Some of the Physics that Cooling Allows -...
Transcript of Some of the Physics that Cooling Allows -...
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Eagle Ridge, Galena, Il. USASeptember 18 - 23, 2005
Walter OelertIKP – Forschungszentrum Jülich
Ruhr – Universität BochumCERN
The Reason for Beam Cooling:Some of the Physics that Cooling Allows
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obvious:
cooling and control of coolingis the essential reason for our
existence,
gives us the opportunityto do and talk about
physics that cooling allows
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• 1901 – 19101901 – Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (Deutschland)
1902 – Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (Niederlande) undPieter (Niederlande)
1903 – Antoine Henri Becquerel (Frankreich)
Marie Curie (Frankreich) und Pierre Curie (Frankreich)
1904 – John William Strutt (Großbritannien und Nordirland)
1905 – Philipp Lenard (Deutschland)
1906 – Joseph John Thomson (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1907 – Albert Abraham Michelson (USA)
1908 – Gabriel Lippmann (Frankreich)
1909 – Ferdinand Braun (Deutschland) undGuglielmo Marconi (Italien)
1910 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals (Niederlande)
• 1911 – 19201911 – Wilhelm Wien (Deutschland)
1912 – Gustaf Dalan (Schweden)
1913 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Niederlande)
1914 – Max von Laue (Deutschland)
1915 – William Henry Bragg (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland undWilliam Lawrence Bragg (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1916 nicht verliehen
1917 – Charles Glover Barkla (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland) (verliehen 1918)
1918 – Max Planck (Deutschland)(verliehen 1919)
1919 – Johannes Stark (Deutschland)
1920 – Charles Edouard Guillaume (Schweiz)
• 1921 – 19301921 – Albert Einstein (Deutschland) (verliehen 1922)
1922 – Niels Bohr (Danemark)
1923 – Robert Andrews Millikan (USA)
1924 – Karl Manne Siegbahn (Schweden) (verliehen 1925)
1925 – James Franck (Deutschland) undGustav Hertz (Deutschland)(verliehen 1926)
1926 – Jean Baptiste Perrin (Frankreich)
1927 – Arthur Holly Compton (USA) undCharles Thomson Rees Wilson (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1928 – Owen Willans Richardson (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland) (verl. 1929)
1929 – Prince Louis Victor de Broglie (Frankreich)
1930 – Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (Indien)
• 1931 – 19401931 nicht verliehen
1932 – Werner Heisenberg (Deutschland) (verliehen 1933)
1933 – Erwin Schrodinger (Osterreich) undPaul A. M. Dirac (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1934 nicht verliehen
1935 – James Chadwick (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1936 – Victor F. Hess (Osterreich)
Carl David Anderson (USA)
1937 – Clinton Davisson (USA) undGeorge Paget Thomson (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1938 – Enrico Fermi (Italien)
1939 – Ernest O. Lawrence (USA)
1940 nicht verliehen
• 1941 – 19501941 nicht verliehen
1942 nicht verliehen
1943 – Otto Stern (USA) (verliehen 1944)
1944 – Isidor Isaac Rabi (USA)
1945 – Wolfgang Pauli (Osterreich)
1946 – Percy W. Bridgman (USA)
1947 – Edward Victor Appleton (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1948 – Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1949 – Hideki Yukawa (Japan)
1950 – Cecil Powell (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
• 1951 – 19601951 – John Cockcroft (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland) und
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (Republik-Irland)
1952 – Felix Bloch (USA) und Edward Mills Purcell (USA)
1953 – Frits Zernike (Niederlande)
1954 – Max Born (Deutschland)
Walther Bothe (Deutschland)
1955 – Willis Eugene Lamb (USA)
Polykarp Kusch (USA)
1956 – William B. Shockley (USA), John Bardeen (USA) undWalter H. Brattain (USA)
1957 – Chen Ning (Volksrepublik-China) undTsung-Dao Lee (Volksrepublik-China)
1958 – Pawel Tscherenkow (UdSSR), Ilja Frank (UdSSR) undIgor Tamm (UdSSR)
1959 – Emilio Segre’ (USA) und Owen Chamberlain (USA)
1960 – Donald A. Glaser (USA)
• 1961 – 19701961 – Robert Hofstadter (USA)
Rudolf Mossbauer (Deutschland)
1962 – Lev Landau (UdSSR)
1963 – Eugene Wigner (USA)
Maria Goeppert-Mayer (USA) und J. Hans D. Jensen (Deutschland)
1964 – Charles H. Townes (USA) ,Nikolai Gennadijewitsch Bassow (UdSSR) undAlexander Michailowitsch Prochorow (UdSSR)
1965 – Richard Feynman (USA), Julian Schwinger (USA) undShinichiro Tomonaga (Japan)
1966 – Alfred Kastler (Frankreich)
1967 – Hans Bethe (USA)
1968 – Luis W. Alvarez (USA)
1969 – Murray Gell-Mann (USA)
1970 – Hannes AlfvAn (Schweden)
Louis Noel (Frankreich)
• 1971 – 19801971 – Dennis Gabor (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1972 – John Bardeen (USA), Leon Neil Cooper (USA) undRobert Schrieffer (USA)
1973 – Leo Esaki (USA) und Ivar Giaever (USA)
Brian Davon Josephson (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1974 – Martin Ryle (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland) undAntony Hewish (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1975 – Aage N. Bohr (Danemark), Ben R. Mottelson (Danemark) undJames Rainwater (USA)
1976 – Burton Richter (USA) und Samuel C. C. Ting (USA)
1977 – Philip W. Anderson (USA) ,Nevill F. Mott (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland) undJohn H. van Vleck (USA)
1978 – Pjotr Kapiza (UdSSR)
Arno Penzias (USA) und Robert Woodrow Wilson (USA)
1979 – Sheldon Glashow (USA), Abdus Salam (Pakistan) undSteven Weinberg (USA)
1980 – James Cronin (USA) und Val Fitch (USA)
• 1981 – 19901981 – Nicolaas Bloembergen (USA) und Arthur L. Schawlow (USA)
Kai Manne Siegbahn (Schweden)
1982 – Kenneth G. Wilson (USA)
1983 – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (USA)
William A. Fowler (USA)
1984 – Carlo Rubbia (Italien) und Simon van der Meer (Niederlande)
1985 – Klaus von Klitzing (Deutschland)
1986 – Ernst Ruska (Deutschland)
Gerd Binnig (Deutschland) und Heinrich Rohrer (Schweiz)
1987 – Johannes Georg Bednorz (Deutschland) und Karl Alex Muller (Schweiz)
1988 – Leon Max Lederman (USA), Melvin Schwartz (USA) undJack Steinberger (USA)
1989 – Wolfgang Paul (Deutschland)
Hans Georg Dehmelt (USA)
Norman Foster Ramsey (USA)
1990 – Jerome I. Friedman (USA), Henry W. Kendall (USA) undRichard E. Taylor (Kanada)
• 1991 – 20001991 – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (Frankreich)
1992 – Georges Charpak (Frankreich)
1993 – Russell A. Hulse (USA) und Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (USA)
1994 – Bertram N. Brockhouse (Kanada) und Clifford Glenwood Shull (USA)
1995 – Martin L. Perl (USA)
Frederick Reines (USA)
1996 – David M. Lee (USA), Douglas D. Osheroff (USA) undRobert C. Richardson (USA)
1997 – Steven Chu (USA), Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (Frankreich) undWilliam D. Phillips (USA)
1998 – Robert B. Laughlin (USA), Horst Ludwig Stormer (Deutschland) undDaniel Chee Tsui (USA)
1999 – Gerardus t’ Hooft (Niederlande) undMartinus J.G. Veltman (Niederlande)
2000 – Schores Alfjorow (Russland) und Herbert Kroemer (Deutschland)
Jack S. Kilby (USA)
• 2001 – 20042001 – Eric A. Cornell (USA), Wolfgang Ketterle (Deutschland) und
Carl E. Wieman (USA)
2002 – Raymond Davis Jr. (USA) und Masatoshi Koshiba (Japan)
Riccardo Giacconi (USA)
2003 – Alexei Abrikossow (Russland), Witali Ginsburg (Russland) undAnthony James Leggett (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
2004 – David Gross (USA), David Politzer (USA) und Frank Wilczek (USA)
98 22
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Dipole Breathingoscillations of a one-dimensional
Bose-Einstein condensate
Bose-Einstein condensate:momentum distribution of
ultracold bosonic atoms
generate laser light for atom cooling,
trapping and manipulation
Vacuum chamber surrounded by
optical elements and magnetic coils
D.M. Harber et al, Phys. Rev. A to be published
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P(o) x, x`, y, y` ε
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COSY dipole
target
drift chambers
scintillator S1
scintillator S3
Cerenkovcounter
neutral particledetector
beam
drift chambers
scintillator S1
silicon pads + scintillator
pp ppK+K-
dipole
hexagonal drift chamber
silicon pads
+ scintillator
target
beam
K-
ppK+drift chambers
scintillator S1
silicon pads + scintillatorsilicon pads + scintillator
pp ppK+K-
dipole
hexagonal drift chamber
silicon pads
+ scintillator
target
K+
p
~1m
~1m
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100
200
30 60 90 120 [minutes]
even
trat
e /s
0
no cooling stochastic cooling
spilltime
60 min.
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η (= p /m c)π,max π
0 0.2 0.4 0.60
10
20
30
40
50
pp pp π 0
σ
/η
(µb)
tot
2
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
10
10 2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Pbeam
[GeV/c]
total
elastic
pp η
ΣpK+
ΛpK+
ηpp ´
cross section
πd+
ppK K+ -
COSY
σ[m
b]
IUCFfirst:
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
missing mass [ GeV/c2 ]
p p → p p X
even
ts /
0.5
MeV
/c2
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965missing mass [ GeV/c2 ]
even
ts /
0.5
MeV
/c2
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pp → ppη
σ[n
b]
103
104
10
102
Q[MeV]1 10 10
2
pp → ppη′
+ pp FSI
phase space (arb. norm.)
+ ph FSI
(A.M.Green, S.Wycech, PR C55 (1997) R2167)
aph = +0.7fm + i 0.4fm
rph = -1.5fm - i 0.24fm
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10
100
1000
-1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0
14 MeV 25 MeV 39 MeV 73 MeV 92 MeV118 MeV141 MeV170 MeV196 MeV
t’ [(Gev/c) 2]
cos θ cm > -.8
dσ/d
t’ [
µ b
/ (G
eV/c
) ]2
p p Λ Λ
1.771 GeV/c
1.771 GeV/c
-1 -0,5 1
1.922 GeV/c
cos θ [CM]
d σ /d
Ω [
µb/s
r]
0 0,5
0
10
20
30
40
0
2
4
6
0
0,5
1
Λ
p p Λ Λ
p p Λ Σ + c c0
p p Σ Σ++
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0.01
0.1
1
100
1000
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Momentum [GeV/c]
10
σ [µ
]bpp ΛΛ
pp ΛΣ + cc 0pp Σ Σ --
pp Σ Σ ++
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Excess energy [MeV]
p+p Λ+Λ
σ [
µb]
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Excess e
nergy [M
eV]
Pol
aris
atio
n
t’ [(GeV/c) ]2
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
0 50 100 150 200
Sing
let
Fra
ctio
n
Excess energy [MeV]
S = 0
S = 1
pp Σ Λ 0
pp Λ Λ
y
x
p
θΛ
p
θ Λ*
θ Λ*
x
y
p p
Λ
z
z
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p + p Λ Λ
Kent D. PaschkeCMU
SF :
SF = 0
SF = 1
MEX
QG: SF= const. = 0
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p + p Λ Λ
Dnn ( = 1)
p + p Λ Λ
Knn ( = 1)
MEX --> tensor interaction --> spin flip --> Dnn and Knn negativ QG --> minor tensor interaction --> smaller and positive Dnn and Knn
Kent D. PaschkeCMU
MEXMEX
QG QG
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p
θp
Λ
π−
C
p
Λ
π+
P
p
Λ
π−
CP
p
Λ
π+
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Α = = 0.006 ± 0.014
direct CP violation test:
I(θ ) = I (1 + α P cos θ )yy 0I(θ ) = I (1 + α P cos θ )yy 0
P = P
α + α
α − αA = (α + α) / (α − α) = 0.006 +- 0.014
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99first H - production and - detection at LEAR
Xe Target
H°
pe
p
norm
aliz
ed d
efle
ctio
n [m
m]
99
94
11
+
e-
T∆E
e+
"trace"
23,300
e+γγ
time of flight [ns]
19.7 +/- 0.6
p
exit window for neutral particles
H. Herr, D. Möhl, A. Winnacker (1982)
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CERN - Accelerator - Complex
LHC
former AAC complexchanged to AD
! " #
$ %
% !
% &
' ( ) * +& $ , & % - ! " , ! ! - " . , " $ - # & , " / -
' ( 0 & & ! &
/ " , % -
1
& & .
2 3 4 3 , ' ( ) * - 5 3 2 3 4
2
& # /
1
" "
' 2
( 1 6
P(p) = 100 MeV/c( E(p) = 5 MeV )
spill : < 3 . 107 every 90 sspill length ~ 80 ns
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MAGNETIC SEPTUM
ELECTRIC SEPTUM
POSITRON P.U.
BUMPER 1
S.S. 1
SEXTUPOLE
RESONANCE CAVITY
HORIZONTAL & VERTICALSCRAPERS S.S. 4
B 3S.S. 3
S.S. 2
1.60 m COOLING LENGTH
2.00 m
0.54 m
B 2
B 4
DECELERATION P.U.
POSITRON P.U.
BEAM CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
R.F. CAVITY
FAST KICKER
BUMPER 2
B 1
see talk byPavel Belochitskii
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• CPT invariancehigh precision spectroscopy
• gravitationmatter - antimatter
CPT invariance fundamental featureof local relativisticquantum field theories
gravitational forcebetween matter and antimatteris essentially unknowneven in the sign
Motivationto make and study Cold Antihydrogen
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Apfel Anti-Apfel Anti-Apfel
Erde Anti-Erde
Standard-Modell der Physik: G - wohl verstanden G - nicht experimentell bestimmt
Erde
Standard model of physics
G – fairly well understood G – experimentally not known,not studied
apple anti-apple anti-apple
earth anti-earth earth
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e
p
e
Hydrogen
Antihydrogen
mirror - - image
p
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hydrogen 1s – 2s spectroscopycold (5-7 K) H atomic beam
two photon excitation
velocity measurement → correct 2. order doppler shift
laser photon density variation→ correct stark shift
1s
2s 2p(τ ~ 0.12 s) (τ ~ 1.4 ns)
243 nm
243 nm
M. Fischer et al., eprint physics/0311128
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2 2[ ] [ ] [ ][
[ ] 1 /[ ] 1
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [/] [ ] ]
q p M pq p
m e q eR HR
m em e q e m pe MH
∞
∞
+ + +
− − −
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ += ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ +⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
Status of CPT invariance in leptonic
and hadronicsystems
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19 x 10-119 x 10-11p p
1032 x 10-92 x 10-12e+ e-
10152 x 10-32 x 10-18K0 K0
freegift
measurementaccuracy
CPT testaccuracy
_
_
part
icle
–an
tipar
ticle
sys
tem
s
different CPT tests:
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Teilchen Falle (Harvard)
-V
-V
Positionsdetektor
Abbremsfolie (Be)
p
Gas-Zelle (He+ x%SF6)Ringelektrode
Vakuum < 10 -17
0
-V
Wirkungsgrad des Einfanges:
5 x 10 at V = - 4 kV- 4
Φ = Φ
2d²0[ ]z²z
z
0
-V
a)
b)
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+
_
potential valleyfor + charge
potential mountainfor – charge
impossible to trap positive und negative chargewithin the same Penning-trap
project:make cold particles of opposite charge to interact
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P1
P2
P3
P4
XET
XCTXR
BV1
XCB
XEB
BV2
BV3
HV
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
EET
ECTERECB
RL
PCTPRPCB
PEC
B1
B2
TBE
DEG
Positron-PartA
ntiproton-Part
Desing of the A
TRA
P - Trapdone by the H
AR
VA
RD
-Collaborationpartners
Antihydrogen - Production A
rea
e+ trap
p trap
H production
area
ball valve
ATRAP-I
scintillatingfibres
BGO
e+
degrader(Be) p
rotatingelectrode
e+ trap
p trap
5 cm
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e energy+ ene
rgy
[eV
]
20
30
CO
UN
TS
Positron Cooling of Antiprotons with ~ 1.9 * 10 e @ - 15 Volt5 +
no positrons
85 ms
135 ms
535 ms
785 ms
910 ms
960 ms
1035 ms
1035 ms
1535 ms
5035 ms
10035 ms
2035 ms
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
Voltage [ V]
02040
02040
35 ms Cooling time:
Colling time [s]
Mea
nan
tipro
ton
ener
gy
energye+
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• maximize production rates !• produce ‘cold‘ H0 !
study trapping mechanisms !• ground state H0 !
• cold trapped positrons• cold trapped antiprotons• overlap of p and e+
• combine p and e+ for production of H0
the way to high precision H0 spectroscopy
• trap neutral H0 !!!• laser cooling !!!• 1s-2s spectroscopy !!!• gravitational questions !!!
ATRAP-I
ATRAP-II
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ATRAP-I
BGO
PPAC
e+
outerscintillator2 layer( 6+12 )
scintillatingfibres(3 layer)
16 fold PM for fibres
110 mCi22Na source
PM for BGOp
SCsolenoid5.4 T
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outerscintillator
scintillatingfibres
tracking ofchargedparticles
γ- detection
ConfigurationofATRAP-II
BGO crystal
scsolenoid
Penningtrap
Laser
Laser access
trappingof HIoffe trap
for H
50 cm
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HV T
1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
EE
T
EC
TE
RE
CB
RL
PC
T
PR
PC
B
PE
C
B1
B2
TB
E
DE
G
BV
2 BV
3
0 5 10 15 [cm] 20
87 V/cm
158 V/cm
Refernz- Potentialmulde
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
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Das elektrische Feld (E) ionisiertElektronenbahnen im Antiwasserstoff - Atom
10
1
Hauptquantenzahl n
elek
tris
ches
Fel
d (
E)
[V/c
m] E = (3.21 x 10 V/cm) / n8 4
100
1000
10 000
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 2400.1
p
n = 1
n = 200
n = ~ 49
95 V/c
35 V/c
n = 43 n = 55
the electric field (E) ionizesthe antihydrogen atom
elec
trica
lfie
ld(E
) [V
/cm
]
main quantum number n
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H production and detection(Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 233401 , 213401)
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measured
from simplelinear fit
linear fit plus variousfield-ionization models
n – state distribution
2000
3000
1000
0
15
25
50
anti
hydr
ogen
ato
ms
/ 250
000
ant
ipro
tons
millions of positrons0 1 2 3 4 5
F ~ 360 V/cm
3450 H
5 x 10 e6 +
27 H
5 x 10 e6 +
normalization well F ~ 90 V/cm
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F - 3/2
F - 5/2
F - 2
1000
100
10
1
10 100
10- 3
10- 4
10- 5
prestripping field F [V/cm]filled symbols: data from 2003open symbols: data from 2002
num
ber
of a
ntih
ydro
gen
atom
s, N
num
ber
of
antih
ydro
gen
atom
s / a
ntip
roto
n
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
N = a F + c - 2
ρ is less than this value in µm
more deeply bound states
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velocity measurement
potential distribution in the trap
V /
Vol
ts
z / cm-140
-120
-40
-20
0 e+
p p
ionizationwell
analysiswell
-60
-80
-100
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potential distribution in the trap
V /
Vol
ts
z / cm-140
-120
-40
-20
0 e+
p p
ionizationwell
analysiswell
-60
-80
-100
H
e+
e+p
velocity measurement
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potential distribution in the trap
V /
Vol
ts
z / cm-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0 e+
p p
H pe+
ionizationwell
analysiswell
velocity measurement
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H arehotter thanexpected
velocity measurementaccepted for publication PRL
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∆B ~ 1T
H trapping efficiency
magnetic quadrupol trap (Ioffe trap)
< 5 % (4.2 K , ∆B=1T)
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15
0m
,g6
5+
Dy
15
06
5+
Tb
14
36
2+
14
3m
,g6
2+
Eu S
m
157
68
+E
r127
55
+C
s
157
68
+T
m
17
37
5+
16
67
2+
16
67
2+
180
78+
Pt
Re
Hf
Ta
15
26
6+
15
26
6+
Ho
Dy
15
96
9+
15
96
9+
13
65
9+
Tm
Yb
Pr
W
16
47
1+
17
17
4
Lu
16
47
1+
Hf
14
56
3+
12
25
3+
Gd
I
17
57
6+
16
17
0+
13
86
0+16
17
0+
16
87
3+
16
87
3+
Os
Ta
W
Yb
Nd
Lu
14
96
5+
Tb
15
66
8+
15
66
8+
Er
Tm
15
46
7+
15
46
7+
HoEr
16
37
1+
14
76
4+
14
76
4+
14
76
4+
Dy
Tb
Gd
Lu
16
57
2+
16
57
2+
17
27
5+
16
37
1+
17
07
4+
Hf
TaR
e
W
Hf
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Frequency / Hz
Inte
nsity
/a
rb.u
nits
mass known mass unknown
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
Inte
nsity
/arb
.un
its
Frequency / Hz
143 62+gSm
143 62+mSm
754 keV
33800 33900 34000 34100 34200 34300 34400 34500
(1 particle)(1 particle)
m/ m 700000 ~~
Litvinov et al.
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