Solids Deposition Overview _ Scale Hydrates Wax Asphaltene
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SOLIDS DEPOSITION: AN OVERVIEW
Inorganic ScaleHydratesWax / ParaffinAsphaltenes
Month 2010Footer
Use this area for cover image(height 6.5cm, width 8cm)
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04/08/2023
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Content
Inorganic ScaleHydratesWax / ParaffinAsphaltenes
Topics: Types Causes Related problems Prevention Remediation
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INORGANIC SCALE
1.0
304/08/2023Footer
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Inorganic Scale Types
Common types BaSO4, SrSO4 , CaSO4, CaCO3 , SrCO3
“Exotic” types FeS, ZnS, PbS, NaCl, CaF2, FeCO3, Ca3(PO4)2,
Silicates and NORM (Ra-226, Ra-228 and Pb-210)
Main types of scale BaSO4, SrSO4, CaCO3 and FeS (plus NORM)
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Inorganic Scale Causes
Causes of scale deposition depends on type: BaSO4 / SrSO4 → Water incompatibility (Seawater +
connate water) and process changes (T, P and pH) CaCO3 → Temperature increase and pressure
decrease FeS → corrosion or presence in the reservoir
BaSO4BaSO4
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Inorganic Scale Related Problems
Related problems Plugging and flow restrictions (near wellbore ,
tubing, wellhead, Separators, pipelines …) Emulsion stabilization (oil-wet solids) Suspended solids / damage to equipment
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Inorganic Scale Related Problems
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Inorganic Scale Prevention
Prevention: Chemicals (Scale Inhibitors) Removal of ions Drawdown management Physical inhibition (not conclusive) Metal surface treatment (coating and periodic
actuation)
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Inorganic Scale Remediation
Remediation: Chemicals ( Scale dissolvers = chelants) Acid Stimulation Mechanical removal (scrapers, brushers, pigs, jets and
mills)
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HYDRATES
2.0
1004/08/2023Footer
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Hydrate Types
Types:
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Hydrate Causes
Causes are the combination of: Low temperatures High Pressures Excess of water Hydrate agents (light hydrocarbons, H2S, CO2 and
N2)
Temperature
Pre
ssu
re Hydrate region
Hydrate free region
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Hydrate Problems
Problems: Plugging and flow restrictions (tubing, valves,
wellhead, risers, manifolds, jumpers, … ) Pipeline rupture Erratic pressure readings (oscillations)
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Hydrate Prevention
Prevention Chemicals (THIs, KHIs and AAs) Gas dehydration (e.g. glycol tower, molecular sieves
…) High temperature maintenance (e.g. insulation, burial,
external heaters, …)
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Hydrate Remediation
Remediation: Chemicals (THIs) Heat (e.g. Exothermal reactions) Depressurization
NH4Cl + NaNO2→ N2 + 2 H2O + NaCl + HEAT
MEG DEG
TEG
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WAX/PARAFFINS
3.0
1604/08/2023Footer
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Wax Types
Types: Straight Chain* Branched Chain Cyclic Chain
Wax definition= Paraffins with C16+
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Wax Causes
Main causes: Low temperature Low Pressure (Lost of light ends ) Crude with high content of C16+
Oil Characterization (GC-FID)
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Wax Related Problems
Problems: Plugging and flow restrictions (tubing, valves,
wellhead, risers, manifolds, jumpers, … ) Gelling and start up problems Increase of viscosity
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Wax Prevention
Prevention: Chemicals (Wax Dispersants and Inhibitors) Pipeline insulation, burial or heating Coating of metal surfaces High Shear flow
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Wax Remediation
Remediation: Chemicals (Wax Dispersants and Dissolvers) Heating (Exothermal reactions) Electrically heated pipelines Pigging, brushing and scratching Hot oiling
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ASPHALTENES
4.0
2204/08/2023Footer
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Asphaltene Causes
Causes: Mixture of different crudes Pressure changes
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Asphaltenes Related Problems
Problems: Plugging and flow restrictions (tubing, valves,
wellhead, risers, manifolds, jumpers, … ) Emulsion stabilization
Hypothesis - “Continental model”
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Asphaltenes Prevention
Prevention: Chemicals (Asphaltene Dispersants and Inhibitors) Minimize different fluid mixing Minimize pressure drops
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Asphaltenes Remediation
Remediation: Chemicals (Asphaltenes Dispersants and Dissolvers) Pigging, brushing and scratching
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