-speed systemof this kind workable."

18Spartan Engineer

OUT OF THE LABORATORY

Bringing space down to earth ... thislaboratory space capsule is designed to measureman's physiological and psychological limits andtest life support systems under simulated spaceflight conditions. Now scientists will be able tostudy, simultaneously, the space flight stresses ofhigh altitude, acceleration, heat and isolation.

Developed and being built by Garrett's AiRe-search divisions for the U.S. Air Force's WrightAir Development Division, this ground test spacecapsule is an example of Garrett's research leader-ship in life support and secondary power systemsfor space vehicles for long duration flight at zerogravity. Development of these life support systemsutilizing cryogenic gases and efficient turbine

drive secondary power systems using solar ornuclear energy are opening up vast new worldsof exploration and career achievement for engi-neers in the space age.

A world leader in the development and manu-facture of major systems and components foraircraft and missiles as well as advanced flightvehicles, The Garrett Corporation provides anorientation program lasting a period of monthsfor the newly graduated engineer, working onassignments with experienced engineers in labora.tory, preliminary design and development projects.

Should you be interested in a career with TheGarrett Corporation, write to Mr. G. D. Bradleyin Los Angeles.

'l'HE CORPORATION

t1iResearch Manufacturing DivisionsLos Angeles 45, California 0 Phoenix, Arizona

19

)THER DIVISIONS AND SUBSIDIARIES' AIRSUPPLY.AERO ENGINEERING 0 AlRESEARCH AVIATION SERVICE 0 GARRETT SUPPLY 0 AIR CRUISERS

"RESEARCH INDUSTRIAL 0 GARRETT MANUFACTURING LIMITEDo MARWEDELo GARRETT INTERNATIONAL S.A.o GARRETT 'JAPAN> LIMITED

May, 1961

SIDETRACKED

Salesman: "This slide rule is some-thing you'll really need. It will do halfyour work for you."

Up and coming freshman engineer:"Fine, I'll take two."

* * *A Chinese visitor was heard to ob-

serve: "Funny people, you Americans.You take a glass and put sugar in itto make it sweet and lemon in it tomake it sour. Then you put whiskeyin it to make it hot and ice to make itcold. And then you say, 'Here's toyou,' and then you drink it yourself."

* * *Prof: "If in running down this ramp

I gain live feet per second, what willbe my condition after 25 seconds?"

Phys. Major: "You'll be a centi-pede."

* * *It was the sleepy time of the after-

noon. The professor droned on andon; formulas, constants and ligures.An engineer, sitting in the secondrow, was unable to restrain himselfand gave a tremendous yawn. Un-fortunately as he stretched out his armhe caught his neighbor squarely underthe chin, knocking him to the floor.\'{f orried, he bent over the prostrateform just in time to hear a murmur,"Hit me again, Sam. I can still hearhim."

20

And then there was the freshmanwho thought a logarithm was a for-ester's song.

* * *Professor: "Tell us what you know

about nitrates."

Chem. E: "I don't know much aboutthem except that they're cheaper thanday rates."

* * *Concluding his lecture a college

professor started to dismiss the classwhen a student called out: "Professor,have you any documentary proof tosupport the things you've been telling

)"us.

Since the talk had been about lifeon other planets, the professor admit-ted that he hadn't any proof.

"Until you do produce proof," saidthe student, "do you mind if I callyou a liar?"

"Not at all. Tell me, were you borna human or an animal?"

"A human, of course."

"Have you your birth certilicatewith you?"

"No, but-"

."We.lI, until you produce it, do yoummd If I call you an impertinentjackass ?"

Prof: I say there, you in the auto--your tubular air container has lost itsroundity.

CE: Come again.

Prof: I said, the cylindrical appara-tus which supports your vehicle is nolonger symmetrical.

CE: What?

Prof: The elastic fabric surroundingthe circular frame whose successiverevolutions bear you onward in spacehas not retained its roundness.

CE: What's that?

Little boy: Hey, bud, you gotta flattire!

* * *CLASSROOM QUOTES

"It should now be obvious that ... "

"\'{fe now make a few evident as-sumptions ... "

"By making use of the conservationof energy, conservation of linear andangular momentum, Maxwell's equa-tions and the lirst and second laws ofthermodynamics, we lind that we mayreadily derive ... "

"Using the relations learned infreshman math ... "

" ... giving us a simple and power-ful theoretical tool."

Spartan Engineer

Monorail "Airtrain" - a compact, high-speed transportation system that will beautomatic and practically noiseless.Construction is now being planned byleading U.S. cities to provide efficient,low-cost urban transit. Lightweight

Monorail design demands strong,weight-saving metals. Logical choice:Nickel-containing materials such asnickel steels for the basic structure,nickel steel castings for underframes,trucks, other load-bearing assemblies.

And Nickel Stainless Steel is n naturnlfor skin and trim on cars-its excelhmtstrength-to-weight ratio permits thin-ner gauge body shells for dead-wei~htreduction, its handsome finish staysvirtually maintenance-free.

How Inco Nickel helps engineers make new designs possible and practicalWhen engineers design a transitsystem, a nuclear ocean liner, or agas-turbine car, chances are Nickel,or one of its alloys can help the equip-ment perform better Nickel-contain-ing metals can pr'ovide valuablecombinations of corrosion resistance,ductility, workability, and strengthat extreme high and low tempera-tures. Over the years, Inco hasdeveloped new alloys and gathereddata on the performance of materialsunder demanding service conditions.This data is available to help solvefuture metal problems.

Write to Inco Educational Services-:ask for List" A". You'll find descrip-!Ions of 200 Inco publications cover-InfSapplications and properties ofNickel and its alloys.The International Nickel Company, Inc.

67 Wall Street, New York 5, N. y:

38 billion light years - that's how farthis 66-story telescope can "s~e" intospace. Nickel in steel gave e~gll~eers amaterial tough enough to mam~am pre-cision in the rotating mechamsm ~venwith anticipated 20,000 ton lo~d. NlC~elused in steel members provided highstrength at minimum weight to supportthe giant reflector.

- 11111111111111Magnetic memory. This tiny part takesadvantage of the unusual magnetic be-havior of a twisted high-nickel alloywire. Interwoven wire can store thou-sands of "bits" of information magnet-ically, ready to answer the computer'scall. When twisted, this high-nickelalloy shifts magnetization directionfrom longitudinal to a helical path.

~ INTERNATIONAL NICKEL ..Th I t tional Nickel Company of Canada, LImited (Inco-Canada)

e International Nickel Company, Inc., is the U.S. affihat~ of TShie~ ern; Ifur and Platinum Palladium and Other Precious lIletals.- producer of Inco Nickel, Copper, Cobalt, Iron Ore, TellUrium, e emum, u '

21May, 1961

BOOK REVIEW"ULTRASONICS AND ITS INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS"

by O. I. Babikov - Russian .224 pages, 6 x 9, with illustrations and dIagrams

Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc., $9.75

The concept of ultrasonic oscillations and otherbasic ultrasonic topics are thoroughly explained inthe first chapter of the book by means of plain wordsand mathematical equations.

A logical approach to the subject is followedthroughout the book. Following the first chapteris the discussion of mechanical means for the genera-tion of ultrasound. The magneto-striction and piezo-electric effects are eXplained with the aid of mathe-matics, illustrations, and schematic diagrams.

After one has digested the first two chapters,thus providing for a good foundation of the subject,he will then be prepared to make the transition fromthe theoretical to the pragmatic view of ultrasonics.

From chapter three to end, the book deals withthe practical applications of ultrasonics. This beginswith the explanation of the two methods used forultrasonic flaw detection; namely the pulse method

for ultrasonic flaw detection and ul trasonic flawdetection with un dampened oscillations. Illustrationsand diagrams are included to aid in the understand-ing of the two methods. Examples of ultrasonic flawdetection in industry are also given.

Practical applications touched on more thanbriefly are: 1) the investigation of the microstruc-ture of metals and measurement of elastic constants;2) ultrasonic pulse methods of physical-chemical an-alysis; 3) machining hard and brittle materials byultrasonics; 4) aluminum soldering and plating;5) ultrasonic cleaning; 6) metallurgical effects ofultrasonic processing.

Any inquiries concerning "Ultrasonics and ItsIndustrial Applications" should be addressed to:Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc., 227 W. Seven-teenth Street, New York 11, N. Y.

Spartan Engineer

Ribbons of velvet smoothness ..•ASPHALT-paved Interstate Highways

The graph on the left shows you that in 1958 a/one the use of high-typeAsphalt pavement increased 618% over 1940. This is because advancesin engineering know-how, in Asphalt technology and in the develop-ment of the mechanical paver have made modern, high-type Asphaltpavement the first choice of highway engineers. Its more economicalconstruction and low maintenance costs have saved many millions oftax dollars and kept America's wheels rolling.

Recent engineering advances have developed new, DEEPSTRENGTH Asphalt pavement which will provide even bet-ter performance and greater pavement economy in the future.

The tax savings possible will amount to millions of dollars and willmean more and better local and interstate roads for our nation.

Your future success in civil engineering can depend on your knowledgeof modern asphalt technology and construction. Send for your free"Student Kit" about Asphalt technology. Prepare for your future now!

THE ASPHALT INSTITUTEAsphalt Institute Building, College Park, Marylandr------------------------I Gentlemen: Please send me your free student portfolio

I on Asphalt Technology and Construction.I NAMEI ----- 'CLASS --I ADDRESS --

I CITY-- --5S.TATE -

I SCHOOL .------------- --------

HIGH - TYPEBITUMINOUSII

.....y \/\

I

"-

-} /

"' ...... //

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Public Roads

PORTLANDCEMENT

o CONCRETE"O'1424)UU~'41~U'~'SI~'~'~'~'~~'~

MILEAGE BUILT ANNUALLYBY STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS

\.000

MILES2\.000

1\.000

20.000

10,000

Why America's state highwayengineers give first choice to Modern High-TypeAsphalt Pavement:

22

there's roomoooo

· ~t S;IKORSKY AIRCRAFT

A "stream-oj-action" environment with unusual growthpossibilities should be a major factor in a choice ofcareer. And that's an excellent reason for consideringcarefully the opportunities existing in Sikorsky Aircraft.

We believe that our company is just the "right-sizedstream". Young engineers can enjoy diversified, small-group activities, as weII as stature opportunities in afield that is wide open to the expression of imaginationand professional competence.

Sikorsky Aircraft is the company which pioneered themodem helicopter. Our current program is far-rangingand is recognized as one of the broadest and mostchallenging in the entire aircraft industry.

Work associations are stimulating and in an atmosphereof progress. Assignments could include joining an elec-tronic team of twenty to thirty associates-or-workingwith a highly selective group of four or five on interest-ing problems of radiation, instrumentation, auto pilot-age, automatic stabilization, etc.

If you want to enter this "stream-oj-action", the time isnow. Opportunities for personal progress have neverbeen greater.For detailed information about careers with us, pleasewrite to Mr. James L. Purfield, Employment Supervisor.

___ -,1 SiKORSKY AIRCRAfTDIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION

May, 1961

STRATFORDCONNECTICUT

23

KNOW YOUR HONORARIES ADVERTISER'S INDEX

Convair 2

Delco Radio 16

U. S. A. F - .U. S. Steel Corporation ,;,,;,,;,

............................... 23Sikorsky Aircraft

Allison Division of General Motors II

American Telephone & Telegraph 15

The Asphalt Institute 22

Bethlehem Steel 10

* Inside Back Cover

** Back Cover

*,;,* Inside Front Cover

Drop Forging Association '" 17

E. I. DuPont 3

Eastman Kodak Company .;.

The Garrett Corporation 19

General Electric Company :::*

The International Nickel Co 21

Malleable Casting 6

Pi Tau Sigma is an honorary mechanical e~gi-neering fraternity, es~ablished t~ foster the hIghideals of the engineenng profession.

Tau Epsilon, the M.S.U. chapter of Pi Tau Si$mawas formed on the campus in 1949 and was offiCIallyrecognized by the national fraternity in 1950.

Although the social activities are limited to theinitiation banquets, the Tau Epsilon Chapter t~k.espart in a number of other activities,. such. as exhlblt.sof an academic nature at the engmeenng exposI-tion. An important project initiated rece~tly is theL. C. Miller Award to honor the outstanding sopho-more engineering student in mechanical engineering.

Scholarship is a necessary, although not su~cientrequisite for membership in Pi Tau Sigma. De,slrablecharacter traits are also prime prerequisites. A pros-pective member must be at least a junior in the col-lege of engineering and preferably have completedtwo terms of the mechanical engineering curriculum,and stand above average in scholastic record.

TAU BETA PI

Tau Beta Pi is an all engineering honorary, hav-ing as its purpose: "To mark in a fitting mannerthose who have conferred honor upon their AlmaMater by distinguished scholarship and exemplarycharacter as undergraduates in engineering, or bytheir attainments as alumni in the field of engineer-ing, and to foster a spirit of liberal culture in theengineering colleges of America."

Activities of Tau Beta Pi include, the annualpresentation of a slide rule to the sophomore engi-neering student who in his freshman year achievedthe highest scholastic record, as well as other activ-ities to promote scholarship among the engineeringstudents.

Members are chosen from junior engineeringstudents who rank in the upper 12V2% of their classand seniors in the upper 20%.

CHI EPSILON

Chi Epsilon is the national civil engineering hon-orary fraternity. Its purpose is to bestow honor uponthose civil engineering students of outstanding char-acter who have demonstrated exceptional scholasticability. The members are elected from the upperone-third of the junior and senior classes in civilengineering.

The activities of Chi Epsilon include bi-weeklymeetings which are professional and social in nature;bi-annual banquets; and participation in the engi-

24

neering eXpositIOn and other activities sponsoredby the engineering council.

ETA KAPPA NU

Eta Kappa Nu is an honorary fraternity for stu-dents in electrical engineering. Its purposes are. topromote scholarship, to recognize the outstand.mgstudents, and to further the profession of electncalenglneenng.

Members are elected from the junior and seniorclasses in electrical engineering on the basis of out-standing scholastic work and character.

The local chapter holds business meetings aboutevery three weeks during the school year. Thes~ meet-ings are usually attended by some guest who IS we~1acquainted with some field of interest to the electn-cal engineers. Other activities include grouP. ~ndindividual exhibits for the engineering expOSItIOn.

PHI LAMBDA TAU

Phi Lambda Tau is a local all engineering honor-ary for students outstanding in scholarship, leader-ship, and activities. Members are chosen from thetop half of the junior and senior classes.

Activities of Phi Lambda Tau are: regular meet-ings; selection of the outstanding senior engineerand participation in the engineering exposition.

Spartan Engineer

If your sights are set on research and development-

-you'll findPhotographyat Workwith you

RESEARCH and development engineersfind photography one of their mostversatile tools. Camera and film canrecord the readings of instrulllents-can capture for study the fleetingtransient on the oscilloscope face. Thecontent and structure of metals can best udied by photospectrography orx-ray diffraction. And stresses in parisare visualized by photographingplastic models with transmitted polar-ized light.

There's hardly a field on which youcan set your sights where photographydocs not playa part in simplifyingwork and routine. It saves tillle anucosts in research, on the productionline, in the engineering anu salesdepartments, in the office.

So in whatever you plan to uo, takefull advantage of all the ways photog-raphy can help.

CAREERS WITH KODAK:With photography and photographic proc-esses becoming increasingly important inthe business and industry of IOmorrow,there arc new and challenging opportunitiesat Kodak in research, engineering, elec-tronics, design, sales, and production.

If you are looking for such an interestingopportunity, write for informati~n aboutcareers with Kodak. Address: Busmess and'Ieehnieal Personnel Department, EastmanKodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y.

Jet heat blast of more than 15,000 degrees Fahrenheit flares over surfaceof an experimental nose cone shape in a physics la~or~tory of AvcoResearch and Advanced Development Division, WIlmmgton, Mass.,

EASTMAN KODAK COMPANYRochester 4, N. Y.

One of a series]

Interview with General Electric's

Francis J. Boucher

Manager-Manufacturing Personnel Development Service

How GoodIs Your Best Job Offer •••

GENERAL _ ELECTRIC

a. Mr. Boucher, with all the job inter-views 0 graduating engineer goesthrough, how can he be reasonablysure he has made the right choice?A. This is a good question becausefew seniors have enough work ex-perience in industry, governmentand educational institutions toallow them to make a fully rea-soned choice. However, I think thefirst step is to be sure that short-term factors like starting salaryand location don't outweigh long-range factors like opportunity andprofessional growth. All of thesefactors should be evaluated beforemakin~ a final commitment.a. But you do feel that starting salaryis important?A. Very much so. If you are mar-ried-it may be an even greaterconsideration. But you should alsolook beyond starting salary. Findout, for example, if the companyyou are considering has a goodsalary administration plan. If thereis no way of formally appraisingyour performance and determiningyour appropriate rewards, you runthe risk of becoming dissatisfiedor stalemated due to neglect ofthese important considerations.a. What considerations do you feelshould be evaluated in reaching a jobdecision?A. .Let me refer you to a paperwntten by Dr. L. E. Saline, now~anager of Information SystemsIn our Defense Systems Depart-ment. It is titled "How to EvaluateJob ~ffers." (Incidentally, you mayobtam a copy by writing as di-~ected in t~e last paragraph.) InI~, Dr. Saltne proposes six ques-tions-the answers to which shouldgive you much of the informationyou'll need for an objective job-offer evaluation. He suggests youdetermine ...• to what degree will the work bechallenging and satisfying?• what opportunities are availableto further develop abilities?• what opportunities are there foradvancing i~ the Company (andhow dynamiC the Company is inthe marketplace is an importantaspect of this question).

• what salary potentials are pos-sible with respect to the future?• what about geographical location-now and in the future?• what effort does the Companymake to establish and maintain aprofessional climate?There is more to these questionsthan meets the eye and I thinkyou would enjoy reading Dr.Saline's paper.a. What about the openings on de-fense projects that are listed in thevarious magazines and newspapers?A. Presumably, there will alwaysbe a need for technical manpowerin the defense business. But Iwant to point out to you that mostof these opportunities are for ex-perienced personnel, or personnelwith specific additional training re-ceived at the graduate level.a. How do you feel about trainingprograms? Do they offer any particularadvantages over any other offer Imight accept?A. I feel training programs are par-ticularly helpful in easing the tran-sition from an academic to abusiness environment. Of coursethey provide formal training de-signed to add to the individual'sbasic fund of knowledge. Theyalso provide working experience ina variety of fields and a broadknowledge of the company con-cerned and its scope of operations.Upon completion, the individual isgenerally better prepared to decidethe direction in which he will pur-sue his professional career.General Electric conducts a num-ber of training programs. Thosethat attract the greatest numberof engi~eers are the Engineeringand S.clence, Manufacturing, andTechnical Marketing Programs.Each combines a formal, graduate-level .study curriculum, on-the-jobexpenence, and rotating assign-ments.. There is little question inmy mmd that when an engineercompletes the Program of hischoice, he is far better prepared to

choose his field by interest and bycapability. I might also add thatbecause of this, he is more valuableto the Company as an employee.a. Then you feel that a training pro-gram is the best alternative for agraduating engineer?A. Not always. Some seniors havealready determined the specificfield they are best suited for interms of their own interests andcapabilities. In such cases, directplacement into this specific fieldmay be more advantageous. Pro-fessional self-development for theseemployees, as for all General Elec-tric technical employees, is en-couraged through a variety ofprograms including the Company'sTuition Refund Program for worktoward advanced degrees, in-plantcourses conducted at the graduatelevel, and others designed to meetindividual needs.O. For the record, how would yourate a job offer from General Electric?A. I've tried to get across the needfor factual information and a long-range outlook as the keys to anygood job evaluation. With respectto the General Electric Company,seniors and placement offices haveaccess to a wide variety of infor-mation about the Company, itsprofessional environment and i~spersonnel practices. I think quaIt-fied seniors wi\l also discover thatGeneral Electric offers professionalopportunity second to none-an?starting salaries that are competI-tive with the average offeredthroughout industry today. Fromthe above, you can see that Iwould rate a job offer from GeneralElectric very highly.Want more information aboutGeneral Electric's training pro-grams? You can get it, togetherwith a copy of Dr. Saline's pape;,"How to Evaluate Job Offersby writing to "Personalized C~-reer Planning," General ElectrICCompany, Section 959-15, Sche-nectady 5, New York.