Solitary Watchs Solitary 101 Powerpoint Presentation
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Transcript of Solitary Watchs Solitary 101 Powerpoint Presentation
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An Introduction to Solitary Confinement in U.S. Prisons and Jails
A Solitary Watch Production (www.solitarywatch.com)
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A Brief History of Solitary Confinement
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Walnut StreetJail
Solitary was firstintroduced in 1790at the Walnut StreetJail in Philadelphia
by the Society forAlleviating theMiseries of PublicPrisons.
It was seen as ahumane alternativeto overcrowdedjails, whippings, andpublic humiliation.
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Eastern StatePenitentiary
ESP opened in1829 as an all-solitary prison.
Men were keptalone in their cellsto contemplatetheir sins, seek
forgiveness fromGod, and becomepenitent.
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TotalIsolation
Prisoners werepermitted nopossessions, only aBible.
When escortedoutside their cellsthey wore hoods
over their heads.
This was the firstsystem designed toreform, instead ofsolely to punish.
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The unfortunates, on whom this experiment was made, fellinto a state of depression;their lives seemed in danger, ifthey remained longer in this situation; five of them, had
already succumbed during a single year; their moral state wasnot less alarming; one of them had become insane; another,in a fit of despair, had [attempted suicide].
This trialwas fatal to the greater part of the convicts:thisabsolute solitude, if nothing interrupts it, is beyond thestrength of man; it destroys the criminal withoutintermission and without pity; it does not reform, it kills.
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I believe that very few men are capable of estimating theimmense amount of torture and agony which thisdreadful punishment, prolonged for years, inflicts upon
the sufferers
I hold this slow and daily tampering with the mysteries ofthe brain to be immeasurably worse than any torture ofthe body; andI denounce it, as a secret punishment whichslumbering humanity is not roused up to stay.
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The AuburnSystem
Prisons began toabandon solitary infavor of theAuburn System:
daily hard labor ingroups, whereprisoners workedsilently and march
in lockstep.
By the late 19thcentury, long-termsolitary was rare.
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Surveying the use of long-term solitary, the Court found thata considerable number of the prisoners fell, after even a
short confinement, into a semi-fatuous condition, fromwhich it was next to impossible to arouse them, andothers became violently insane; others still, committedsuicide; while those who stood the ordeal better were notgenerally reformed, and in most cases did not recover
sufficient mental activity to be of any subsequent service tothe community.
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Alcatraz
The Rock openedin 1934 to housethe worst of theworst of the
federal prisonsystem.
The Hole at
Alcatraz wasnotorious, but mostprisoners were notin solitary
confinement.
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The MarionLockdown
Opened in the1960s to replaceAlcatraz, Marionwent into
lockdown inOctober 1983 afterthe murders of twoguards--and
remained that way.
States began toimitate thepermanent
lockdown model.
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Pelican Bay
Opened in 1989,Pelican Bay wasamong the first to
be purpose-builtas a supermax.
It houses morethan 1,200
prisoners insolitaryconfinement, inwindowless
concrete cells.
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Begin by over-crowding the prisons with unprecedentednumbers of drug-users and petty offenders, and makesentences longer across the board.
Dismantle many of the rehabilitation and education programs
so prisoners are relatively idle.
Add to the mix a large number of prisoners suffering fromserious mental illness.
Obstruct and restrict visiting, thus cutting prisoners off evenmore from the outside world.
Respond to the enlarging violence and psychosis bysegregating a growing proportion of prisoners in isolativesettings such as supermaximum security units....
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Ignore the many traumas in the pre-incarceration histories ofprisoners as well as traumas such as prison rape that take placeinside the prisons.
Discount many cases of mental disorder as malingering.
Label out-of-control prisoners psychopaths.
Deny the malingerers and psychopaths mental healthtreatment and leave them warehoused in cells within
supermaximum security units. Watch the recidivism rate rise and proclaim the rise a
reflection of a new breed of incorrigible criminals andsuperpredators.
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SupermaxBoom
Rapid growth tookplace in the 1990sand early 2000s.
44 states and thefederal systemnow have stand-alone supermax
prisons.
Hundreds of otherprisons and jailshave solitary
confinement units.
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Solitary Confinement in the United States Today
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2005 census by the Bureau of Justice Statistics: 81,622individuals held in restricted housing in the nationsprisons.
2005 study: 25,000 of these segregated prisoners held insupermax prisons around the country.
Figures do not include local jails, immigrant detentioncenters, juvenile facilities or military facilities.
True total is likely to be over100,000.
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Administrative Maximum
Special Housing Unit
Security Housing Unit
Restricted Housing Unit
Intensive Management Unit
Behavioral ManagementUnit
Communications
Management Unit
Disciplinary or PunitiveSegregation: Punishment forviolating prison rules
Administrative Segregation:Based on gang affiliation,political beliefs, originalcrime, or other classifications
Involuntary ProtectiveCustody: Protection forvulnerable people in prison
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The World ina Cell
Most cells measureless than 8 x 10feetthe size of aparking space.
Work, education,and rehabilitativeprogramming are
banned.
TVs, radios, andreading materialsmay or may not be
permitted.
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Lockdown23/7
Prisoners spend 22to 24 hours alone incells.
They exercisealone in a walled orfenced enclosureresembling a dogrun.
Visits with familyare forbidden orseverely limited.
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No Way Out
Many cells haveno windows.
Some cell doorshave bars, butmost are solidsteel.
Food slots arealso used for
communicationwith guards,medicaltreatment, andpsychotherapy.
Drawing by Martin Vargas.
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In California, the average term in solitary is 6.8 years. Of the1,111 prisoners in the SHU, 513 had served 10 years or more;78 of these had been in the SHU at least 20 years.
The longest isolated federal prisoner, Thomas Silverstein,has spent 29 years under a no human contact order.
The longest isolated state prisoners, Herman Wallace andAlbert Woodfox, have are now spending their 40th year insolitary.
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Its so small I can only make about four steps forward before Itouch the door. And if I turn and Im about-face at any place inthis cell Im going to bump into something. Its really smallerthan anybodys bathroomBut Im used to it and thats one ofthe bad things about it
Im in the cell for 23 hours a day and a lot of time 24 hoursbecause I dont come out. I have to spend a great deal of my
time catching up on reading and writing topeople that Icommunicate with. It helps me to maintain what little sanitythat I have left, to maintain my humanity and dignity.
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http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3
http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3http://download.guardian.co.uk/audio/kip/standalone/world/1334585861759/5478/gdn.ps.120416.hermanwallace.mp3 -
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The United States is the only democratic nation to practicesolitary confinement on a large scale.
Sarah Shourd, the American hiker who spent 13 months insolitary in an Iranian prison, said after her release: Thereally scary thing is that the US government and manygovernments were very critical of Iran for holding me insolitary for 13 and a half months, but when I got out I was
shocked to find that the US had more people in solitaryconfinement than any other countryand in this country itis used routinely as an administrative practice.
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Solitary inEurope
In the UK, solitaryis largely bannedbeyond 3 weeks.Fewer than 40
people are in long-term segregation.
In Norway, mass
killer AndersBreiviks cell has 3adjoining rooms,including a studyand a fitness room
with treadmill.
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Research since the 1970sshows that that solitaryconfinement alters neural andtherefore psychological states.
Prisoners in solitary developpsychopathologies at muchhigher rates than those in the
general population.
Prisoners exhibited decreasedEEG activity after just one
week in solitary.
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social withdrawal
panic attacks
irrational rage
loss of impulse control
paranoia
hypersensitivity to external stimuli
severe and chronic depression
difficulties with concentration and memory
perceptual distortions and illusions
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I lost the will to live. I lost hope, even though I was scheduledto be released in a couple years. Depression overwhelmed meIlost so much weightthat all the bones in my body protrudedI
had no appetite and wanted to die.
Every day I went to sleep I got down on my knees andprayed that I would die in my sleep, yet Gods will was notmine. When I woke up in the night I prayed harder for death. I
couldnt sleepI went days pacing back and forth like azombie I looked like I was already dead and I had no will to live.Day after day all I saw was gray walls and over time my worldbecame the gray box.
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In New York, suicides are
5 times higher in solitary.
In California, about 5percent of all prisonersare in solitarybut up to70 percent of suicides
take place there.
Teens are 19 times morelikely to commit suicidewhen placed in isolation.
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Self-mutilation in the formof cutting, otherwiseunknown among adult
men, is common practicein solitary confinement.
Prisoners in solitary havebeen known to bite into
their own veins and cut offtheir fingers and testicles.
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I would watch guys come to prison totally sane and in threeyears they dont live in the real world anymore. I know a guywho would sit in the middle of the floor, wrap [his sheet]around himself and light it on fire. Another guy would go out inthe recreation yard, get naked, lie down, and urinate all overhimself. He would take his feces and smear it all over his face asthough he was in military combat. This same manwas ruledcompetent to be executed.
Solitary confinement does one thing; it breaks a mans willto live and he ends up deteriorating. Hes never the sameperson againIts inhumane by design and it is driving men
insane.
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http://youtu.be/fX0KkqWAwWc?t=2m48s
http://youtu.be/fX0KkqWAwWc?t=2m48shttp://youtu.be/fX0KkqWAwWc?t=2m48s -
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California
Gang validation based ontattoos or reading materials
Possession of five dollars ormore without authorization
Participation in a strike or
work stoppage
Self mutilation or attemptedsuicide for the purpose ofmanipulation
New York
Failure to obey an orderpromptly
Testing positive formarijuana
Reckless eyeballing
Refusing to return a foodtray
Possession of an excessquantity of postage stamps
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Prisoners with mental illness or developmental disabilities
Children who misbehave or who are deemed to be in need ofprotection
LGBT individuals
Non-English-speaking prisoners
Muslims, including but not limited to those accused or
convicted of terrorism-related offenses
Prisoners who hold radical political beliefs or seek tochallenge prison conditions
Anyone who complains of abuse by prison officials
I l ti th
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Isolating theMentally Ill
Up to 1/3 third of
prisoners in solitary
in state prisons
suffer from
underlying mental
illness.
Most will
decompensate
further as a result
of being placed in
isolation.
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PsychiatricTreatment
Treatment, if any,often consists oftherapyconductedthrough a feedingslot, or grouptherapy sessionsin adjoining
cages.
Child i
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Children inSolitary
Thousands of kidsunder the age of 18are held in solitaryconfinement in
adult prisons andjails, for their ownprotection or aspunishment.
Hundreds moreare held in isolationin juvenilefacilities.
Immigrants
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Immigrantsin Solitary
Many of the400,000 people inthe immigrationdetention system
each year spendtime in solitary,with no due processand no recourse.
Some are asylum-seekers who havebeen tortured intheir countries of
origin.
Solitary at
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Solitary atGuantnamo
Up to 80 percent ofthe detainees atGuantnamo Bayhave been held insolitaryconfinement.
They are held in
indefinitedetention,meaning there is noend in sight to their
torture.
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I am moving towards a dark cave and a dark life in theshadow of a dark prison. This is a prison that does notknow humanity, and does not know [anything] except the
language of power, oppression and humiliation forwhoever enters it
[I will] leave this life which is no longer anymore called alife, instead it itself has become death and renewable
torture. Ending it is a mercy and happiness for this soul.
(Adnan Latif committed suicide in his cell in September 2012.)
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In addition to its human costs, solitary confinement isexpensive, in large part because of added staffing costs.
One study estimated that the average per-cell cost of
housing an inmate in a supermax prison is $75,000, asopposed to $25,000 for an inmate in the general population.
It costs $92,000 per year to hold a prisoner in solitary atIllinoiss Tamms Correctional Center--two to three timesmore than at the states other maximum-security prisons.
The Solitary confinement of some 12,000 state prisonerscosts California taxpayers an additional $175 million per year.
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The Rising Movement Against Solitary Confinement
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Amnesty International
American Civil Liberties Union
American Friends Service Committee
Center for Constitutional Rights
Human Rights Watch
National Immigrant Justice Center
National Religious Campaign Against Torture
Physicians for Human Rights
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In 2011-2012:
California
Georgia
Ohio
North Carolina
Virginia
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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
UN Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)
UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners(SMR)
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Mendez reports to the UNCommission on HumanRights
In October 2011, he calledfor a total ban on solitaryfor juveniles, mentally ill,pre-trial detainees.
Solitary should be limitedto 15 days for everyoneelse, and used only forsafety purposes.
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June 19, 2012:Reassessing SolitaryConfinement: TheHuman Rights, Fiscal and
Public SafetyConsequences
First Congressionalhearing held on solitary,with testimony fromcorrections officials,legal experts,psychiatrists, survivors
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National Religious
Campaign Against
Torture sponsors a one-day fast in run-up toSenate hearing.
Participants include
people of faith fromaround the country.
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ALTERNATIVE MEDIA MAINSTREAM MEDIA
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Maine
Grassroots activism
Press expos
Legislation introduced andstudy commissioned
New leadership at the DOC
Result: 50 percent reductionin solitary confinement
Mississippi
Years of litigation by theACLU
Joint involvement of DOC,ACLU, psychiatrists, healthcare providers and prison
experts in reclassificationof prisoners in solitary
Result: 75 percent reductionin solitary confinement
Activism in
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Activism inIllinois
Grassrootsactivism by TammsYear Ten
Litigation byUptown PeoplesLaw Center
Press expos
Concern over highcost
Action by
governor
Activism in
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Activism inCalifornia
Hunger strike bygroup in solitaryspreads throughprison system
Grassrootsactivism
Amnesty
InternationalReport
Widespread presscoverage
Activism in
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Activism inNew York
Litigation andlegislation to limitsolitary for peoplewith mental illness
Grassrootsactivism on stateand city levels
NYCLU report
Press coverage
Meetings with
legislators
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Arizona
Colorado
Louisiana
Maine Maryland
New Jersey
New Mexico
Ohio Pennsylvania
Texas
Virginia
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2012 by Solitary Watchwww.solitarywatch.com
This presentation may be used, shared, or adapted only underthe terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-CommercialLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
Created by Jean CasellaResearch by Katie Rose Quandt and Sal RodriguezContact: [email protected] Box 11374, Washington, DC 20008
http://www.solitarywatch.com/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/http://www.solitarywatch.com/