SOLUTIONS

THOSHINA THOMASKEYI SAHIB TRAINING COLLEGETALIPARAMBA

A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substance.In such a mixture a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance known as solvent.

CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION• It refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solvent.•A solution containing a small amount of solute is known as dilute solution•A solution containing large amount of solute is known as concentrated solution.

MIXTURES• All solutions are mixtures.•Mixtures are of two types ;A)Homogeneous Mixture A mixture which has uniform composition and properties throughout. For example, air is ahomogeneous mixture of gases. A teaspoonful of table salt stirred into a glass of water also makes a homogeneous mixture.B)Heterogeneous Mixture A heterogeneous mixture is simply any mixture that is not uniform in composition – it's a non-uniform mixture of smaller constituent parts. Using various means, the parts in the mixture can be separated from one another.Eg:Cereal in milk is anexample of a heterogeneous mixture. Soil is another example. Soil has pebbles, plant matter and sand in it.

TRUE SOLUTIONA true solution is a homogeneous solution in which the solute particles have diameters less than 10-7cm. i.e., the solute particles are of molecular dimensions. The particles are invisible even under powerful microscopes. For example, sodium chloride in water is a true solution.COLLOIDA colloid is a solution that has particles ranging between 1 and 1000 nanometers in diameter, yet are still able to remain evenly distributed throughout the solution. These are also known as colloidal dispersions because the substances remain dispersed and do not settle to the bottom of the container.SUSPENSIONA suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles settle out of a solvent-like phase some time after their introduction.We apply the word 'suspension' when particles are big enough to eventually settle. We use the terms 'solute-like' and 'solvent-like,' because we are dealing with a heterogeneous mixture, while the terms solute and solvent refer to solutions, which are homogeneous.

SOFT DRINKS•Soft drinks” is a term used for beverages that don’t contain alcohol (“hard” liquor). If you really know what the contents of soft drinks are, you would not think it is “soft”. It is really “hard” on your health.

•Soft drinks have become so much a part of modern living, especially in major cities around the world. It particularly appeals to the younger generation who drinks soft drinks in place of water.

•Soft drinks advertisements target young people who are oblivious to the harm these drinks can do to their bodies. No wonder the people love drinking soft drinks too–they give the refreshing feeling and seem to quench thirsts on a blistering hot day. Vending machines are making the “killing” easier.

soft drinks contain:

 

•SUGAR•A majority of soft drinks contain large amounts of refined sugar content of up to 15 teaspoons each in a 325 ml can. One can a day gives you more sugar than is necessary for your body.

•Sugar erodes teeth, increases your risks of diabetes, heart disease, indigestion and skin problems. As sugar enters the bloodstream and increases the sugar level rapidly, it causes a dependency situation whereby the body craves for a constant flow of sugar to maintain its levels. This keeps you craving for more, creating a vicious cycle that gets you hooked.

ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERSSoft drinks disguised as “diet soda” or “tonic water” contain calorie-reduced sweeteners such as aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharin or sucralose.Aspartame is 200 times sweeter than sugar, so very little is used to sweeten the soft drink. It does enhance the taste of the drink but it also cause numerous adverse side-effects. Common complaints include migraine, memory loss, emotional disorders, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, heart palpitations and shortness of breath.Acesulfame-K (Ace-K) is 100-200 times sweeter than sugar, with a slight bitter after-taste. Initial tests have indicated that this substance may be carcinogenic. Even though thorough tests are still incomplete, there are reasons to be careful not to ingest this compound as tests on lab animals have shown rapid increase in cancerous tumors.Saccharin is a non-nutritive sweetener which is 300 times sweeter than sugar. It has been proven to cause bladder cancer and is banned in Canada, New Zealand and several European countries. Saccharin is found to be present in Pepsi Diet, Diet Coke and Diet Sarsi.

CAFFEINECaffeine is an addictive drug that enhances the soda flavor. It artificially stimulates the nervous

system and increases the heart rate. When consumed, it may temporarily arouse the intellect

and diminish fatigue.Over-stimulation depletes the body of vital energy

as it struggles to deal with the toxin that enters the bloodstream. Excessive caffeine consumption is linked to cancers of the bladder and stomach, raised blood pressure and aggravating diabetes

symptoms. Worst of all, it may even contribute to birth defects in babies.

Drinking soft drinks after a physical workout can cause calcium and potassium loss which in turn can cause sore muscles and delayed recovery

time after exercise.

CARBON DIOXIDE

Carbonated drinks are made by injecting carbon dioxide into the water under pressure.

The more carbon dioxide injected, the lower the pH, the more acidic it gets, the more fizzy it is.

We all know that carbon dioxide is a waste product exhaled by human. We don’t need carbon dioxide, so why are we taking it by

drinking soft drinks? Too much carbon dioxide kills healthy cells. Dead cells cause an acidic

environment. As mentioned above, in an acidic environment, some cells may survive by

becoming abnormal malignant cells. 

PRESERVATIVESPreservatives are added into soft drinks to prevent spoilage, and to prolong shelf life.

Storage conditions and time can affect the taste and flavor, and these preservatives help to

preserve that.The labels may list these as “permitted

preservatives” but the exceeded amount can cause untold number of health problems.Sodium benzoate (a.k.a. benzoic acid) is

present in most soft drinks. This chemical is known to cause asthma, rashes and

hyperactivity.Sulphur dioxide is also used in some soft drinks

to preserve the color of say, carbonated lemon juice from turning brown. This chemical is used

for industrial bleaching. It is so toxic that repeated exposures to it can cause fainting

spells, skin eruptions, swelling, tightening of the chest, shock, coma and even death.

 

ARTIFICIAL FLAVORINGS AND COLORINGS

Artificial flavorings are commonly used in making soft drinks to give each flavor its distinctive

taste. These have adverse effect on hyperactive children and must be eliminated from their diet.

Tartrazine is an orange-yellowish drink coloring that is banned in Norway and Finland. It can cause allergic reactions like skin rashes, swelling, excessive mucus

and bloodshot eyes.Carmoisine is a reddish drink coloring that is banned in the US and Canada. It can cause allergic reactions,

food poisoning and even cancer.Brilliant Blue is another cancer-causing agent that is now banned in many developed countries. Sadly, it is still being used in my country to produce soft drinks. This chemical can cause chromosomal damage and

allergic reactions.

SODIUM

Most soft drinks contain some inorganic sodium. Sodium is used as

an emulsifying, stabilizing and thickening agent to ensure that the

contents of the drinks are kept evenly distributed. Excessive consumption of inorganic sodium thickens and stiffens

arteries, leading to stroke, cardiac failure, high blood pressure and many

other diseases.