Solutions and Solubility. Solubility What does it mean to dissolve?
SOLUBILITY
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Transcript of SOLUBILITY
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SOLUBILITY
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Let’s Review some vocabulary!
solubility: The ability to dissolve a substance in water.
solute: The substance being dissolved.
solvent: The substance that the solute is being dissolved in.
Water is considered the universal solvent! Why?
solution: A mixture made of solute(s) and a solvent.
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Solutions
Some solutions are good conductors of electricity.
To understand conductivity of solutions we need to review covalent vs. ionic bonds:
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Conductivity of Solutions
• Ionic bonds tend to break up in water, covalent bonds don't.
• This is b/c the charged ions are attracted to the opposite partial charges on the water molecules. So the ionic compound is pulled apart in the water!!!
• When the ionic bonds break, they leave the ions floating around in the water as charged particles. That's important…
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Conductivity of Solutions
• It’s important b/c electricity is carried by charged particles. So, a good conductor of electricity would be a sodium ion, Na+, or a chlorine ion, Cl-. (See where this is going?)
• Covalent bonds do not have charged particles.
• So solutions that have an ionic compound as a solute will conduct electricity well!!!
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Solubility Curves (Graphs)
Solubility varies from one substance to the next.
Therefore, we have solubility curves… graphs of solutes regarding the amount that will dissolve in a certain amount of solvent.
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Solubility Curve
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
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180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature of Solvent oC
So
lute
(g
) d
isso
lved
in
100
ml
of
wat
er NaCl
KCl
KNO3
How much KNO3 can be dissolved at 70oC in 100 cc of water?
120 g
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Reading a Solubility Curve
Where the solutes cross they are equally soluble at that temperature.
(Remember: Temp. is on the X-AXIS
Amount of Solute dissolved is on the Y-AXIS)
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Solubility Curve
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature of Solvent oC
So
lute
(g
) d
isso
lved
in
100m
l o
f
wate
r NaCl
KCl
KNO3
At what temperature are the solutes equally soluble?
28 oC (If you said 38, you were reading the wrong axis!)
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Solubility Curve
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature of Solvent oC
So
lute
(g
) d
isso
lved
in
100m
l o
f
wate
r NaCl
KCl
KNO3
How much KNO3 can be dissolved at 50oC in 100 cc of water?
About 75 g (Don’t forget units!!!)
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Solubility Curve
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature of Solvent oC
So
lute
(g
) d
isso
lved
in
100m
l o
f
wate
r
NaCl
KCl
KNO3
Q: At what temperature can 52 g of KCl be dissolved?
80 o C (Don’t forget units!!!)
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Solubility Curve
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature of Solvent oC
So
lute
(g
) d
isso
lved
in
100m
l o
f
wate
r
NaCl
KCl
KNO3
Q: How much NaCl can be dissolved at 60oC?
39 g
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Reading a Solubility Curve For Gases
• The solubility curve for gasesare the opposite of the solubility curve for solids.
• The solubility of a gas decreases as the temperature increases.
Solid graph
Gas graph
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Solubility Curve w/ Gases
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature of Solvent oC
So
lute
(g
) d
isso
lved
in
100
ml
of
wat
er
NH3 (gas)
KCl
KNO3
HCl (gas)
Which substances on the graph are gases?
NH3 and HCl
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Solubility Curve w/ Gases
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature of Solvent oC
So
lute
(g
) d
isso
lved
in
100
ml
of
wat
er
NH3 (gas)
KCl
KNO3
HCl (gas)
Q: How much NH3 can be dissolved at 65oC?
20 g
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Solubility Curve w/ Gases
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature of Solvent oC
So
lute
(g
) d
isso
lved
in
100
ml
of
wat
er
NH3 (gas)
KCl
KNO3
HCl (gas)
At what temperature can 60 g of HCl be dissolved?
45 oC
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Saturated SolutionsSaturation is when something has dissolved in a solution and no more of it will dissolve under normal circumstances. It has reached equilibrium.
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Unsaturated Solutions
Unsaturated is just before the equilibrium is reached, so you can keep dissolving the substance into the solution.
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Supersaturated Solutions
• Supersaturated is when you change the conditions so that you can dissolve more of the substance into the solution than it normally would.
• If the solution is brought back under normal conditions, it will spit back out the substance. (Coca-cola is an example of a super saturated solution of CO2, when a bottle is opened it will attempt to reach equilibrium again by bubbling and fizzing. When it does reach equilibrium it becomes flat)
• Another example is Rock Candy
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Solubility Curve
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature of Solvent oC
So
lute
(g
) d
isso
lved
in
100m
l o
f
wate
r NaCl
KCl
KNO3
Saturated
Unsaturated
Super saturated
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Factors that Affect Solubility
There are three main factors that will cause the rate of solubility (how fast a solute dissolves) to increase.
Can you guess what they might be? 1. Stirring2. Heating the solution3. Increasing the surface area of the solute
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1. A mixture made of solute and solvent is called a:
Solu
tion
Solv
ent
Sat
urate
d
Solu
bility
65%
0%
15%20%
A. SolutionB. SolventC. Saturated D. Solubility
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2. Ionic bonds break up in water to form a conductive
solution
Tru
e
Fal
se
20%
80%A. TrueB. False
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3. Gases follow the same solubility curve as solids.
Tru
e
Fal
se
95%
5%
A. TrueB. False
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4. This is when you change the conditions so that you can dissolve more of a substance into the solution than you normally could.
Solu
tion
Solu
bility
Sat
urate
d
Unsa
tura
ted
Super
sat
urate
d
0%5%
90%
0%5%
A. SolutionB. SolubilityC. SaturatedD. UnsaturatedE. Super saturated
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5. This is the substance that is being dissolved in a solvent.
Solu
te
Solu
tion
Solu
bility
Sat
urate
d
100%
0%0%0%
A. SoluteB. SolutionC. SolubilityD. Saturated
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6. At what temperature is Compound X and Y equally soluble?
45 170 39
They
are
not.
5%0%
95%
0%
A. 45B. 170C. 39D. They
are not.
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7. Which compound is considered unsaturated?
X Y
60%
40%
A. XB. Y
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8. The substance that the solute is being dissolved in is:
Solu
tion
Solv
ent
Sat
urate
d
Solu
bility
20%
5%5%
70%A. SolutionB. SolventC. SaturatedD. Solubility
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9.How many grams of compound X is dissolved at 80 degrees ?
140 70 12
0 80
0%5%
95%
0%
A. 140B. 70C. 120D. 80
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10. At what temperature is 80g of compound Y dissolved?
80 60 100 40
5%0%
85%
10%
A. 80B. 60C. 100D. 40