some notes of a career (1885-1920)

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JOSEPH BOUVARD AND LA CONSTRUCTİON MODERNE: SOME NOTES OF A CAREER (1885-1920)

ROSELI MARIA MARTINS D’ELBOUX Address: Rua François Clovet, 83, São Paulo, SP, 05451-140, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the development of Joseph Bouvard’s career at parisian public administration as part of its professional maturity, since the years he worked as an assistant of Adolphe Alphand in the preparation of the French representation at various international exhibitions until he took after Alphand in the Services de Promenades et Plantations de Paris. To do so, it was made a search among some collections of magazines which were in circulation between the last decades of 19th and first decades of 20th centuries. Among those, it was choosen the La Construction Moderne, because of its wide circulation and acceptance in the professional French and foreign environment. Then, a selection of materials and articles in which Bouvard is quoted was proceeded and the results had been analysed regarding their content. As a result, emerged the profile of a professional commited with technical innovations and, despite laudatory writing of the time, it is possible to perceive that Bouvard was a rigorous manager of teams under his responsibility as he dealed, in the same way, with the deadlines that were imposed for the preparation of the 1889 and 1900 Universal Exhibitions. From chronicle held by the specialized publication, were revealed the political and administrative conditions under which Bouvard worked simultaneously in the construction site and in the cabinet. From the appreciation of that journey, we can realize the importance of Bouvard’s professional practice to understand the conditions that led to his recruitment by the municipal administration of São Paulo and thus the content of his proposals to the city in 1911. Chronologically, this papercomprises between 1885 and 1920, respectively the year of first release of La Construction Moderne and Bouvard decease’s year.

OBJECTIVES, JUSTIFICATIONS AND PROCEDURES Due to the scarcity of primary material relating to Joseph Antoine Bouvard, this work aims to gather information to increase the knowledge about his work by examithe examination of the articles and notes related to him that appear in the journal La Construction Moderne.

As until the present day we have not had access to any type of archive material - neither library nor personal correspondence - which could bring us some of architect’s personal attributes, it is expected that from the chronic performed by specialized publication as La Construction Moderne, we can minimally visualize the way he worked and simultaneously, how Bouvard operated, both at the jobsite, as in the office, leading with his the Prefecture of the Seine staff.

C i t i e s , n a t i o n s a n d r e g i o n s i n p l a n n i n g h i s t o r y

Similarly, we expect at least have an idea of the professional circle in which Bouvard lived. Through other evidence, it is known who were his contemporaries. However, it has been difficult to establish connections. One of these cases, which this research greatly concerns is the eventual dialogue tha had been established between Joseph Bouvard and Eugene Hénard inside the Prefecture of the Seine offices.

To do so, some basic criteria for the choice of journal collections that should be considered were established:

1. the maximum correlation between the period of journal circulation and professional life of Bouvard and for that it was established as chronological interval to be considered the gap between 1885, year of release of La Construction Moderne and 1920, the year Bouvard deceased. Although he started his career in the parisienne administration in the 1860s, we decided to consider the beginning of time frame at some date next to the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1878, because this was the first episode of major public visibility to Bouvard.

2. The largest number of citations per journal.

Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, some of the specialized magazines that were quite well accepted in French professional circles were L'Architecte, La ConstructionModerne, L'Architecture and Revue générale d'architecture.These were the titles initially chosen.

L'Architecte has been dropped because it was launched in 1906. It was also linked to the Société des architectes diplômés par le gouvernement (L'Architecte, 2010) and we do not know, so far, that Bouvard was affiliated with this institution.

Among the remaining three, it was decided to keep the Revue Générale d 'architecture although its circulation ceased in 1888, because there were a chance that we could found a large number of citations, due to the proximity of the Universal Exhibition of 1889 and the great controversy concerning the occupation of the Champ-de-Mars, mainly due to the implementation of the "tower 300 meters”1, which mobilized many contemporary intellectuals and well known public figures, like Victor Hugo.

In fact, that was confirmed, because the Revue Générale... which covers the period before the launch of ConstructionModerne, has nine citations for the term "Bouvard" in the 25 years between 1860 and 18852.

Then, the three journals were examined, looking for select, finally, the two ones that could have the right requirements for the survey. The procedure was then to search for citations of key terms to check which of the magazines Bouvard would have been more quoted. To make sure that there would be no overlap with quotes from his son, Roger Bouvard, we used the terms "Joseph- 1 The Eiffel tower, conceived for the 1889 Universal Exposition. 2 The search results, for the considered period, were: one citation per year in 1864, 1865, 1870, 1874 and two citations/year for 1878, 1881 and 1883. The gap 1870-74 is probably due to the participation of Bouvard in the French-Prussian War.


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Antoine Bouvard," "JA Bouvard," "J. Bouvard, "M. Bouvard" (Monsieur Bouvard) beyond the simple term “Bouvard”.

So the following numbers appeared3:

Periodic Search Terms Period Quotes

L'Architecture (1888-1936)"

“Joseph Bouvard”, “M. Bouvard”, “Bouvard”

1888-1901 104

La Construction Moderne (1885-1936)"

“Joseph Bouvard”, “JA Bouvard”, “Joseph Bouvard”, “J. Bouvard”, “M. Bouvard”, “Bouvard”

1886-1920 138

La Revue Générale d'Architecture

(1840-1888)"

“M. Bouvard”, "Bouvard” 1886 1

Originally it was thought to collate at least two publications that were contemporary, but with different editorial lines, which represent different professional groups. This would, presumably, a less biased look. However, in view of results, there were defined L'Architecture and La Construction Moderne, whose editorial orientation were very similar and in which most certainly Bouvard were well accepted, since the first was the journal of the Société Centrale des Architectes where he was an associated and the second was in the main reference for professionals at that time.

However, we chose to focus only on production of La Construction Moderne, which emerged from an unpublished text, written by Anne-Marie Chatelet4, whose research on school buildings and teaching in France, from the mid-nineteenth century, when it was instituted compulsory primary education for boys and girls appointed the important role of Bouvard through the archives of that magazine.

According Chatelet, Bouvard had became notable within the public service for its flexibility to propose and implement projects for schools, many of which provisional, as the author observes, and many others, with final implementation, the majority of buildings had been constructed with the use of metallic structure. that reference weighed in favor of La Construction Moderne. And the numbers calculated above confirmed it as a required bibliographic reference.

A final observation is imperative, concerning the final year, 1920, established as a result of Bouvard decease. From the reading of some numbers forward, launched in 1921, seeking for comments that still could be done about Bouvard, 3 The five key terms were used. In the table are presented those that produced some result. 4 Anne Marie CHATELET, Joseph Antoine Bouvard, [sl]: [sd], (mimeo).


we reached and information that was out of the range of years initially specified but was incorporated in the present work, since it refers precisely to his visit to Sao Paulo.

Once the appropriate explanations as we arrived at the journal La Construction Moderne - LCM5 were placed, we will proceed to presentation of the information obtained and the results of critical appraisal of them. The research base considered consists of 337 issues distributed for 35 years.

Note that this number is the result of search for key terms and this implies some technical problems that could only be overcome by collecting information in a more 'artisan' way, ie, from the careful reading of each issue, which would require enormous time.

Such problems are related to the technological options adopted by the home institution of the material: OCR Technology - Optical Character Recognition, an intelligent system to capture and recognition of optical characters. Thus, PDF files can be "read" by this software. However, depending on the mode of capture and image processing, there may be some difficulties, leading to inevitable failures. Anyway, despite these difficulties, the amount of information obtained is pretty extensive.

From the set of responses generated by the query, according to the criteria previously placed, ie, the 337 numbers in which the name ‘Bouvard’ is present, we proceeded to the material download6. This done, the new texts have undergone screening, based on new keywords, seeking to refine the results, so that they were separated by subtopics. Each of them refers to a particular field of action of Bouvard, following the organization of doctoral research in progress.

Other keyword have emerged throughout the process and, as the links were formed, they proved to be important to pursue, particularly in recent editions, such as "Champ-de-Mars," "Cours-la-Reine" and "discours". From the variety of key terms, one can reach certain findings, which lead to assessments of the professional activity of Bouvard through the texts published by La Construction Moderne.

DIVERSITY OF SCALES The first observation made from the reading of the texts extracted from the LCM is that Bouvard works on several scales and does not hesitate to move between the detailing of the façade and the design of a plaza or park. This is due, it seems, by his training, based on canons of academic architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts, where learning was heavily based on composition issues, with the scales issues also considered under the compositions rules. In fact, this seems to be the keynote of the whole body of architects who were subordinated to Bouvard. So what made Bouvard so special compared to his colleagues, in order to be able to climb to the higher positions within the Public Sevice?

5 From now on we adopt “LCM” instead of “La Constrution Moderne”. 6 We are grateful to Joyce dos Santos, undergraduate student at FAU/Mackenzie, who helped in material selection and organization.


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For the questions concerning scale, it was expected to find a path wihch could indicate a increasing specialization in large-scale interventions in the urban scale, in parallel to abandonment of small-scale projects.

This hypothesis was not confirmed ahead of the results. Bouvard, as he get involved in urban issues, continues to work with specific events, such as the implementation of monuments and the production of institutional buildings, as seen above. Even if not directly responsible for projects, he follows them and is always aware of their progress.

A CAREER SHAPED İN PUBLİC SERVİCE The second observation, always from the warning that we do not reached a sole personal document, is that from the official texts emerges commited public servant, which aims to move up the career. For every complimentary text that show us the various appointments he took, reveals ant same time, the meticulous zeal that Bouvard shows in building up his career.

It is something of a "Republican soul", framed, as noted by Hobsbawm (1984, p.278), in a collective society project forged "by men who expected the center to safeguard the Republic against socialism and radical right-wing".

From the reading of Lemas (2008) and Hobsbawm (1984), one can verify this hypothesis. It was known from other authors, that Hénard was a contemporary of Bouvard. However, there was no record of any dialogue. so the question is set: Bouvard certainly knew the thought of Hénard and this, in turn, certainly knew Bouvard. But was there an exchange of ideas? To what extent the writings of Hénard could have influenced Bouvard?

Nicolas Lemas (2008), on studying the life of Hénard, shows Bouvard as the virtual responsible for the stagnation of his public career, to repeatedly rejected requests, whether of his own Hénard or third-party and even higher than Bouvard in the hierarchy of French public service, for promotions and appointments to key positions.

On the other hand, according to the same Lemas, Hénard aimed to quickly rise to higher positions of the administration to put into practice his ideas for Paris7. Between the lines, one can assume that Hénard aimed ranking a position similar to Bouvard’s, from which he also could access directly to political representatives, as shown in the following excerpt:

"If Henard has not clearly expressed, through a programmatic and synthetic manifesto8 for example, the very deep meaning of his entrepreneurship, a handwritten note from Bernard, general secretary of the prefecture of the Seine allows to clarify this issue. It indeed transcribed the words of Henard

7 Lemas notes that Hénard is Bouvard’s contemporary but joined the civil service too late, despite the efforts of his father,Antoine-Julien, also architect, professor at the École des Beaux-Arts and friend of Alphand. "Unfortunately, Hénard is very old and must wait until 1892 to finally join the Service des Travaux de Paris. In:Nicolas LEMAS, Eugène Hénard et le futur urbain: quelle politique pour l'utopie?, Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008, p.20 8 The author probably refers to the Études sur les transformations de Paris (1904)


during a hearing that he [Hénard] had requested himself from the Prefect to get a job as an architect of the city either as the head of a section of the capital, either to the service of the Plan of Paris, or even to conduct a "special mission". (Lemas, 2008, p.40-41)

From then, we can search for points of contact, at least in professional field, between them, since that their ideals were very different. Hénard seems to have other political convictions and will be connect to the Musée Social, while Bouvard, as stated above, was placed as the man who would keep on the work an ideals of Baron Haussmann, a responsibility bequeathed to him by Adolphe Alphand, his real mentor in matters of the parisian administration.

ALPHAND’S HEİR And this leads to the third observation: is an expert and this quality of him means strictly “to put in practice”, “to successfully accomplish”. This is a legacy of Alphand, Haussmann's right arm, which, together with Barrilet-Deschamps, responsible for the infrastructure works, was the coordinator of all actions of embellissement [embellishing] carried out during the second half of the nineteenth century. After his death in 1891, Bouvard receives his legacy and his mission from that moment on is clearly orchestrating all technical and political initiatives so that the result obtained by his predecessors could not be depreciated.

This becomes clear when, in 1902, he orders the reissue of the volume Assembling of old prescriptions concerning public roads9. This attitude was taken in parallel with the publication of new legislation concerning the public space, the Decree regulating the heights and ledges of buildings in the city of Paris10,under the responsibility of Louis Bonnier, his closer collaborator. Bouvard explains that

“We find often in this book the way - thanks to the encumbrances specified and imposed on the origin, but since fallen into oblivion or disuse - to safeguard vital ways that are slaughtered today whilst they were originally formed with art. Example: the facades of the Place Vendome, the Place des Victoires , the Vosges and other, currently colorful posters and signs often very ugly and unpleasant, that overflow on all sides, and that eventually distort and destroy beautiful cleverly combined orders."(PLANAT, 1902, p.87)

Thus, it seems unlikely that both - Bouvard and Hénard - have exchanged ideas in an absolutely professional level, without lust. This does not mean, however, that we should judge in favor one or the other. As stated earlier, both distance themselves from the most basic principles, which would hinder the approach in favor of a debate about urban issues. While Hénard longs the transformation of Parisian urban reality, Bouvard works for the maintenance of Haussmannian and Third Republic achievements.

9 Free translation by the author. In the original: Recueil des anciennes ordonnances concernant a voie publique. 10 Free translation by the author. In the original: Décret portant Règlement sur les hauteurs et les Saillies des Bâtiments dans la Ville de Paris.


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Back to this theme, and resuming the observations of Hobsbawn (1984) about the symbolic manipulation of the Republic, it is worth confronting the political maneuvering around the "symbolism and metaphors" created at the time of Bouvard’s professional activities.

According to the author,

"In accordance with the invention of tradition, three major new features are particularly important. The first was the development of a secular equivalent of the church - primary education, imbued with the principles and revolutionary and Republican content [...]. (Hobsbawm, RANGER, 1984, p.279-280)

Bouvard, as already stated, is recognized for his efficiency in the implementation of primary schools, having just answered to the Republicans wills described above. Because of such competence, he will be nominated as member or president of juries for various project contests, not only in Paris but in other cities too.

As examples we can cite his participation as a member of the jury for the selection of four projects for primary schools in the locality Colombes (1887), and similar competition for the town of Montrouge (1894).

Bouvard also participated, under the request of the municipal administration, in the commission charged "to study ways to make schools more economical," which proposed a list of points to note when before the preparation of projects and execution of the works:

"Choosing a location;

Development a program for the reduction of services to the minimum necessary;

Simplicity of form and distribution;

Sobriety of decoration;

rational mode of construction;

Choice and judicious use of materials;

Remove all unnecessary things;

Perhaps, said the rapporteur, one find these conclusions insufficient or even childish, but it is impossible to formulate here a panacea that supplies the intelligence and experience of the manufacturer. The Commission maintains, after all, that the schools of the city of Paris, designed and led on the above data must be executed at very reasonable prices and even relatively low, especially if the administration wants to get in the way of plans by nature of works, which leaves no door open to coaching. (Construction of schools, 1889, p.540)

Bouvard could also only manage the implementation and execution of works, giving prestige, at the end, to those who were directly involved in its realization, attending the inauguration, as the School of rue Trousseau, reported on the LCM in 1898.


Continuing, Hobsbawm says:

"The second innovation was the invention of public ceremonies. The most important of them, Bastille Day, was created in 1880. It gathered official and unofficial manifestations and popular festivities [...] A less permanent form of public celebration were the sporadic world exhibitions that gave to the Republic legitimacy of prosperity and technical progress - the Eiffel Tower - and global colonial conquest which they sought to emphasize. (Hobsbawm, RANGER, 1984, p.279-280)

Again, Bouvard makes its contribution to the Republic traditions, when he conceives monumental receptions designed for chiefs of state visiting the French capital, which eventually extend to the streets. Examples of those are the Franco-Russian parties and French and Italian parties, which so impressed visitors, as the Parisians themselves, inebriates with the beauty of their city, amid the profusion of flags, banners, tricolor rideaux and the latest technological innovation, brought from the United States of America and quickly accepted and widespread at that side of the Atlantic: the Edison bulb.

Figure 1 - Fêtes Franco-italiennes - décoration de l'Avenue de l'Opera. In: Fêtes Franco- Italiens. La Construction Moderne (1903) vol. 9 (2) (4) p. 37-40, 41-43 and 48.

Finally,

"The third innovation was the mass production of public monuments [...]. Two types of monuments spread throughout the cities of the country: the image of the Republic itself (in the person of Marianne, now universally known), and


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civilian bearded figures who local patriotism chose to worship, whether alive or dead. (Hobsbawm; RANGER, 1984, p.279-280)

There are many news, notes and presentations of contests and prizes for the implantation of "memorials", so called because they were erected precisely with these reasons, being local or national, that arise in this time at LCM. Bouvard appears, was found in the LCM, both in monument inauguration ceremonies, and in organizing committees or competitions juries.

During the period, several works have been object of his considerations, either in the selection process or the drawing up of the bases for contests, resulting in at least seven cases, as the monuments to Alphand (1892), Guy Patin (1898) and Charles Garnier (1911). It can be considered nine cases, if we include the statue to Victor Hugo and the monument for Argentina Independence, proposed for the Plaza del Congreso, Buenos Aires (1907), both of his own.

Bouvard also take part in other form of contests as jury, the "contests of facades", instituted at the end of the 19th century, between the two universal expositions. There are quotes in LCM editions between the years 1907 and 1913.

He can work on so many fronts maybe because, over the years and as he rises in the public career, he changes his way of involvement, but not his level of involvement. By accepting to participate in numerous committees, Bouvard ensures space to opine and in some cases, control the processes. It could determine he was a member or chaired, among others, the following committees:

i. Commission by the installation of the Colonial Office11 (1905),

ii. Commission of Old Paris, "vigilant guardian of the artistic treasures of the capital"12 (1906),

iii. Commission relating to celebrate the visit of Russian rulers in 1897 viculada the Société des fêtes de Paris (1897),

iv. Committee formed to organize the participation of Paris as a city exhibiting at the Exposition Universelle of 1900 (1898),

v. Commission formed to put into practice the Law of July 10, 1894, which organizes the system of sewage collection in Paris (1898).

Besides these, obviously he takes part of the organizing committee for the Universal Exhibition of 1878, which projects the Paris Pavilion; the Universal Exhibition of 1889, when, again, he is responsible for the project of the pavilion representing the city of Paris and the Grand Central Dome (Figure 2); and finally, in 1900, when he assumes the general direction of the Exposition.

Similarly, part of those committees established after the Expositions, planned to organize the dismantling of those massive urban structures, with subcommittees to discuss destination of more permanent buildings, such as the Galerie des Machines and the Eiffel Tower, for example, or proposals for use of the remnant areas of the Champ-de-Mars and Cours-la-Reine, to name those 11 In the original: Commission par l'installation de le ministère des Colonies. 12 In the original: Commission du Vieux Paris "gardienne vigilant des Trésors artistiques de la capitale".


that caused most controversy. In a more limited scale and at the same time, also organized by commissions the bidding procedures for construction of school buildings.

Figure 2 - Joseph Bouvard (1840-1920). Exposition Universelle. Figure 1. Pavillon center. Architecte: M. Bouvard. Ingénieur M. Contamin. 30/06/1888, printing on paper. In: La Construction Moderne (1888) no. 38, p. 453

It does not appear, among the long list of examples consulted, a single mention of a work with private character, which indicates, until the moment, that Bouvard devoted solely to public career.

TRİPS TO OVERSEAS There are few mentions to trips abroad: a quick reference of a trip to Brussels to attend the King Leopold II: "He is consulted in writing and they came to visit him. The King of the Belgians often invited him to visit Brussels to ask him for advice and guidance. (LCM, 1904, p.457-459).


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Among the collected material there is no mention to his proposal to Istanbul in 1902, which does not mean that there are no references to the event. Possibly the term used for the search has not been suiteble. Maybe there should be used "Stamboule" in place of “Istanbul”, or even "Constantinople", a term still used at that moment, as seen through the article "La transformation de Constantinople," [the transformation of Constantinople] published in 1908, which mentions the second request the Turkish authorities made to Bouvard draw up a plan for that city which ended up not accomplished, although his son Roger had been in Turkey.

Interestingly, Bouvard is called by turkish press "un nouvel Haussmann d'Orient”, “a new Haussmann of the East”, revealing the aspirations and the insistence of the Ottoman Government in transforming the ancient city in a "Paris of the East."

As for his travel to South America, some notes are published on his trip to Buenos Aires in 1907. Nothing appears, however, about his second trip, which occurred in 1910, when he went to Rosario.

There is a note regarding his stay in São Paulo, which brings us information already known by Brazilian scholars:

"Invited by the state and the municipality of Sao Paulo (Brazil), Mr. Bouvard deals at this moment with studies in situ about expansion projects and beautification of Sao Paulo. This city, which now has 350,000 inhabitants, has taken, since a few years, significant industrial development; it is the center of economic activity, and also intellectual, of the most advanced region of Brazil. [...] Here, as recently in Buenos Ayres, M. Bouvard conducts an extensive investigation over the resources of the city, the special circulation conditions, the direction of its growth; ... ( PROJECTS ..., 1911b, p.420)

However, the text is not very revealing, reinforcing doubts that still remains. After all, who invited Bouvard to come to Sao Paulo? The state or municipality? By stating that he was invited by both the notice only confirms that Bouvard had here a conciliatory role.

Further down, when the text refers to the works carried out in Buenos Aires and the "procedures" taken to develop the work in Sao Paulo, and also considering the short time that Bouvard remained in the city, we can make some considerations:

1. The speech delivered by São Paulo politicians to Bouvard is in fact based on the Buenos Aires planning model and Bouvard works here from that reference. Then one can thought of a French model13 [1] that comes via Argentina.

2. As indicated by the text, Bouvard seeks to use the same strategy applied in Buenos Aires, which may mean a constant method of operation in the city, a plausible option for those who graduated from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts.

13 Concerning the use of the term “model”, we adopted the concepts presented in “Conceitos de haussmannização” ”, In: José Geraldo Simões Junior, O ideário haussmanniano e sua difusão no Brasil: os projetos urbanos para as capitais brasileiras no início da República, 2009.


3. When referring to "special conditions of circulation," would Bouvard using concepts from the theoretical writings of Hénard?

Finally, about a year after his death, Pierre Bourdeix, in his article entitled “Considerations sur le trace des rues” [Considerations about street design] (1921, p.289- 291), when explaining about "the various systems of design of streets that are used today," the advantages and disadvantages of the "rectangular system", quotes Belo Horizonte, as an example of "modern city", alongside the traditional exemples of New York, Chicago and L'Enfant plan for Washington:

"Let us quote a modern city, Bello Horizonte, capital of the state of Minas Géréas [sic], in Brazil. The picturesque of town that has been praised by Mr. Bouvard, although it is not due to its plan but the varied terrain over which it was applied a regular plan in a checkerboard pattern. (Bourdeix, 1921, p.290)

What makes the above quote interesting is, first, think about Bouvard moving to the heart of Minas Gerais to know Belo Horizonte, what really honored its founder, Aarão Reis and how important was this trip to the guest, wondering on the contribution of the picturesque aspect of the site to the regular grid drawing, an attempt to reduce its monotony. This was the argument used by Bouvard to his plan for the center of Sao Paulo. was that trip an check in loco of this combination?

Secondly, in another sense, thinking about the meaning for Bouvard, - now embodied in Belo Horizonte - of the possibilities given from the confrontation of picturesque and rational. If the picturesque, in the Parisian experience is confined in the parks created by Alphand in the “English manner", witn boundaries very well delineated by the grilles, which express the tension between this idyllic world [inside] and rationality that is imposed on the city by the percées [breakthroughs], in the South American experience - mainly in São Paulo, such tension is absent and picturesque expands, integrating the design of the city.

From this perception, it seems there is a way, an option, for an approach with the new urban concepts proposed by theorists of Anglo-Saxon world, which will be, though timidly, and despite the difficulties imposed by local law, adopted in Bouvard proposals for new districts of Sao Paulo that he designs in late 1911.

CONCLUDİNG REMARKS The main objective achieved was the establishment of minimum connections between the various actors involved in urban issues in the considered period. As stated earlier, it was known that many of these actors were contemporaries and that eventually there would be a dialogue between them. From the reading of La Construction Moderne articles and notes, the composition of committees, juries, appointments, among others, it was possible to establish certain links. It was found, for example, that Bouvard and Garnier were contemporaries in the studio of Constant Dufeux, what make them friends and share the same opinion on some issues concerning Paris and the Expositions.

Conversely, as we have seen earlier in this text, it was discovered the delicate relationship involving Joseph Bouvard and Eugene Hénard, which will fully justify the lack of mutual references. The reciprocal personal reservation,


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unfortunately, did not allow any debate on more serious matters which certainly could have positive repercussions.

REFERENCES Bourdeix, P.LCM-1921-06-Considerations sur le trace des rues. La

ConstructionModerne.Paris: Dujardin, vol.?, N.37, Dec 13, p.289-291. In 1921.

CHATELET, AM. Joseph Antoine Bouvard. mimeo [sd].

CONSTRUCTION D'ÉCOLES. La ConstructionModerne.Paris: Dujardin, v.4, n.45, Dec 12, p.540. In 1889.

Exposition Universelle. Chronique des travaux. Central Dome. La ConstructionModerne.Paris: Dujardin, v.4, n.38, June 30, p.453. In 1888.

FETES FRANCO-Italiens. La ConstructionModerne.Paris: Dujardin, v. 9 (2), n.4, Decembre 13, p.37-40, 41-43 and 48. In 1903.

HÉNARD, E. Etudes sur les transformations of Paris. Paris: sn, 1904.

Hobsbawm, E., RANGER, T. (Eds). 2nd. and d. The invention of traditions. Rio de Janeiro: Continuum, 1984.

L'Architecte: mensuelle revue de l'art ancien et moderne architectural. Documents numérisés. Périodiques numérisés. Collection Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Paris.

L'ARCHITECTURE: Journal Hebdomadaire de la Societe Centrale des architectes français. Documents numérisés. Périodiques numérisés. Collection Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Paris

LA CONSTRUCTION MODERNE: journal Hebdomadaire illustré: art, théorie Appliquée, practice, génie civil industrie du bâtiment. Documents numérisés. Périodiques numérisés. Collection Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Paris

LEMAS, N. Eugene Hénard urbain et le futur: quelle politique pour l'utopie? Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008.

Projets d'AGRANDISSEMENT OF LONDON. La ConstructionModerne.Paris: Dujardin, v.26, n.35, Decembre 13, p.420. 1911b.

PLANAT, P. "Actualités. Vieilles facades. "LaConstructionModerne.Paris: Dujardin, v.8(2), n.8, Novembre, 22, 1902, 90-91.

______. LCM-1904-06-EMBELLISSEMENTS DE PARIS. La Construction Moderne. Paris: Dujardin, v.9(2), n.39, Dec 13, p.457-459. 1904.

REVUE GENERALE D'ARCHITECTURE. Documents numérisés. Périodiques numérisés. Acervo Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Paris

some notes of a career (1885-1920)

Documents

Transcript of some notes of a career (1885-1920)