Some Engineering Properties of Different Feed Pellets

8/11/2019 Some Engineering Properties of Different Feed Pellets

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Some Engineering Properties of Different Feed Pellets

By

A.H. Bahnasawy*and Mostafa, H. M**

*Associate. Prof., Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agric. , Benha University, EgyptE-mail addressbahnasawyadelhotmail.!om

**!ecturer,Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agric., Benha University, EgyptE-mail addressharby.mostafafagr.b".ed".eg

ABS#$A%#Due to lac" of information a#out the physical and mechanical properties of feed pellets

$hich are very important to understand the #ehavior of the product during the processingoperations such as transporting, pac"aging and storage processes and also, it is necessary in

processing operations. %he main o#&ective of this $or" $as to study the physical andmechanical properties to form an important data#ase for four of the most popular feed pelletsin Egypt. %hese properties include linear dimensions, mean diameter, surface area, volume,mass, density, static friction coefficient, repose angle and crushing load.

%he engineering parameters results sho$ed that the length and mean diameters $ere inthe range of '.('-). and '.'-+.) cm for all pellet sies $ith of +)-// and )-/ 0. Feed

pellet types in all sies $ere cylindrical in shape. %he surface areas ranged from '.12-++.3(cm)and the feed pellet mass ranged from '.'4-/.'+ g depending on the feed pellet sie. %hevolume ranged from '.'2-).32 cm/$ith of ++-/+0, the #ul" density ranged from '.2-'.4 g5cm/ $ith of )/-/20 and real density ranged from +.')-+.+( g5cm/ $ith of 3-+0 for all feeds. %he repose angle ranged from )(.24-/1.4o. %he coefficient of static friction

6.7.F8 ranged from '.1-'.1' for all sies and surfaces. %he highest .7.F $as offered #yconcrete surface follo$ed #y the ply$ood and the galvanied steel surfaces. rushing loadincreased $ith the pellet sie ranged from 3'.4 to (.+/ and from )3.( to /1./( 9 invertical and horiontal position, respectively, depending on the feed pellet sie.

Keywords: Feed pellets; Physical; Mechanical; Properties; Repose angle; Crushing load;

Friction coefficient.

&'#$(D)%#&('%he physical and mechanical properties of feed pellets are not the first thought in the

mind of dairy producers, cattlemen, or feed professionals as they plan feed rations. :t doesho$ever have an impact in the decisions that need to #e made $hen planning and designingthe on farm feed storage. %he discussion of some physical and mechanical properties of feed

pellets should help the farmer or feed professional recognie the important considerationssuch as volume of storage re;uired and handling options and transporting that need to #eaddressed in planning for storage 6 %homas et al., +3338.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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7tudies regarding the physical characteristics of the feed pellets involved in sea$ater6Findlay ? @atling, +33> hen et al., +333a8 and fresh$ater 6El#erion and


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a. !arge animal feed #. a##it feed

c. Poultry gro$er feed d. Poultry finisher feed

Fig. -/ Feed pellets

Moist"re %ontent/

%he moisture content of randomly selected feed pellets of each category $asdetermined according to A7AE 7tandard 6+318. %hree samples of each feed pellets $ererandomly selected and $eighed on an electronic #alance to a precision of '.'+g. Drying oven6Fisher 7cientific :sotemp ven- odel - 2((F at. 9o. +/-)(-2((, Fisher 7cientific,%oronto, ntario, anada8 at +'( o until a constant $eight $asused to measure the moisturecontent.

0ol"me and Density/%he G#ul" densityG or Gapparent densityG is a measurement of a feedHs mass 6$eight8

per unit volume of space the feed occupies. %he #ul" density is measured #y $eighing aspecific volume of feed 6a one liter #uc"et filled $ith feed pellets and $eighed8 and

calculating the density 6Appel, +31(8. For each case, the determination $as replicated threetimes and the mean $as considered. %he real volume of each category $as calculated asfollo$s

, cm/

Angle of repose/

%he angle of repose is the minimum angle at $hich any piled-up #ul"y or loosematerial $ill stand $ithout falling do$nhill. ne $ay to demonstrate this $ould #e to pourfeed pellets from a #ag to three different surfaces 6steel, $ood and concrete8. %here is a

minimum angle or ma=imum slope the pellets $ill maintain due to the forces of gravity and


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the effect of friction #et$een the particles of pellets. %he angle is calculated #et$een the pea"of the pile and the horiontal ground as sho$n in Fig 6)8 6haavi et al., )''18.

Fig.6)8. Angle of repose%oeffi!ient of Fri!tion

%he coefficient of friction #et$een feed and a $all is the ratio of the normal force tothe friction force along the $all surface. :t is dependent on the feed stored, and the type ofsurface in contact $ith feed 6Appel, +31(, A7AE, +314 and &e and Ug#or, +33+8.

oefficients of friction $ere determined for feed pellets on three surfaces concrete,galvanied steel and ply$ood and these $ere calculated as a tangent of the slope angle 6angleof repose8.%r"shing load/

rushing implies the partial or complete destruction of pellet. Feed pellet $as satupon a flat plate until the cross-head of a handmade apparatus 6Fig. /8 $as #rought in contact$ith the pellet and a compression force $as applied #y adding $eights or loads until

permanent 6destruction8 $as caused and then the loads $ere recorded 6ostafa andBahnasa$y, )''38. %he test $as run in horiontal and vertical directions for each pellet type.

Fig. /. Candmade crushing load device.

$ES)+#SA'DD&S%)SS&('S-. Physi!al Properties-.- #he length, mean diameterand mass/

%a#le 6)8 sho$s the mean values, standard deviation 67D8 and coefficients of variation68 of the length, mean diameter and mass of the feed pellets. :t sho$s that the average oflength and diameter of the large animal feed pellets $ere ). '.'3 and +.) '.') cm

respectively, $hile they $ere +.( './ and '. '.'+ cm for ra##it feed pellets. %hecoefficients of variation 68 values of ra##it feed $ere higher than those of for large animal

feed pellets.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Angleofrepose.png


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For poultry feeds, there is a #ig difference #et$een the average length for gro$er andfinisher feeds 6'.( and +./1 cm respectively8 #ut there are slightly small differences #et$eenthe mean diameters 6'./3 and '.' cm respectively8. Also the values $ere higher infinisher feed than those of gro$er feed for #oth length and diameter.#able 1/ #he length, diameters and mass for feeds.

!ength 6cm8 Diameter 6cm8 ass 6g8 !arge animal feed

ean ). +.) /.'+

7D '.)3 '.') './/

'.+) '.') '.++

a##it feed

ean +.( '.' '.)'

7D './ '.'+ '.'(

'.)/ '.'/ '.) Poultry gro$er feed

ean '.(' './3 '.'4

7D '.'2 '.'+ '.'+

'.+) '.') '.)+

Poultry finisher feed

ean +./1 '.' '.)'

7D '.( '.'+ '.'(

'.// '.'/ '.)4 7D is the standard deviation, is the coefficient of variation, 0

#able 2/ #he 3ol"me, s"rfa!e area, b"l4 density and real density of feed

0ol"me!m2

S"rfa!e area!m1

B"l4 density4g5l

$eal densityg5!m2

!arge animal feed

ean ).32 ++.3( '.2 +.')

7D './ +.'1 '.'+4 '.'2

'.++ '.'3 '.')4 '.'2a##it feed

ean '.)' ).)' '.22 +.+'

7D '.' '.+ '.') '.+'

'.)' '.+1 './' '.'3

Poultry gro$er feed

ean '.'2 '.12 '.4 +.+

7D '.'+ '.'1 '.'+4 '.+(


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'.+/ '.'3 '.')/ '.+


ean '.+4 +.3( '.4/ +.+(

7D '.'( '.(/ '.')2 '.++

'./+ '.)4 './2 '.'3

%he mean mass values of large animal feed ranged from ).21 to /./ g, $hile they$ere from '.+( to '.)(g for ra##it and poultry finisher feeds and from '.'2 to '.'1 g for

poultry gro$er feeds. %he values $ere the lo$est 6'.++8 $hile they $ere the highest inthe case of poultry finisher feed 6'.)48.

-.1 0ol"me, s"rfa!e area, b"l4 and real density of the feed pellets%a#le 6/8 sho$s the mean values, 7D, and of the volume, surface area, #ul" and

real density of the feed pellets. %he overall mean volumes $ere ).32 './, '.)' '.', '.'2'.'+ and '.+4 '.'( cm/for large animal, ra##its, poultry gro$er and finisher feed pellets,

respectively. %he average surface areas $ere ++.3( +.'1, ).) '.+, '.12 '.'1 and +.3( '.(/ cm)for the same pervious order. %he average of #ul" and real densities $ere lo$er thanthe others #ecause of the high spacing value 6porosity8 results from the large volumes.

%he coefficients of variation 68 values of the volume readings for poultry finisherfeed pellets 6'./+8 $ere higher than those of other feed pellets. %he same trend $as happened$ith the surface area, #ul" and real density values.

1. Me!hani!al Properties1.- $epose angle $A/

%a#le 68 sho$s the mean values of repose angle of four feed pellets on three surfaces6galvanied steel ply$ood, and concrete8. %he results indicate that the repose angle increased$ith increasing the feed pellets sie at all surfaces under study. %he repose angle valuesranged from )(.24-/( degrees on the galvanied steel surface, $hereas, it ranged from )(.24-/2.4 and )4-/1.4 degrees on the ply$ood and concrete surfaces, respectively. :t could #enoticed that the values of repose angles recorded on the concrete surface $ere higher thanthose o#tained on #oth galvanied and ply$ood surfaces for all feed pellets, $hich may#edue to the roughness of the concrete surface $hich is higher than #oth galvanied and

ply$ood surfaces.%he of the repose angle data recorded the highest value 6'.+8 on the galvanied

steel surface for ra##it feed, $hile the minimum value 6'8 $as recorded for the large animalfeed on the galvanied surface.

1.1 %oeffi!ient of Fri!tion/%a#le 6(8 sho$s the mean values of coefficient of static friction for feed pellets on

three surfaces 6galvanied steel ply$ood, and concrete8. %he results indicate that thecoefficient of static friction increased $ith increasing the feed pellets sie at all surfacesunder study. %he coefficient of static friction values ranged from '.1 to '.4 on #oth of thegalvanied steel and the ply$ood surfaces, $hereas, it ranged from '.(+ to '.1' on concretesurfaces.

:t could #e noticed that the values of coefficient of static friction recorded on the

concrete surface $ere higher than those o#tained on #oth galvanied and ply$ood surfacesfor all feed pellets, due to the roughness of the concrete surface $hich is higher than #oth


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galvanied and ply$ood surfaces. %he of the coefficient of static friction $as highest6+)08 on the galvanied steel surface for ra##it feed $hile, the minimum value 6'8 $asrecorded for the large animal feed pellets on the same surface.

#able 6/ #he repose angle of different types of feed on different s"rfa!es.

alvanied steel Ply$ood oncrete

!arge animal feed

ean /( /2.4 /1.4

7D ' ).13 /.)+

' '.'1 '.'1a##it feed

ean )1./ )(.4 )3

7D ).3' +.)' +.4

'.+' '.' '.'2

Poultry gro$er feed

ean )(.24 )(.24 )4.//

7D +.+( +.+( ).()

'.' '.' '.'3


ean )2.// )2.// )4.'

7D +.+( +.+( ).''

'.' '.' '.'1

#able 7/ #he !oeffi!ient of stati! fri!tion of feed on different s"rfa!es.

alvanied steel Ply$ood oncrete

!arge animal feed

ean '.4 '.4 '.1

7D ' '.'1 '.'3

' '.++ '.++

a##it feed

ean '.( '.( '.2

7D '.+' ' '

'.+) '.'( '.'4

Poultry gro$er feed

ean '.1 '.1 '.()


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7D '.') '.') '.'2

'.'( '.'( '.++


ean '.(' '.(' '.(+

7D '.') '.') '.'(

'.'( '.'( '.+'

1.2. #he !r"shing load

%a#le 628 sho$s the mean values, 7D and of the crushing load of four feed pellets.%he results sho$ that the crushing load increased $ith the increasing of feed sie in #othvertical and horiontal position. %he average crushing load values $ere (.+/1+.+3,

+44.13+4.+), 3'.4+1.)/ and 3+.33+.1 9 in vertical position for the large animal,

ra##it, poultry gro$er and finisher feed pellets, respectively. :n horiontal position, %heaverage crushing load values $ere /1./(3/.3, /).)'3.11, )3.('(.'3 and /+.'1.+/ 9for the large animal, ra##it, poultry gro$er and finisher feed pellets, respectively. %he ofthe crushing load data $as the highest 6/+08 in horiontal position, $hile it $as the lo$est6+'08 in the vertical position for the ra##it feed. %he results indicate that the mean forcere;uired for crushing the large sie 6large animal feed8 $as 2.4 times $hat the small sie6poultry gro$er feed8 had.

#able 8/ #he mean 3al"es, SD and %0 of the !r"shing for!e of feed.

Feed Position%r"shing +oad 'Mean SD %0

!arge animalfeed

ertical (.+/ 1+.+3 '.+1

Coriontal /1./( 3/.3 '.)4

a##it feedertical +44.13 +4.+) '.+'

Coriontal /).)' 3.11 './+

Poultrygro$er feed

ertical 3'.4 +1.)/ '.)'

Coriontal )3.(' (.'3 '.+4

Poultryfinisher feed

ertical 3+.33 +.1 '.+2

Coriontal /+.'1 .+/ '.+/

%('%+)S&('S%he length and mean diameters $ere in the range of '.('-). and '.'-+.) cm forall pellet sies $ith of +)-// and )-/ 0. Feed pellet types in all sies $erecylindrical in shape.%he surface areas ranged from '.12-++.3( cm). Feed pellet mass ranged from '.'4-

/.'+ g depending on the feed pellet sie.


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%he volume ranged from '.'2-).32 cm/$ith of ++-/+0, the #ul" density rangedfrom '.2-'.4 g5cm/ $ith of )/-/20 and real density ranged from +.')-+.+(g5cm/ $ith of 3-+0 for feeds.%he repose angle ranged from )(.24-/1.4o.%he coefficient of static friction 6.7.F8 ranged from '.1-'.1' for all sies and

surfaces. %he highest .7.F $as offered #y concrete surface follo$ed #y the ply$oodand the galvanied steel surfaces.rushing load increased $ith the pellet sie. :t ranged from 3'.4-(.+/ and from)3.(-/1./( 9 in vertical and horiontal position, respectively, depending on the feed

pellet sie.

$EFE$E'%ES

Aarseth,


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Payne, J> @. attin"> %. 7mith> %. @ino$is"i .+33. %he Pelleting Cand#oo". Borregaard!ignotech, @indsor

%homas, . and B. van der Poel .+332. Physical ;uality of pelleted animal feed. +. riteriafor pellet ;uality. Animal Feed 7cience and %echnology, 2+6+I8 13I++)

%homas, and van D. J. Muilichem and B. van der Poel .+334. Physical ;uality of pelleted

animal feed. ). ontri#ution of processes and its conditions. Animal Feed 7cienceand %echnology, 26)I8, +4/I+3)

%homas, .> J. Cui&nen> %. van liet> J. van Muilichem and B. van der Poel. +333. Effects ofprocess conditions during e=pander processing and pelleting on starch modificationand pellet ;uality of tapioca. Journal of the 7cience of Food and Agriculture, 436++8+1+I+3

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Some Engineering Properties of Different Feed Pellets

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