Some Speech Basics Phonetic Transcription, Context-dependent variation, and Intonation Jennifer J....
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Transcript of Some Speech Basics Phonetic Transcription, Context-dependent variation, and Intonation Jennifer J....
Some Speech BasicsPhonetic Transcription,
Context-dependent variation,and Intonation
Jennifer J. VendittiPostdoctoral Research Associate
Columbia Computer Science
12 September 2002
1. Phonetic Transcription
Spelling vs. Sounds same spelling = different sounds
o comb, tomb, bomb oo blood, food, goodc court, center, cheese s reason, surreal, shy
same sound = different spellings[i] sea, see, scene, receive, thief [s] cereal, same,
miss[u] true, few, choose, lieu, do [ay] prime, buy, rhyme, lie
combination of letters = single soundch child, beach th that, batheoo good, foot gh laugh
single letter = combination of soundsx exit, Texas u use, music
‘silent’ lettersk knife, know p psycho, pterodactyle moose, bone gh through
Figures 4.1 and 4.2:Jurafsky & Martin (2000),pages 94-95.
On-line pronunciation dictionaries
phonesetderived from:
number of wordforms
English variety
LDC PRONLEX
ARPAbet 90,694 American
CMUdict ARPAbet 100,000 American
CELEX IPA 160,595 British
Source: Jurafsky & Martin (2000), page 121.
Places of articulation
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy.html
labial
dentalalveolar post-alveolar/palatal
velar
uvular
pharyngeal
laryngeal/glottal
Vocal fold vibration
[UCLA Phonetics Lab demo]
Articulatory parameters for English consonants (in ARPAbet) PLACE OF ARTICULATION
bilabial
labio-dental
inter-dental
alveolar
palatal
velar glottal
stop p b t d k g q
fric. f v th dh s z sh zh h
affric. ch jh
nasal m n ng
approx
w l/r y
flap dxMA
NN
ER
OF
AR
TIC
ULA
TIO
N
VOICING: voiceless
voiced
American English vowel space
FRONT BACK
HIGH
LOW
eyow
aw
oy
ay
iy
ih
eh
ae aa
ao
uw
uh
ah
ax
ix ux
[iy] vs. [uw]
(From a lecture given by Rochelle Newman)
[ae] vs. [aa]
(From a lecture given by Rochelle Newman)
Acoustic landmarks
“Patricia and Patsy and Sally”
[p] [t] [p] [t]
[p] [t]
[l][sh] [s] [s][n] [n][ix]
[ix] [ih]
[ih] [ax] [ae] [iy] [iy][ae]
Articulators in action
“Why did Ken set the soggy net on top of his deck?”
(Sample from the Queen’s University / ATR Labs X-ray Film Database)
Exercise (1)1. Write your name in:
(a) IPA.(b) ARPAbet (if possible).
2. Choose one of the following triplets and transcribe each word in both IPA and ARPAbet. cone, tomb, bottom blood, fool, hook court, race, cheese reason, surreal, cash thing, these, other laugh, through, ghoul
Figures 4.1 and 4.2:Jurafsky & Martin (2000),pages 94-95.
IPA consonants
(Distributed by the International Phonetics Association.)
IPA vowels
(Distributed by the International Phonetics Association.)
2. Context-dependent phonetic variation
Context-dependent variation What we would consider a single ‘sound’ can be
pronounced differently depending on the phonetic context. For example, the phoneme /t/:
Figure 4.8: Jurafsky & Martin (2000), page 104.
Another regular alternation I can ask [ay k ae n ae s k] I can see [ay k ae n s iy] I can bake [ay k ae m b ey k] I can play [ay k ae m p l ey] I can go [ay k ae ng g ow] I can carry [ay k ae ng k ae r iy]
n m / __ [+labial stop]n ng / __ [+velar stop]
(inopportune [n], insatiable [n], impervious [m], immortal [m], incoherent [ng], ingratitude [ng])
English pluralshiccup [p] hiccups flood [d] floodssock [k] socks scab [b] scabshabit [t] habits frog [g] frogsspoof [f] spoofs comb [m] combshearth [th] hearths grave [v] graves
lathe [dh] lathesbeach [ch] beaches fool [l] foolsdish [sh] dishes sewer [r] sewersjudge [jh] judges pies [ay] piesrace [s] races curfew [uw] curfewsaxe [s] axes sofa [ax] sofasraise [z] raises
Phonological rules for Engl. plurals
Assume that the lexical form of plural is /z/. Insertion: ix / [+sibilant] ^__ z # Devoicing: z s / [-voice] ^__ #
bus+PL cape+PL hen+PL/b ah s +z/ /k ey p +z/ /h eh n +z/
insertion:b ah s +ix z -- --devoicing: -- k ey p s --
[b ah s ix z] [k ey p s] [h eh n z]
/b ah s +z/ /k ey p +z/ /h eh n +z/devoicing: b ah s s k ey p s
--insertion:-- -- --
*[b ah s s] [k ey p s] [h eh n z]