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Solutions &
ColloidsChapter # 10Chemistry XI
FDCMs. Sidra Javed
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Phase
A samle of mater having a fixed composition and uniform properties throught is called phase
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Solution
A Homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances which has uniform composition throughout is called solution
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Components of solutionsSolute: Part of solution which is dissolved.
Solvent: Part of solution in which dissolved.
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Components of solutions
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Solution of Gas in Gas
1. Air
2. Oxygen - Acetylene (welding apparatus)
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Solution of Gas in Liquid1. Oxygen in water
2. Carbonated Drinks
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Solution of Gas in Solids
1.Hydrogen absorbed by Palladium
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Solution of Liquid in Gas1. Mist
2. Fog
3. Clouds
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Solution of Liquid in Liquid1. Alcohol in water
2. Milk
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Solution of Liquid in Solid1. Mercury in silver
2. Butter
3. Cheese
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Solution of Solid in Gas1. Dust particles in
smoke
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Solution of Solid in Liquid1. Sugar in water
2. Jellies
3. Paints
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Solution of Solid in Solid1. Metal alloys
2. Pearls
3. Opals
4. Carbon in Iron (Steel)
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Hydrophilic MoleculesMolecules that are completely miscible with water is called hydrophilic molecules
Such molecules can form Hydrogen bonds with water
Examples are: C2H5OH, CH3COOH
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Hydrophobic moleculesMolecules that do not dissolve in water is called hydrophobic molecules.
Examples are: Molecules of organic fats & oils, molecules present on surface of a leaf
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Nature Of Solution In Liquid Phase1. Completely
miscible liquids
2. Partially miscible liquids
3. Completely immiscible liquids
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Completely miscible liquid solutionsLiquids which are miscible in all proportions is completely miscible.
Example: Water - alcohol, benzene - cyclohexane
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Completely miscible liquid solutionsSimilar Intermolecular interaction
Hydrogen Bonding (Water & ethanol)
London dispersion forces (Benzene & Cyclohexane)
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Partially miscible liquid solutionsLiquids that are soluble to a very small extent is called partially miscible.
Example: Bromine - water, Phenol - water , Aniline- water
Bromine Water Bromine + Water
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Immiscible liquid SolutionsLiquid which do not dissolve in any proportions at any temperature is called immiscible.Examples: Water - oil, Water - Benzene , CS2
- Water
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Dissolution process
When solute is dissolved in a suitable solvent, dissolution occurs.
The measure of speed of solution is called dissolution rate
Factors affecting Solubility or dissolution rate
1.Particle size
2.Temperature
3.Concentration of solute
4.Stirring
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Particle size
When a sugar cube is exposed into water , it dissolves slowly than does same amount of finely granulated sugar.
A sugar cube expose less surface to the water as compared to granulated sugar.
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Temperature
By increasing Temperature interaction of solute and solvent molecule increases as a result dissolving rate increases.
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Concentration of solution
Higher the concentration of solution, lower rate of dissolution, lower solubility
A Saturated solution can dissolve no more solute
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Stirring
Stirring is directly proportional to the dissolving rate because stirring increases exposure of solute to the solvent
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Solvation of ionic substances
• Solvent molecules surrounds the solute ions – solvation or hydration (in case of water as solvent)
• Ion-dipole interactions
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Solvation of molecular solids• Polar solids dissolves
in polar solvent
• Non polar solids dissolves in non polar solvent
• Dipole-dipole , London dispersion forces, Hydrogen bonding
d+d- polarsolute
HOH
d+d-
HOH
d+d-
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HEAT ABSORBED OR EVOLVED DURRING DISSOLVING PROCESS
Durring dissolving process the heat may be absorbed or evolved durring dissolved.
It depends upon three types of interaction.
Solute-solute interaction, solvent-solute interaction, solvent-solvent interaction.
Heat of solution depends upon the heat of solution, heat of hydration, lattice energy.
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DAILY LIFE APPLICATION OF HEAT OF SOLUTIONHot and cold packs are commonly use today.
Cold packs are used for treatment of injuries and reduction of swelling.
Hot packs are used for instant warmth for hikers and skiers and treatment of pulled muscles.
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End of Lesson