Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants: (Gymnosperm)

Volume 3

John C. Afele, Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. Fax: 519-767-0755.

Y. Arnaud, Universite P. et M. Curie Paris VI, Laboratoire de Physiologie du Developpement des Plantes, Tour 53, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.

Michael R. Becwar, Westvaco Corp., Forest Science Laboratory, Box 1950, Summerville, SC 29484, U.S.A. Fax: 803-875-7185.

N. Belgacem, AFOCEL, Station de Biotechnologies, Domaine de I'Etancon, 77370 Nangis, France. Fax: 1-60675404.

J. Bercetche, AFOCEL, Station de Biotechnologies, Domaine de l'Etancon, 77370 Nangis, France. Fax: 1-60675404

Jan M. Bonga, Forestry Canada, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, N.B., E3B 5P7, Canada. Fax: 506-452-3525.

F. Bourgkard, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux, Universite de Nancy 1, B.P. 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre les Nancy Cedex, France.

Snezana Budimir, Institute for Biological Research "S. Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 29 Novembra 142, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

William Carlson, Technology Center, Weyerhaeuser Inc., Tacoma, WA 98477, U.S.A. Fax: 206-924-6736.

Stephen F. Chandler, FLORIGENE, 16 Gipps Street, Collingwood, VIC 3066, Australia. Fax: 61 34161761.

Victor M. Chavez, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia, Jardin Botanico, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.

A. David, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Vegetales, Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Picardie Jules Vernes, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France. Fax: 22 82 75 76.

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372

H. David, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Vegetales, Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Picardie Jules Vernes, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France.

N. Dong, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-0003, U.S.A.

Pascal Drake, Plant Genetic Manipulation Group, Department of Life science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, England.

U. Egertsdotter, Uppsala Genetic Centre, Department of Forest Genetics, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7027, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.

I. Ekberg, Uppsala Genetics Centre, Department of Forest Genetics, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7027, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.

J.M. Favre, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux, Universite de Nancy, B.P. 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre les Nancy Cedex, France. Fax: 839032 77.

Pramod K. Gupta, Weyerhaeuser Inc., Technology Center, Tacoma, WA 98477, U.S.A. Fax: 206-924-6736.

Anja Hohtola, Department of Botany, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, Postiosoite, SF-90570, Oulu, Finland. Fax: 358-81-553-1500.

K. Ishii, Bio-resources Technology Division, Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute, P.O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norinkenkyu Danchi-Nai, Ibaraki 305, Japan.

Nathalie Isabel, Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestiere, Faculte de Foresterie et de Geomatique, Universite Laval, Quebec GIK 7P4, Canada.

S. Mohan Jain, Department of Plant Production, University of Helsinki, SF-00014, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, Finland. Fax: 358-0-708-5582.

Jan Jasik, Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina B-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.

Allan John, Forestry Authority, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9SY, Scotland.

Karan Kaul, CRS Plant and Soil Science Research, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, U.S.A.

K. Klimaszewska, Molecular Genetics and Tissue Culture Group, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Chalk River, Ontario KOJ lJO, Canada. Fax: 613-589-2275.

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Andrej Kormutak, Institute of Plant Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P.O. Box 39/ A, 95007 Nitra, Slovak Republic.

E. Laine, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Vegetales, Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Picardie Jules Vernes, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France.

Marie-Anne Lelu, Station d'Amelioration des Arbres Forestiers, INRA, Centre de Recherches d'Orleans, Ardon F-45160, Olivet, France.

Richard E. Litz, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, 18905 S.W., 280th Street, Homestead, FL 33031, U.S.A. Fax: 305-246-7003.

M.E. Magallanes-Cedeno, Department of Forest Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-2135, U.S.A.

K.A. Marek-Swize, International Paper, 3203 International Drive Selma, Alabama 36701, U.S.A.

H. Mo, Uppsala Genetic Centre, Department of Forest Genetics, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7027, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.

Pamela A. Moon, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, 18905 S.W., 280th Street, Homestead, FL 33031, U.S.A.

R.J. Newton, Department of Forest Science, Texas Agricultural Experimental Station, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-2135, U.S.A. Fax: 409-845-6049.

J. Norgaard, Botanic Garden, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 2B, DK-1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark. Fax: 45-33-15-56-14.

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M. Paques, AFOCEL, Station de Biotechnologies, Domaine de l'Etancon, 77370 Nangis, France.

Gerald S. Pullman, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Forest Biology Division, 500 10th St. N.W., Atlanta, GA 30318, U.S.A.

Jan Salaj, Institute of Plant Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P.O. Box 39/A, 95007 Nitra, Slovak Republic.

Terezia Salajova, Institute of Plant Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P.O. Box 39/A, 95007 Nitra, Slovak Republic. Fax: 42-87 36660.

Praveen K. Saxena, Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. Fax: 519-767-0755.

Christopher Selby, Agricultural Botany Research Division, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Newforage Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland. Fax: 232-669551.

S. Sen, Department of Forest Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-2135, U.S.A.

T.A. Thorpe, Plant Physiology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada. Fax: 403-289-9311.

Kathleen Timmis, Technology Center, Weyerhaeuser Inc., Tacoma, WA 98477, U.S.A. Fax: 206-924-6736.

Roger Timmis, Technology Center, Weyerhaeuser Inc., Tacoma, WA 98477, U.S.A. Fax: 206-924-6736.

H. Tranvan, Universite P. et M. Curie Paris VI, Laboratoire de Physiologie du Developpement des Plantes, Tour 53, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.

Francine M. Tremblay, Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestiere, Faculte de Foresterie et de Geomatique, Universite Laval, Quebec, G1K 7P4, Canada. Fax: 418-656-3551.

Patrick von Aderkas, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria B.C., V8W 2Y2, Canada.

375

S. von Arnold, Uppsala Genetic Centre, Department of Forest Genetics, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7027, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. Fax: 46 18673279.

Radmila VujiCic, Center for Multidisciplinary Studies, University of Belgrade, 29 Novembra 142, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

Elaine Welty, Technology Center, Weyerhaeuser Inc., Tacoma, WA 08477, U.S.A. Fax: 206-924-6736.

S.M. Wilson, Plant Physiology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive) N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N IN4, Canada.

Richard Young, FLORIGENE, 16 Gipps Street, Collingwood, VIC 3066, Australia.

SPECIES INDEX

Abies, 197,341,342,345,346,348,352,353 Abies alba, 81, 85, 208, 235, 342-344, 347, 349,

352 Abies alba X Abies cephalonica, 208 Abies alba X Abies nordmanniana, 208 Abies alba X Abies numidica, 208 Abies alba X cephalonica, 344 Abies alba X nordmanniana, 349 Abies alba X numidica, 344 Abies balsamea, 342-345, 352 Abies beshanzuensis, 341 Abies chensiensis ssp. yulongxueshanensis, 341 Abies concolor, 342 Abies concolor X grandis, 342 Abiesfanjingshanensis, 341 Abies forrestii var. georgei, 341 Abies fraseri, 342-345 Abies grandis, 342 Abies grandis X concolor, 342 Abies guatemalensis, 341 Abies nebrodensis, 341 Abies nordmanniana, 85, 342-348, 350-352 Abies pinsapo var. tazaotana, 341 Abies procera, 342-345 Abies sibirica, 341 Abies yuanbaoshanensis, 341 Abies ziyuanensis, 341 Aesculus hippocastanum, 364 Agrobacterium, 271 Arabidopsis, 106 Arachis, 364 Arceuthobium douglasii, 304 Armillaria mellea, 82

Barbara colfaxiana, 304 Betula, 64 Botrytis spp., 82 Bowenia, 3

Carpinus betulus, 207 Castanea, 364 Cedrus, 341 Cerambyx luridus, 82 C. bajulus, 82 Ceratozamia, 3-5, 8-13 Ceratozamia bajulus, 82 Ceratozamia circinalis, 6

Ceratozamia hildae, 6, 8-10 Ceratozamia mexicana, 2-{), 6, 8-10 Ceratozamia panzhihuaensis, 13 Cichorium, 159 Conophthorus lambertianae, 198 Contariana oregonensis, 304 Cronartium ribicola, 197 Cronortium ribicola, 257 Cycas hainanensis, 13 Cycas micholitzii, 13 Cycas spp., 3 Cycas revoluta, 4, 6 Cycas thoursii, 4 Cyclamen, 364, 367

Dactylis glomerata, 159 Daucus carota, 25,153, 156-158, 162, 163,237 Dendroctonus ponderosae, 198 Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, 304 Digitalis lanata, 159 Dioon,3 Dioon edule, 3 Dioryctria abietivorella, 304 Diploxylon, 207 Dothistroma, 243

Encephalartos, 3, 4, 6, 12, 13 E. umbeluziensis, 6 E. villosus, 6 Encephalartos woodii, 1

Fagus moesiaca, 81 Fagus sylvatica, 207 Fornes annosus, 82 Fusoma pini, 82

Ginkgo, 3 Grapholita strobiella, 82

Herpotrichia niger, 82 Hevea brasiliensis, 237 Hordeum vulgare, 153, 157, 158

Ips typographus, 82

Laru, 315,317,335,337, 341, 353 Laru X eurolepis, 208, 222, 250, 318, 319, 321,

322,328,329,336

377

378 SPECIES INDEX

Larix X leptoeuropaea, 318,319,323,324,327 Larix decidua, 13,88,222,315-321,323,324,

331,334,336,337 Larix leptolepis, 315, 318, 319, 323 Larix occidentalis, 114,208,315,319,330-332,

334-337 Lepidozamia, 3 Lophodermium macrosporum, 82

Macrozamia, 3 Medicago sativa, 118, 237 Megastigmus spermotrophus, 304 Microcycas, 3 Microcycas calocama, 13

Phellinus pini, 304 Picea, 12,37,38,55,56,64,82,86,87,90-92,

141,148,223,227,259,260,291,341, 353,367

Picea abies, 13, 17, 19-25,28,29,31,33,37,38, 41,43,56-58,67,82,85,86,88,93,100, 101,114,118,126,141,174,208,213, 229,232,235,250,266,269,287,297, 311,317,335,360,365,367

Picea engelmannii, 37-40,56,99, 100, 112 Picea excelsa, 81 Picea glauca, 30, 37-43, 46, 58, 67, 86, 88, 92,

93,100,102,112-115,118-121,167,174, 192,208,236,266,347,348,351,365

Picea glauca engeimannii, 31,37-041,43,46,49, 50,83,86,92,94,117,118,208,350

Picea glehnii, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63 Piceajezoensis, 55, 59-061, 63, 67 Piceajezoensis var. hondoensis, 55, 57, 58, 60,

61,63 Picea mariana, 37, 38, 56, 58, 67, 68, 70, 73, 77,

78, 085, 86, 92, 94, 100, 111, 112, 115, 117,118,120,121,208,250,365,367

Picea omorika, 67, 81-89, 91, 92, 94, 95 Picea omorika X Picea glauca, 82 Picea omorika X Picea rubens, 82 Picea pungens, 37, 99-107 Picea rubens, 37, 38, 67, 86,94, 111-121,208 Picea rubens X Picea mariana, 67 Picea sitchensis, 37-40, 49, 56, 81, 82, 86,92,94,

113,114,125-127,132,136,140,141 Picea sp., 50 Pinaceae, 84 Pinus, 12,85,148,188,193,197,200,203,207,

223,225-227,231,246,257,259,272, 282,291,341,353,367

Pinus ajanensis, 81

Pinus caribaea, 145, 154, 170, 173, 187,222,225, 226,229,231,233,235,250,259,261, 273,296

Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, 145 Pinus densijlora, 207 Pinus elliottii, 183,184,187-189,190,192,193,

208,222,226,259,262,273,288 Pinus halepensis, 207 Pinus heldreichii, 207 Pinus lambertiana, 187, 197, 198,204,208,222,

223,225,233,257,259,272 Pinus monticola, 257 Pinus mugo, 207 Pinus nigra, 81,207,208,210,213,222 Pinus oocarpa, 170 Pinus palustris, 222, 288 Pinus patula, 222, 225 Pinus pinaster, 221-223, 225-229, 231-233, 235,

236,238,239 Pinus ponderosa, 197 Pinus radiata, 237, 243-252, 258, 272, 291 Pinus resinosa, 207, 289 Pinus serotina, 187, 208, 249, 288 Pinus strobus, 187,208,212,222,225,231,232,

257-259,261,262,264,266,272 Pinus sylvestris, 81,207,269-275,277-282 Pinustaeda, 172, 174, 187,203-204,208,209,

211,222,223,231,233,250,261,262, 266,273,287-289,291,317

Pissodes strobi, 257 Pitogenes chalcographus, 82 Populus, 364 Pseudotsuga menziesii, 99,172,197,209,222,

250,266,297,303,304,306-309,311, 317

Quercus, 197 Quercus cerris, 207

Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, 82

Sequoia, 197,357,358,365 Sequoia sempervirens, 197,357-360,364,365,

367 Sinapsis alba, 106 Solanum, 364 Stangeria, 3 Strobus, 232

Thuja, 197

Viciafaba, 33 Vitis vinifera, 153, 158

Xyloterus lineatus, 82

Zamia, 3,7,13 Zamia fischeri, 5

SPEcms INDEX

Zamiafloridana (= z. pumila), 4 Zamiafurfuracea, 5, 7 Zamia integrifolia (= z. pumila), 5, 7 Zamia pumila, 5, 7

379

SUBJECT INDEX

ABA,43-45, 133, 134,217,251,264,273,274, 282,307,333,359

ABA (differentiation media), 165 aberrant somatic embryos, 349

ascorbic acid, 281 asparagine, 105 asymmetric cell division, 281 automation, 141

abscisic acid (ABA), 11,25,58,73,90, 103, 118, autotrophic growth, 174 233,281,289,297,307,309,349

abscisic acid regulated promoters, 192 absolute division frequency, 170 accumulating lipids, 44 acetic orcein, 155, 211 acetocarmine, 202, 223, 246-248, 305 acetocarmine-Evans blue, 23 activated charcoal, 58, 106, 118, 189,200,204,

233,248,297,307,309,363 adaptation, 99 adventitious bud formation, 367 adventitious budding, 55 adventitious buds, 82, 92, 221, 222, 358 adventitious organogenesis, 358 adventitious roots, 106 adventitious shoot formation, 243 adventitious shoot primordia, 246 aeration, 236 afforestation, 221 agar, 322 agarose, 172 aging process, 295 agitation speed, 73 air exchange, 326 airlift bioreactor, 46 alginate capsules, 49 amino acids, 84, 279, 349 ammonium nitrate, 333 anabolic processes, 213 a-naphtaleneacetic acid, 344 anatomy of somatic embryos, 211 angiosperm species, 364 angiosperms, 148,264 anthocyanin synthesis, 167 anthocyanin-rich region, 73 antibodies, 161 antifungal proteins, 25 apical bud, 352 apical dome cells, 88 apical dome regions, 297 artificial seed technology, 78 artificial seeds, 31, 64, 258

auxin,20, 21,23,42,44,45,68,84, 102, 127, 128,189,225,227,282,342,350

auxin protector, 107 axillary bud formation, 358 axillary budding, 126 axillary buds, 221

BA,30, 38,57,84-86, 101, 102, 127, 128,259 bacterial GUS gene, 192 basal media, 273 bead drop suspension cultures, 334 benzyladenine (BA), 69 binucleate suspensor cells, 317 biochemical, 39 biochemical analysis of embryogenetic cultures,

20 biochemical analysis of non-embryogenic

cultures, 20 biochemical markers, 359 bioreactor technology, 141 bioreactors, 73, 250 bioreactors for mass production, 115 biotechnology, 193 bipolar cotyledonary stages, 359 bipolar organization, 211 bipolar somatic embryos, 367 bipolarity, 8 bisbenzimide trihydrochloride, 329 black spruce, 37, 67 blue spruce, 99 bombardment, 191 breeding, 67, 342 browning, 132, 322 bud production, 365 buds, 276

calcium alginate, 172 calcofluor white, 329 callogenesis, 148,365 callus,23,126,209,274,294 callus induction, 277 Campbell and Durzan's (CD) medium, 58

381

382 SUBJECT INDEX

carbohydrate, 117, 335, 347 carbohydrate-rich coencytium, 3 carbon dioxide, 235, 237 Caribbean pine, 145 casein hydrolysate, 347, 350 cell classification, 229 cell culture, 294 cell suspension cultures, 279 cell to plant system, 146 cells stained blue, 305 cells stained bright red, 305 cellular ultrastructure, 281 Cellulase, 334 chalazal end, 320 chitinases, 28 chromosome counting, 317 cleavage of embryonic domes, 72 cleavage polyembryogenesis, 12, 223, 307 cleavage polyembryony, 4, 88, 202, 203, 249, 291,

333 clonal banks, 296 clonal propagation, 33, 68, 100, 198, 208, 272,

296,299,315 clonal propagation systems, 113 clonal selection, 113 colchicine, 211 cold storage, 68 cold storage in liquid nitrogen, 146 cold storage of cones, 248 Colorado blue spruce, 37 competence for maturation, 153 complex type glycoproteins, 161 computer vision, 208 con A-peroxidase staining, 158 concanavalin A staining, 157 cone primordia, 244 conifer, 192, 208, 364 conifer somatic embryogenesis, 119 conifer species, 203, 299 conventional methods, 358 Coomassie brillant blue, 158 cotyledon explants, 365 cotyledonary developmental stage, 225 cotyledonary embryo development, 309 cotyledonary embryo stage, 245 cotyledonary embryos, 43, 44, 204, 309 cotyledonary somatic embryos, 222 cotyledonary stage, 90 cotyledonary zygotic embryos, 209, 259 cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos, 297 cotyledons, 83, 275, 324 cotyledon protoplasts (CP), 172 cross-pollination, 221

crown stage, 273 cryogenic storage, 310 cryopreservation, 28,42,68,76,83, 126, 173,222,

232,250,296,311,316,327,343,348 cryopreservative, 251 cryoprotectant, 76, 77, 232, 310 cryoprotection, 76 cryostorage, 311 cryotolerance, 29 crystallisation, 174 culture initiation, 38 culture maintenance, 23, 202 culture media, 199, 262 cultured isolated embryos, 245 cuttings, 272, 342 cybridization, 77 Cycadales, 1 cycadophytes, I cycads, 1 cytokinin, 20, 21, 23, 42, 44, 45, 68, 84, 102, 127,

128,189,225,227,282,347,353 cytokinin pretreatment, 85 cytoplasm, 88

2,4-D, 38,57, 85, 86, 102, 127, 128,259 deciduous, 315 dedifferentiation, 294 degree days, 316 degree of embryogenic potential, 128 desiccation, 119, 297 desiccation treatment, 31 development, 119,208,270,317 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 5, 69,

223 dicotyledonary haploid embryos, 5 dicotyledonary somatic embryos, 7 differentiation of the apical meristem, 11 dimethylsulfoximide (DMSO), 28, 76, 232 diploid, 217 diploid embryogenesis, 316 diploid embryogenic cultures, 317 diploid tissue explants, 316 diploid zygotic embryos, 211 direct DNA transfer, 42 direct gene transfer, 169 DMSO, 174,251 DNA content, 31 DNA delivery system, 193 DNA-coated microparticles, 190 dominant embryo, 245 dominant zygotic embryo, 294 dormancy, 106 double staining, 200, 202, 305

SUBJECT INDEX 383

Douglas fir, 303 downy circinate leaf, 6 dry weight (OW), 116 drying treatment, 119 Duncan's mUltiple range test, 350

early cotyledonary explants, 323 early-stage embryos, 305 eastem white pine, 257 economically important tree species, 287 effects of genotype, 85, 261 efficient and cost-effective technique, 258 electron-dense cytoplasm, 212 electroporation, 170 elongated suspensor cells, 212 emblings, 43,49,75,92,140,141,146,177,193,

222,266,304,310,326 embryo conversion, 165 embryo development, 39, 42, 173, 203, 276, 349 embryo development medium, 264 embryo germination, 266 embryo heads, 154 embryo initials, 245, 247, 249 embryo maturation, 30,43, 133,251,297,299,

333 embryo maturation medium, 264 embryo multiplication, 294 embryo quality, 43 embryogenesis, 225 embryogenesis-related proteins, 159 embryogenetic potential, 365 embryogenic callus, 7,208,247,273,278,281 embryogenic callus tissue, 273 embryogenic capacity, 232, 311 embryogenic cell lines, 228 embryogenic cell masses, 126 embryogenic cell suspension, 68, 170, 172, 222,

229,348 embryogenic competency, 188 embryogenic cultures, 21, 23, 86,198,208,225,

273,324,346 embryogenic potential, 132, 153, 167, 172,295 embryogenic region, 87 embryogenic response, 225 embryogenic structures, 21, 22 embryogenic tissue, 72, 84, 223, 294 embryogenic tissues, 151, 170 embryonal callus, 277, 279 embryonal head, 305 embryonal head cells, 202 embryonal heads, 58 embryonal masses, 277 embryonal structures, 72

embryonal suspensor mass, 128 embryonal suspensor masses, 101, 199,200,202,

249,292,305 embryonal suspensor masses (ESMS), 130 embryonal-suspensor masses, 367 embryonic region stain red, 23 encapsulation, 49, 141 endoplasmic reticulum, 212 endosperms containing embryos, 147 Engelmann spruce, 37 environmental stresses, 193, 282 epicotyl development, 75 esterase, 218 ethylene, lO2, 235, 237 European black pine, 207 Evan's blue, 305 ex situ conservation, 343 extacellular proteins, 25 extracellular (glyco)proteins, 146, 157 extracellular ionically bound polypeptides, 155 extracellular matrix, 153 extracellular proteins, 25, 28, 153, 155 extrusions, 200

fatty acid composition, 46 FDA-staining, 28,174 female cone and seed development, 244 female gametophytes, 199,202,258,259 fertilization, 39, 185, 198, 209, 270, 275, 305,

317,321 fertilized ovules, 244, 247 Ficoll,334 filtration, 232 fluorescein diacetate staining, 77, 327 fluorescent microscopy, 88 fluorimetric enzyme activity assay, 191 foreign gene transient expression, 193 free gas exchange, 236 freeze desiccation damage, 310 freezing and thawing, 28 fresh weight (FW), 115, 232 frost damages, 270

gaseous environment, 235 Gellan Gum, 73, 75, 103, 114, 322 gene expression, 193 gene pool, 271 gene regulation, 191 gene transfer, 184, 190 genetic diversity, 113 genetic engineering, 50, 252, 271 genetic manipulation, 115, 126 genetic polymorphism, 295

384

genetic stability, 31 genetic transformation, 77, 145 genetic variability, III genetic variation, 55, 70, 85, 125,271,282 genetically heterogeneous cultures, 294 genetically homogeneous cultures, 295 genome mapping, 271 genotype X environment interaction, 342 genotype differences, 38 genotypes, 294,310,324 germinating embryos, 126

SUBJECT INDEX

HRH treatment, 140 hydrated embryo, 140 hypocotyl elongation, 266 hyponex,62

IAA,359 imbibition, 119 immature cotyledonary zygotic embryos, 360 immature embryos, 39, 56, 70, 127, 198,273,275,

281,305,343 immature embryos (precotyledonary-stage

germination, 43,119,133,190,204,208,251, embryos),200 281,311,352

germplasm, 343 globular embryo formation, 296 globular embryo stage, 245 glucose, 297 glucose-specific lectin, 163 glutamate dehydrogenase, 55, 213, 218 glutamine, 114, 251 glutaraldehyde, 212 glutathione, 213 glycan chains, 161 glycoproteins, 153, 157 glycosylated acidic endochitinase, 163 glycosylation, 161 gold particles, 191 grafting, 198,221,272,342 gravitational influence, 4, 10 group-A-embryos, 25 group-B-embryos, 25 growth regulator-free medium, 217 GUS assay, 191 GUS gene expression, 192 gymnosperms, 56, 148,211

half-strength Lepoivre (112 LP) medium, 57 haploid (megagametophyte), 316 haploid embryogenesis, 316,334 haploid embryogenic callus,S haploid embryos,S haploid proembryo development, 5 haploid protoplasts, 334 hardy conifers, 269 head of somatic embryos, 41 heterochromatin, 212 hexose sugar, 290 high embryogenic potential, 367 high relative humidity (HRH) treatment, 44 histochemical staining, 218 historesin, 274 HLM medium, 102 Hondo spruce, 55

immature megagametophytes, 289 immature seeds, 304 immature zygotic embryos, 7, 20, 21, 68,128,

129,177,184,188,223,317,324,359 immunodetection, 161 in vitro cloning, 358 in vitro culture, 184 in vitro grown seedlings, 365 in vitro grown shoots, 365, 367 in vitro manipulation, 140 in vitro micropropagation, 258 in vitro multiplication, 100, 10 1 in vitro organogenesis, 38 in vitro propagation, 198, 272, 282, 304, 342 in vitro techniques, 222 incompatible species, 77, 349 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 30 indolebutyric acid, 324 induction frequency, 343 induction medium, 131 initiation media, 130, 147, 324 initiation of embryogenic culture, 198 inoculation density, 72 inorganic nitrogen, 273 intercellular spaces, 41 interior spruce, 37 introgression, 112 isodiametric cells, 132, 155,348 isoesterase, 213 isolated gametophyte, 245, 247 isozyme, 42, 213, 271, 294 isozyme variation, 295

jasmonic acid, 106 juvenile condition, 126 juvenile material, 232 juvenile phase of development, 359 juvenile stage, 270 juvenile state, 68, 316 juvenile tissue, 82, 222 juvenility, 282

SUBJECT INDEX 385

juvenility markers, 367 juvenility maturation, 38

kinetin, 5,71,217,223,344

labour costs, 296 labour-intensive methods, 100 labour-intensive procedure, 198 lactose, 352 large-scale clonal propagation, 198 large-scale multiplication, 100, 208 large-scale production, 299 large-scale propagation, 204, 316 late cotyledonary explants, 323 leaves of mature trees as explants, 8 legumin-like storage proteins, 30 linear growth, 117 lipid contents, 290 lipid droplets, 334 liquid culture, 42, 136 liquid nitrogen, 76, 174,222,232,296, 327, 343 liquid nitrogen immersion, 312 liquid suspension cultures, 42 living fossils, 1 loblolly pine, 287 long vacuolated suspensor-like cells, 361 long-term germplasm preservation, 83 long-term germplasm storage, 113 long-term maintenance, 42, 216 long-term storage, 28, 76, 296, 312 luciferase, 208

macrocarrier, 191 Macrozyme, 334 maintenance medium, 264 male stroboli, 244 maltose, 297, 348 mannose, 161 mannose type oligosaccharide chains, 158 maritime pine, 221 marker allele, 295 mass propagation, 39,68,73, 113,266 maturation, 46, 115,117,165,189,190,281,317,

321,324,349,367 maturation capacity, 29, 324 maturation medium, 117,237,349 maturation of embryos, 282 maturation process, 30 mature cone, 270 mature cotyledonary embryos, 103 mature embryo, 225, 243 mature embryos, 39, 126,273,276 mature seed, 331

mature somatic embryo, 324 mature somatic embryos, 119, 129 mature zygotic embryos, 7, 20, 56, 70, 113, 127,

128,273,343 measurement of growth (of ESMS), 131 mechanical handling, 49 media, 272, 274 megagametophyte, 3, 42, 244, 320 megagametophyte as explant, 4 megagametophytes, 223, 273, 279, 291, 331 megasporangiate strobili, 270 meristematic aggregates, 361 meristematic cells, 41 MES,328,334 methylene blue-basic fuchsin, 275 microcuttings, 272 micrografted apices, 359 micrografting, 222 micromorphology, 72 microprojectile DNA delivery, 192 micropropagation, 55,92, 100, 113, 126,221,272 micropylar (archegonial), 247 micropylar callus, 248 microscopic sections, 23 microsporangiate strobili, 270 microsporophylls, 3 mineral nitrogen, 170 Mitochondria, 212 mitotic activity, 170, 172 mitotic index (MI), 115 mixture of peat: perlite: vermiculite(l: 1: 1), 140,

141 molecular markers, 39 monoecious, 304 Monterey pine, 243 morphogenic potential, 13 morphological traits, 342 morphology, 153 mucilaginous matrix, 202 multicellular structures, 333 multinucleate protoplasts, 317 multiple embryos, 41 multiple fertilization, 289 multistaged culturing processing, 296 myoinositol, 297

N6-benzyladenine, 223 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 7, 57, 69, 101,

102,128,362 natural source of antimicrobial biochemicals, 14 natural source of pesticidal biochemicals, 14 needle blight, 243 needles, 324

386 SUBJECT INDEX

NEPHGE gels, 158 nodular callus, 7 nodules, 22 non-dominant zygotic embryo, 295 non-embryogenic, 333 non-embryogenic callus, 101, 130,277,278 Norway spruce, 17 novel germplasm, 77

oligosaccharide, 161 open~pollinated families, 71 operational vegetative propagation, 75 optimal environmental conditions, 125 organic nitrogen, 349 organogenesis, 20,55,68,304,316,342 organogenetic potential, 365 origin of somatic embryos, 21 ornamental trees, 341 ortets (donor plants), 68 orthotropic shoots, 358, 367 osmium tetroxide, 212 osmolality, 309 osmotic level, 297 osmotic potential, 289 osmotic pressure (OP), 115 osmotic strength, 235 osmotic stress, 348 osmoticant, 264, 297 osmoticum, 174, 204, 264, 266 osmoticum concentration, 329 osmoticum of the medium, 74

packed cell volume (PCV), 115 paper pulp, 67, 221 paper pulp production, 341 parenchymatous cells, 367 partial drying of somatic embryos, 46, 47 particle bombardment, 222 PEG, 30, 266, 350 PEG treatment, 170 Percoll density gradient, 328 perlite, 62 peroxidases, 28, 213, 218, 359 phloroglucinol, 107 phylogeny of spruces, 121 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDl), 294 picloram, 38 Pinaceae, 111,303,343,367 plagiotropic shoots, 367 plagiotropism, 38 plant regeneration, 31, 173, 184 plant to plant system, 146 plantlet development, 119

plasmodesmata, 88, 333 plasmolysis, 175 plastids, 88, 212 plating density, 134 plating efficiency, 77, 172 polar structures, 361 polarized somatic embryos, 229 polarized structures, 318 pollination,3,100,222,244,270 polyembryogenesis, 198 polyembryony, 3, 86, 148, 245 polyethylene glycol, 45, 309, 317, 333, 348 polypeptides, 156, 159 Polysomes, 212 polyzygotic polyembryony, 245 potassium permanganate, 138, 238 potential genetic gain, 125 pre-cotyledonary embryos, 331 pre-cotyledonary stage, 209, 225, 305 pre-embryonal callus, 277 precocious germination, 43, 45, 46,106, 118,325 precociously germinated somatic embryos, 251 precotyledonary stage, 90, 198 precotyledonary zygotic embryo, 258, 259, 321 primary explants, 128,208 pro-embryos, 133,247,249 progressive decrease of growth, 362 proliferation medium, 161, 229 proliferation medium (PM), 130 proliferation of embryogenic cultures, 23 proliferation of embryogenic tissue, 189 prolisortion of cells in the suspensor region, 294 propagation, 358 propagules, 316 protein, 334 proteins, 153 protoplast isolation, 170, 208 protoplasts, 42, 68, 145, 169, 272, 328, 334, 349 pseudobulbi, 5 pseudobulbils, 7 pulpwood, 113 pulse treatment, 107,345

qualitative variations, 161 quantitative variations, 161 quiescent state, 296

radicle elongation, 75 radicle explants, 365 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD),

271 rapid early-stage embryo multiplication, 299 red reaction with acetocarmine, 277

SUBJECT INOEX 387

red spruce, 37, 111 reforestation, 113,318,358 rejuvenation, 126, 252, 359 repetitive cleavage process, 294 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP),

112,271 ribosomes, 88, 212, 334 root development, 167 root formation, 134 root system development, 358 root -tips, 364

Saghalien spruce, 55 Scots pine, 269 SOS PAGE, 155 SOS-PAGE, 41, 213 secondary metabolites, 212 sedimented cell volume, 131, 133 seed coat, 42 seed crop, 270 seed embryos, 274, 276 seed extracts, 247 seed orchards, 125 selection, 271 self-fertilization, 125 semi-solid (gelled) medium, 295 sensitive suspensor cells, 28 Serbian spruce, 81 sexually compatible species, 77 shear stress, 348 shelter belt tree, 99 shoot cultures, 208 shoot growth capacities, 358 shoot organogenesis, 272 shoot tip explants, 274,276,281,359,364 shoots, 126 shooty structures, 43, 45 sil vate nitrate, 237 silver nitrate, 102 silvicultural traits, 342 single cells, 333 single genetic marker, 295 slash pine, 183 softwood, 125, 269 soluble proteins, 213 soluble starch, 352 somaclonal variation, 295 somatic embryo abortion, 106 somatic embryo conversion, 167 somatic embryo development, 217, 264 somatic embryo maturation, 165 somatic embryo plants, 33

somatic embryogenesis, 1, 17,20,37,38,50,55, 67,68,76,82,91,100,113,126,136,141, 184,207,222,243,258,269,272,277, 287,289,303,304,315,316,321,341, 357,359

somatic embryos, 20, 39, 42, 45, 46, 48, 58, 83, 86,100,117,128,129,133,134,136,198, 203,204,258,279,317,323,346,365

somatic hybridization, 77 somatic hybrids, 349 somatic polyembryogenesis, 88, 202, 292 somatic proembryos, 9 somatic seedlings, 297, 298 sorbitol, 174 spruce timber, 113 spur shoots, 270 stages of somatic embryo information, 43 starch grains, 88 storage conditions, 270 storage damage, 68 storage in liquid nitrogen, 299 storage lipids, 351 storage proteins, 16,41,43,45,46, 118,213,349 store seed, 270 sub-species, 271 sucrose, 69, 114, 165, 174,232,235,324 sugar pine, 197 surface sterilization, 127, 199 suspension cultures, 23, 46, 132, 208, 333 suspensor cells, 44, 58, 161, 202 suspensor cells stain blue, 23, 202 suspensor regions, 24,41 suspensor system, 305 suspensor-like cells, 259, 277 symetrical divisions, 172 synchronization, 333 synchronous germination, 48

Tasman Forestry, 244 Taxodiaceae, 357 terminal buds, 270 thawing, 174, 232, 311 thermosensitive mutants, 153 thidiazuron (TOZ), 344 thylakoid system, 88 timber crop, 101 timber species, 303 toluidine blue, 211 torpedo-shaped embryos, 352 toxicity of sorbitol and OMSO, 327 transgenic clonal material, 42 transgenic plants, 169 transient gene expression, 169, 192

388 SUBJECT INDEX

transient GUS expression, 271 transluscent suspensor, 126 tree breeding, 55, 271 tree physiology, 357 triacylglycerols, 46

ultra-low temperatures of cryosostorage, 296 ultrastructure of somatic embryos, 88,212 unsynchronized development, 190

vacuolated cells, 279 vacuolated suspensor cells, 87, 88 vegetative propagation, 113,271,282,342,358 vegetatively propagated material, 17 viability assays, 175 vitreous embryos, 118 vitrification, 106

wax, 99 western blots, 157 weymouth pine, 257 white spruce, 37 whole ovules, 245 windbreak, 82 wood characteristics, 145 wood resin, 269

Yezo spruce, 55

zeamatin-like proteins, 28 zeatin (ZEA), 344 zygotic embryogenesis, 289 zygotic embryos, 92, 245, 279, 281, 294, 343 zygotic seedlings, 50

FORESTRY SCIENCES

1. P. Baas (ed.): New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy. Published on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the International Association of Wood Anatomists. 1982

ISBN 90-247-2526-7

2. C.F.L. Prins (ed.): Production, Marketing and Use of Finger-Jointed Sawnwood. Proceedings of an International Seminar Organized by the Timber Committee of the UNECE (Halmar, Norway, 1980). 1982 ISBN 90-247-2569-0

3. R.A.A. Oldeman (ed.): Tropical Hardwood Utilization. Practice and Prospects. 1982 ISBN 90-247-2581-X

4. P. den Ouden (in collaboration with B.K Boom): Manual of Cultivated Conifers. Hardy in the Cold- and W arm-Temperate Zone. 3rd ed., 1982

ISBN Hb 90-247-2148-2; Pb 90-247-2644-1

5. J.M. Bonga and D.l Durzan (eds.): Tissue Culture in Forestry. 1982 ISBN 90-247-2660-3

6. T. Satoo: Forest Biomass. Rev. ed. by H.A.I. Madgwick. 1982 ISBN 90-247-2710-3

7. Tran Van Nao (ed.): Forest Fire Prevention and Control. Proceedings of an Interna­tional Seminar Organized by the Timber Committee of the UNECE (Warsaw, Poland, 1981). 1982 ISBN 90-247-3050-3

8. II Douglas: A Re-Appraisal of Forestry Development in Developing Countries. 1983 ISBN 90-247-2830-4

9. J.C. Gordon and C.T. Wheeler (eds.): Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Forest Ecosystems. Foundations and Applications. 1983 ISBN 90-247-2849-5

10. M. Nemeth: Virus, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia Diseases of Fruit Trees. Rev. (English) ed., 1986 ISBN 90-247-2868-1

11. M.L. Duryea and T.D. Landis (eds.): Forest Nursery Manual. Production of Bareroot Seedlings. 1984; 2nd printing 1987 ISBN Hb 90-247-2913-0; Pb 90-247-2914-9

12. F.C. Hummel: Forest Policy. A Contribution to Resource Development. 1984 ISBN 90-247-2883-5

13. P.D. Manion (ed.): Scleroderris Canker of Conifers. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Scleroderris Canker of Conifers (Syracuse, USA, 1983). 1984

ISBN 90-247-2912-2

14. M.L. Duryea and G.N. Brown (eds.): Seedling Physiology and Reforestation Success. Proceedings of the Physiology Working Group, Technical Session, Society of American Foresters National Convention (Portland, Oregon, USA, 1983). 1984

ISBN 90-247-2949-1

15. KA.G. Staafand N.A. Wiksten (eds.): Tree Harvesting Techniques. 1984 ISBN 90-247-2994-7

16. lD. Boyd: Biophysical Control of Microfibril Orientation in Plant Cell Walls. Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants Including Trees. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3101-1

17. W.P.K Findlay (ed.): Preservation of Timber in the Tropics. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3112-7

18. I. Samset: Winch and Cable Systems. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3205-0

FORESTRY SCIENCES

19. R.A. Leary: Interaction Theory in Forest Ecology and Management. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3220-4

20. S.P. Gessel (ed.): Forest Site and Productivity. 1986 ISBN 90-247-3284-0

21. T.C. Hennessey, P.M. Dougherty, S.V. Kossuth and lD. Johnson (eds.): Stress Physiology and Forest Productivity. Proceedings of the Physiology Working Group, Technical Session, Society of American Foresters National Convention (Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, 1985). 1986 ISBN 90-247-3359-6

22. K.R. Shepherd: Plantation Silviculture. 1986 ISBN 90-247-3379-0

23. S. Sohlberg and V.E. Sokolov (eds.): Practical Application of Remote Sensing in Forestry. Proceedings of a Seminar on the Practical Application of Remote Sensing in Forestry (Jonkoping, Sweden, 1985). 1986 ISBN 90-247-3392-8

24. 1M. Bonga and D.l Durzan (eds.): Cell and Tissue Culure in Forestry. Volume 1: General Principles and Biotechnology. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3430-4

25. 1M. Bonga and DJ. Durzan (eds.): Cell and Tissue Culure in Forestry. Volume 2: Specific Principles and Methods: Growth and Development. 1987

ISBN 90-247-3431-2

26. J.M. Bonga and D.J. Durzan (eds.): Cell and Tissue Culure in Forestry. Volume 3: Case Histories: Gymnosperms, Angiosperms and Palms. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3432-0

Set ISBN (Volumes 24-26) 90-247-3433-9

27. E.G. Richards (ed.): Forestry and the Forest Industries: Past and Future. Major Developments in the Forest and Forest Industries Sector Since 1947 in Europe, the USSR and North America. In Commemoration of the 40th Anniversary of the Timber Committee ofthe UNECE. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3592-0

28. S.V. Kossuth and S.D. Ross (eds.): Hormonal Control of Tree Growth. Proceedings of the Physiology Working Group, Technical Session, Society of American Foresters National Convention (Birmingham, Alabama, USA, 1986). 1987 ISBN 90-247-3621-8

29. U. Sundberg and C.R. Silversides: Operational Efficiency in Forestry. Vol. 1: Analysis. 1988 ISBN 90-247-3683-8

30. M.R. Ahuja (ed.): Somatic Cell Genetics of Woody Plants. Proceedings of the IUFRO Working Party S2.04-07 Somatic Cell Genetics (Grosshansdorf, Germany, 1987). 1988. ISBN 90-247-3728-1

31. P.K.R. Nair (ed.): Agroforestry Systems in the Tropics. 1989 ISBN 90-247-3790-7

32. C.R. Silversides and U. Sundberg: Operational Efficiency in Forestry. Vol. 2: Practice. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0063-7

Set ISBN (Volumes 29 and 32) 90-247-3684-6

33. T.L. White and G.R. Hodge (eds.): Predicting Breeding Values with Applications in Forest Tree Improvement. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0460-8

34. H.J. Welch: The Conifer Manual. Volume 1. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-0616-3

35. P.K.R. Nair, H.L. Gholz, M.L. Duryea (eds.): Agroforestry Education and Training. Present and Future. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0864-6

36. M.L. Duryea and P.M. Dougherty (eds.): Forest Regeneration Manual. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-0960-X

FORESTRY SCIENCES

37. lJ.A. Janssen: Mechanical Properties of Bamboo. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1260-0

38. lM. Bonga and P. Von Aderkas: In Vitro Culture of Trees. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1540-5

39. L. Fins, S.T. Friedman and lV. Brotschol (eds.): Handbook of Quantitative Forest Genetics. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1568-5

40. M.I. Kelty, B.C. Larson and C.D. Oliver (eds.): The Ecology and Silviculture of Mixed-Species Forests. A Festschrift for David M. Smith. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1643-6

41. M.R. Ahuja (ed.): Micropropagation of Woody Plants. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1807-2

42. W.T. Adams, S.H. Strauss, D.L. Copes and A.R Griffin (eds.): Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Proceedings of an International Symposium (Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 1990). 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1857-9

43. RT. Prinsley (ed.): The Role of Trees in Sustainable Agriculture. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2030-1

44. S.M. Jain, P.K. Gupta and Rl Newton (eds.): Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, Vol. 3: Gymnosperms. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-2938-4

45. S.M. Jain, P.K. Gupta and R.I. Newton (eds.): Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, Vol. 1: History, Molecular and Biochemical Aspects, and Applications. 1995

ISBN 0-7923-3035-8

46. S.M. Jain, P.K Gupta and R.I. Newton (eds.): Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, Vol. 2: Angiosperms. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3070-6

Set ISBN (Volumes 44-46) 0-7923-2939-2

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