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Transcript of Some of the gases present in our atmosphere dissolve in rain water and cause it to become acidic....
Acid Rain
Some of the gases present in our atmosphere dissolve in rain water and cause it to become acidic. Here we will examine some of these.
Carbon dioxide has been present in Earth’s atmosphere for billions of years, long before humans were around.
Thanks to Ewa Urban for sharing this image on Pixabay
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)H3O+(aq)
Because CO2 is present in the air, it comes in contact with water droplets in clouds. When CO2 dissolves in water, it reacts with the water
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)H3O+(aq)
H3O+ formed by dissolved CO2 has always been present
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+ HCO3
–(aq)
H3O+ formed by dissolved CO2 has always
been present and has always caused rainwater
to be slightly acidic
and has always caused rainwater to be slightly acidic
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+ HCO3
–(aq)
H3O+ formed by dissolved CO2 has always
been present and has always caused rainwater
to be slightly acidic
The presence of dissolved CO2 in natural rainwater, unaffected by human activity (click) produces enough hydronium to bring the pH as low as 5.6.
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+ HCO3
–(aq)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+ HCO3
–(aq)
Because natural rainwater has a pH as low as 5.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH
pH = 5.6
Natural Rainwater
Rain with any pH 5.6 or above is NOT called acid rain,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH
pH = 5.6
NOT called acid rain
even though a pH of 5.6 to 7 is acidic.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH
NOT called acid rain
acidic
Rain with a pH below 5.6 (click) IS called acid rain because is it more acidic than rain naturally is.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH
pH = 5.6
called acid rain
Generally rainwater with a pH below 5.6 is caused by gases from human activities. Some gases produced by naturally occurring phenomena such as volcanoes or lightning can also cause acid rain in localized areas.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH
Caused by gases from
human activities,
volcanoes, and lightning
called acid rain
It’s important to remember that rainwater with any pH 5.6 or above, is not technically called acid rain, while rainwater with any pH below 5.6 IS called acid rain.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH
Calledacid rain
pH = 5.6
NOT calledacid rain
You may recall that Nonmetal Oxides are oxides of elements on the right side of the staircase on the periodic table.
Nonmetals
Metals
Nonmetal Oxides form
Acidic Solutions
Remember, nonmetal oxides react with water to form acidic solutions.
Nonmetals
Metals
Nonmetal Oxides form
Acidic Solutions
Nonmetal oxides produced by human activities are the major sources of acid rain.
Acid Rain Caused by
Human
Activities
The nonmetal oxides produced by human activities that contribute most to acid rain include
Nonmetal Oxides Produced by Human Activities
Which is sometimes referred to as N2O4 gas
NO(g), NO2(g),
Nonmetal Oxides Produced by Human Activities
Also referred to asN2O4(g)
And sulphur trioxide, or SO3, which is present in the air as liquid droplets.
NO(g), NO2(g), SO2(g), and SO3(l)
Nonmetal Oxides Produced by Human Activities
Nitrogen oxides NO(g) and NO2(g) are present in exhaust gases of internal combustion engines that run on gasoline or diesel fuel.
NO NO2
Nitrogen oxides NO(g) and NO2(g) are present in exhaust gases of gasoline
and diesel engines
So the main source of nitrogen oxides, sometimes collectively referred to as NO X,is automobile exhaust.
The main source of nitrogen oxides
(sometimes referred to as NOx)
is automobile exhaust
Thanks to Pat McKane for sharing this image on Pixabay
Air is about 78% nitrogen
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
Air is about:78% nitrogen (N2(g)) 21% oxygen (O2(g))
And about 21% oxygen. Air forms part of the mixture injected into the cylinders of an internal combustion engine.
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
Air is about:78% nitrogen (N2(g)) 21% oxygen (O2(g))
Inside the cylinders of this type of engine, the temperature can reach as high as 1900 degrees Celsius. At this high temperature, (click) nitrogen can react with oxygen,
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
They can also react (click) to produce nitrogen dioxide gas, NO2.
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
Some of the The NO produced (click) also reacts with oxygen
2(g) 2(g) (g)N 2NO Oheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
this NO2 will be present in the exhaust of vehicles using these engines, and some of it will reach the atmosphere
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NON 2O heat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2O O NO2N
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
where it will react with water droplets
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
to produce nitrous acid, HNO2…
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
And nitric acid HNO3.
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(g) 2 ( 2(aq)) 3(aq)HN2NO H O HNOOl
Because it is a weak acid, HNO2
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 2(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
Undergoes partial ionization in rainwater
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 2(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
To produce hydronium ions
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 2(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
And nitrite ions, NO2 minus
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 2(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
2(g) 2 ( 3(a )q) q) 2(a2NO H O HN HNOOl
The strong acid HNO3, or nitric acid
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 2(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
Will completely ionize in rainwater
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 2(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
To produce hydronium ions
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 2(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
And nitrate ions NO3 minus
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 2(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)HNO H O H O NOl
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
The presence of hydronium ions formed from both acids, causes the rain (click) to be acidic, or acid rain.
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(aq) 2 ( ) 2(( aq) )3 aqHHNO H O NOOl
3(aq) 2 ( ) 3(( aq) )3 aqHHNO H O NOOl
acid rain
2(g) 2 ( ) 2(aq) 3(aq)2NO H O HNO HNOl
You may want to pause the video, take a screen shot of this page and print it. It is good to be familiar with these equations.
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
2(g) 2(g) 2(g)N 2O 2NOheat
(g) 2(g) 2(g)2NO O 2NO
2(aq) 2 ( ) 2(( aq) )3 aqHHNO H O NOOl
3(aq) 2 ( ) 3(( aq) )3 aqHHNO H O NOOl
acid rain
Two other harmful substances that are produced by (click) human activities are sulphur dioxide, released from coal burning power plants and smelters
2SO
Let’s see how these two substances are formed.
3SO
2SO
Thanks to Emilian Robert Vicol for sharing this image on Pixabay.
Fossil fuels, such as coal usually contain small amounts of sulphur. When they re burned, the sulphur in them burns too.
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
Fossil fuels contain small amounts
of sulphur
When sulphur
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
burns in air,
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
It produces sulphur dioxide gas or SO2. But SO2 can also come from other sources…
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
Metals occur in nature in ores, which are compounds of the metals with nonmetals. A metal combined with the nonmetal sulphur is called a sulphide ore.
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
Two examples of sulphide ores are zinc sulphide and iron(IV) sulphide.
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
Sulphur is removed from ores in a process called roasting, where the ores are heated in a high oxygen environment. This is one of the processes that occur in refining or smelting metals.
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
The equation that describes the roasting of the ore zinc sulphide is 2ZnS plus 3 O2 …
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
Gives 2ZnO or zinc oxide
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
Plus 2SO2
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
Similarly, a common iron ore, Iron(IV) sulphide, or iron pyrite, is heated in oxygen
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
To produce iron(III) oxide, or Fe2O3,
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
And SO2.
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
Some of this SO2, in the air
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s )) 2(g2ZnS + 3O 2SO2ZnO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s 2(g))4FeS + 11O 8SO2Fe O
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
Will react with oxygen in the air…
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3(g)2SO O 2SO
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
To produce sulphur trioxide, SO3. This reaction often takes place on the surfaces of dust particles in the air.
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
SO2, being a nonmetal oxide,
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
Will react with water droplets in the air
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l
To produce H2SO3,
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l
Or sulphurous acid. Sulphurous acid is classified as a weak acid.
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3(g) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
SO3 present in the mixture is also a nonmetal oxide,
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO
2(g) 2( 3( )g)2SO 2SOO l
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l 2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l
So it will react with water
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l
Producing H2SO4,
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l
Or sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid is classified as a strong acid.
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l
Because H2SO3 is a weak acid,
(s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
It undergoes partial ionization in water
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l (s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
To produce hydronium ions
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l (s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
And hydrogen sulphite ions
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l (s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
And because H2SO4 is a strong acid
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l (s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
It ionizes completely in water
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l (s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
To produce hydronium ions
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l (s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
And hydrogen sulphate ions
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 4(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3 (aq) 3(aq)H SO H O H O HSOl
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l (s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
The presence of hydronium ions in the water results in the (click) formation of acid rain
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3(a( q) )3 aqHH SO H O HSO Ol
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 4(a( q) )3 aqHH SO H O HSO Ol
acid rain
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l (s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
You may want to pause the video, take a screen shot of this page and print it. It is good to be familiar with these equations.
2 3(aq) 2 ( ) 3(a( q) )3 aqHH SO H O HSO Ol
2 4(aq) 2 ( ) 4(a( q) )3 aqHH SO H O HSO Ol
acid rain
3( ) 2 ( ) 2 4(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphuric acid)l l
2(g) 2(g) 3( )2SO O 2SO l (s) 2(g) 2(g)S + O SO (s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)2ZnS + 3O 2ZnO 2SO
Burning FuelsContaining Sulphur
Roasting Ores in Smelters
2(s) 2(g) 2 3(s) 2(g)4FeS + 11O 2Fe O 8SO
2(g) 2 ( ) 2 3(aq)SO H O H SO (sulphurous acid)l
Humans are not the only source of acid rain. It can also be caused by natural phenomena.
Acid Rain Caused by
Natural Phenomena
Volcanoes can release large amounts of SO2 into the atmosphere.
SO2 SO2
Mt St Helens volcano eruption Image Number: AC80-0513-29 Date: 1980 - NASA photograph
And the extreme localized heating caused by lightning can cause nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
And form nitrogen monoxide, which using the sequence of reactions we discussed, can cause acid rain.
2(g) 2(g) (g)N O 2NOheat
Thanks to sethink for sharing this image on Pixabay
The reason people are concerned about acid rain is it has some serious effects.
Effects of Acid Rain
We’ll outline some of the effects of acid rain here: Acid rain
Acid rain: causes soil and rock to release Al3+ ions,
which are toxic to many fish species and can affect the health of trees and crops
washes away many nutrients that are important for the growth of trees and crops
damages stone buildings and statues by dissolving limestone (CaCO3) in the rocks
dissolves substances that can contaminate water supplies
causes soil and rock to release Al3+ ions. Aluminum ions are toxic to many fish species and can seriously affect the health of trees and crops
Acid rain: causes soil and rock to release Al3+ ions,
which are toxic to many fish species and can affect the health of trees and crops
washes away many nutrients that are important for the growth of trees and crops
damages stone buildings and statues by dissolving limestone (CaCO3) in the rocks
dissolves substances that can contaminate water supplies
Acid rain can also dissolve and wash away many of the good nutrients that are needed by trees and crops. When trees are weakened by acid rain they are more susceptible to disease
Acid rain: causes soil and rock to release Al3+ ions,
which are toxic to many fish species and can affect the health of trees and crops
washes away many nutrients that are important for the growth of trees and crops
damages stone buildings and statues by dissolving limestone (CaCO3) in the rocks
dissolves substances that can contaminate water supplies
Acid rain dissolves certain rocks such as limestone or marble, which are made up of calcium carbonate. Many buildings and statues have been damaged by years of exposure to acid rain.
Acid rain: causes soil and rock to release Al3+ ions,
which are toxic to many fish species and can affect the health of trees and crops
washes away many nutrients that are important for the growth of trees and crops
damages stone buildings and statues by dissolving limestone (CaCO3) in the rocks
dissolves substances that can contaminate water supplies
Acid rain can also dissolve toxic metals present in rocks and soils. The resulting ions of these metals can then enter water supplies and contaminate them.
Acid rain: causes soil and rock to release Al3+ ions,
which are toxic to many fish species and can affect the health of trees and crops
washes away many nutrients that are important for the growth of trees and crops
damages stone buildings and statues by dissolving limestone (CaCO3) in the rocks
dissolves substances that can contaminate water supplies
Acid rain is not as big a problem as it once was in many places. This is due to increased awareness of the problem and pressure on governments to react.
Measures to Minimize Acid rain: Since the 1970’s governments have imposed strict
regulations on air quality. This includes emissions from thermal power plants, vehicles, and industrial processes.
New vehicles are all equipped with multiple devices to control emissions. These include sophisticated catalytic converters to break down exhaust gases. In addition, an increasing number of hybrid vehicles are being sold. These have lower emissions than other vehicles.
Alternate forms of energy are being employed in many countries. These include wind-powered, tidal powered, and geothermal generating plants.
SO2 from smelting is reclaimed and used to produce sulphuric acid instead of being released to the environment.
Beginning in 1970’s, many governments have imposed strict regulations concerning air quality. This includes emissions from thermal power plants, vehicles, and industrial processes
Measures to Minimize Acid rain: Since the 1970’s governments have imposed strict
regulations on air quality. This includes emissions from thermal power plants, vehicles, and industrial processes.
New vehicles are all equipped with multiple devices to control emissions. These include sophisticated catalytic converters to break down exhaust gases. In addition, an increasing number of hybrid vehicles are being sold. These have lower emissions than other vehicles.
Alternate forms of energy are being employed in many countries. These include wind-powered, tidal powered, and geothermal generating plants.
SO2 from smelting is reclaimed and used to produce sulphuric acid instead of being released to the environment.
You’re probably aware that new vehicles are all equipped with numerous devices to control emissions. One of the most important are catalytic converters, which greatly minimize the release of harmful exhaust products.
Measures to Minimize Acid rain: Since the 1970’s governments have imposed strict
regulations on air quality. This includes emissions from thermal power plants, vehicles, and industrial processes.
New vehicles are all equipped with multiple devices to control emissions. These include sophisticated catalytic converters to break down exhaust gases. In addition, an increasing number of hybrid vehicles are being sold. These have lower emissions than other vehicles.
Alternate forms of energy are being employed in many countries. These include wind-powered, tidal powered, and geothermal generating plants.
SO2 from smelting is reclaimed and used to produce sulphuric acid instead of being released to the environment.
You may also have noticed that there is are more and more hybrid vehicles of the roads. These have lower emissions than other vehicles. There are also some vehicles that run on fuel cells, which have zero emissions of harmful gases.
Measures to Minimize Acid rain: Since the 1970’s governments have imposed strict
regulations on air quality. This includes emissions from thermal power plants, vehicles, and industrial processes.
New vehicles are all equipped with multiple devices to control emissions. These include sophisticated catalytic converters to break down exhaust gases. In addition, an increasing number of hybrid vehicles are being sold. These have lower emissions than other vehicles.
Alternate forms of energy are being employed in many countries. These include wind-powered, tidal powered, and geothermal generating plants.
SO2 from smelting is reclaimed and used to produce sulphuric acid instead of being released to the environment.
In many places in the world, thermal coal-burning power plants are being phased out and alternate sources of energy, such as wind, tidal power, and geothermal energy are being used instead.
Measures to Minimize Acid rain: Since the 1970’s governments have imposed strict
regulations on air quality. This includes emissions from thermal power plants, vehicles, and industrial processes.
New vehicles are all equipped with multiple devices to control emissions. These include sophisticated catalytic converters to break down exhaust gases. In addition, an increasing number of hybrid vehicles are being sold. These have lower emissions than other vehicles.
Alternate forms of energy are being employed in many countries. These include wind-powered, tidal powered, and geothermal generating plants.
SO2 from smelting is reclaimed and used to produce sulphuric acid instead of being released to the environment.
We had mentioned that SO2 is a product of smelting sulphide ores of metals. In many places, this SO2 is reclaimed and used to produce sulphuric acid on an industrial scale, with very little of it reaching the environment.
Measures to Minimize Acid rain: Since the 1970’s governments have imposed strict
regulations on air quality. This includes emissions from thermal power plants, vehicles, and industrial processes.
New vehicles are all equipped with multiple devices to control emissions. These include sophisticated catalytic converters to break down exhaust gases. In addition, an increasing number of hybrid vehicles are being sold. These have lower emissions than other vehicles.
Alternate forms of energy are being employed in many countries. These include wind-powered, tidal powered, and geothermal generating plants.
SO2 from smelting is reclaimed and used to produce sulphuric acid instead of being released to the environment.