SOLID WASTESOLID WASTE

Define solid waste…Define solid waste…

Solid WasteSolid Waste

All the wastes arising from human and All the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or and are discarded as useless or unwanted.unwanted.

Can cause odors, fire hazards and Can cause odors, fire hazards and windblown debriswindblown debris

Air pollution and groundwater Air pollution and groundwater contamination can result from contamination can result from inadequate landfill proceduresinadequate landfill procedures

Threat to public healthThreat to public health Harbor vectors of infectious diseaseHarbor vectors of infectious disease

Soda cansSoda cans PET bottlesPET bottles Kitchen wasteKitchen waste RefrigeratorsRefrigerators BatteriesBatteries paperpaper

LeavesLeaves plasticsplastics Leftover foodLeftover food TelevisionsTelevisions CardboardsCardboards

Refuse – includes garbage and rubbish Refuse – includes garbage and rubbish Garbage – putrescible wasteGarbage – putrescible waste Rubbish – dry non-putrescible material and Rubbish – dry non-putrescible material and

slowly decomposable or combustible slowly decomposable or combustible materialmaterial

Trash – bulky waste materials that Trash – bulky waste materials that require special handling ( old couch, require special handling ( old couch, mattress, large trees, etc)mattress, large trees, etc)

Solid wasteSolid waste

Municipal solid waste is not generally Municipal solid waste is not generally considered hazardous, but certain types of considered hazardous, but certain types of commercial or industrial wastes are commercial or industrial wastes are poisonous, explosive and dangerouspoisonous, explosive and dangerous

Hazardous wastes – transport, processing Hazardous wastes – transport, processing and disposal is different from municipaland disposal is different from municipal

Basura-Basura- emerged as the most visible emerged as the most visible environmental priority in the cities and environmental priority in the cities and municipalities in the countrymunicipalities in the country

Sources and generationSources and generation

A filipino generates bet 0.3 to 0.7 kgs of A filipino generates bet 0.3 to 0.7 kgs of garbage daily depending on income level.garbage daily depending on income level.

Equivalent to 10 million tons per year!!!Equivalent to 10 million tons per year!!! NCR and Southern Tagalog produce the NCR and Southern Tagalog produce the

highest volume of wastehighest volume of waste Issues :Issues :

Inadequate collection vehicles and lack of Inadequate collection vehicles and lack of disposal sites.disposal sites.

70 % collected from urban and only 40% from 70 % collected from urban and only 40% from ruralrural

Nationally, only 2% is disposed in sanitary Nationally, only 2% is disposed in sanitary landfills or controlled dumps, 10% composted, landfills or controlled dumps, 10% composted, the rest is in open dumpsthe rest is in open dumps

RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (ESWMA)Management Act of 2000 (ESWMA)

All discarded household, commercial All discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, and other non-agricultural waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid wastehazardous/non-toxic solid waste

legislationslegislations

RA 9003RA 9003 Providing for an ecological solid waste management program, Providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentivescreating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives

DAO 98 - 49DAO 98 - 49 Technical guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste DisposalTechnical guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal

DAO 98-50DAO 98-50 Adopting the Landfill Site Identification and Screening Criteria Adopting the Landfill Site Identification and Screening Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Facilitiesfor Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Facilities

PD 825PD 825 Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage and Other Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage and Other Forms of Uncleanliness and for Other PurposesForms of Uncleanliness and for Other Purposes

MC 88-39AMC 88-39A Creation of the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management Creation of the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management as amended by MC 94-88as amended by MC 94-88

AO 93-90AO 93-90 Creating a Project Management Office on solid Waste Creating a Project Management Office on solid Waste Management (PTFWM) under the Presidential Task Force on Management (PTFWM) under the Presidential Task Force on

Waste ManagementWaste Management

Solid waste managementSolid waste management

Waste managementWaste management Protection of human health and Protection of human health and

environmentenvironment Hierarchy:Hierarchy:

Source reductionSource reduction RecyclingRecycling TreatmentTreatment disposaldisposal

Impacts of solid waste Impacts of solid waste on public healthon public health

impactsimpacts

impacts upon air quality (smoke, dust and persistent foul odors);

the presence of insects and vermin, potential vectors for the spread of disease;

contamination of surface water and groundwater; and

impacts upon the overall quality of the environment.

Key challenges to Key challenges to achieve the goals of achieve the goals of

Ecological Solid Waste Ecological Solid Waste Management ActManagement Act

Strengthen enforcement and Strengthen enforcement and providing better incentivesproviding better incentives

Financial incentives Financial incentives for capital for capital investmentsinvestments

Imposition of user fees Imposition of user fees and tipping fees to and tipping fees to encourage waste encourage waste reduction and increase reduction and increase accountability of accountability of service deliveryservice delivery

Introduction of Introduction of standards.standards.

Build the capacity of the Build the capacity of the national and local institutionsnational and local institutions

Strategic plans at the national, Strategic plans at the national, provincial, LGU and barangay levelsprovincial, LGU and barangay levels

National Level – advisory and National Level – advisory and extension servicesextension services

Local Governments – upgrade Local Governments – upgrade technical and managerial capacitytechnical and managerial capacity

Barangays – awarenessBarangays – awareness

Addressing the NIMBY Addressing the NIMBY syndromesyndrome

Raising public awareness on Raising public awareness on the benefits of proper solid the benefits of proper solid

waste managementwaste management

Increasing expenditures on Increasing expenditures on SWMSWM

Mainstreaming the Mainstreaming the utilization of new funding utilization of new funding sources and employing sources and employing

cost-effective cost-effective approachesapproaches

Obtaining reliable information Obtaining reliable information for national, regional and local for national, regional and local

planningplanning

Ensure proper management of Ensure proper management of closed dumps and landfillsclosed dumps and landfills

Protecting the vulnerable Protecting the vulnerable and the underservedand the underserved

Expanding the coverage Expanding the coverage of infectious medical and of infectious medical and

hazardous waste hazardous waste treatmenttreatment

Municipal solid wastesMunicipal solid wastes

Municipal solid wasteMunicipal solid waste The most non hazardous solid The most non hazardous solid

waste from a city, town or village waste from a city, town or village that requires routine or aperiodic that requires routine or aperiodic collection and transport to a collection and transport to a processing or disposal site.processing or disposal site.

Composed of refuse and trashComposed of refuse and trash

compositioncomposition

Residential – food wastes, paper, Residential – food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, tin cans, yard wastes, wood, glass, tin cans, aluminum, ashes, street leaves, bulky aluminum, ashes, street leaves, bulky wastes, household hazardous wasteswastes, household hazardous wastes

Commercial – paper, cardboard, plastics, Commercial – paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metals, etc.wood, food waste, glass, metals, etc.

Institutional – same as commercialInstitutional – same as commercial Construction and demolitionConstruction and demolition

Factors affecting volume of solid Factors affecting volume of solid waste generationwaste generation

INCREASING POPULATION GROWTH RATES

PUBLIC INDIFFERENCE

RAPID URBANIZATION

CHANGING LIFESTYLES

CONSUMPTION PATTERNS

Composition of municipal wastes Composition of municipal wastes depend on:depend on:

ClimateClimate Frequency of collectionFrequency of collection Prevalence of home grindersPrevalence of home grinders Social customsSocial customs Per capita incomePer capita income Acceptability of packaged and Acceptability of packaged and

convenience foodsconvenience foods Degree of urbanization and Degree of urbanization and

industrialization of the areaindustrialization of the area

MM municipal waste compositionMM municipal waste composition

paper19%

plastic17%kitchen waste

42%

others9%

garden waste7%

metal6%

paperplasticmetalgarden wastekitchen wasteothers

Functional Elements of anIntegrated Solid Waste Management

Program

Waste Handling,Separation,Storage andProcessing

at the Source

Collection

Transfer &Transport

Processing &Recovery

Disposal

Solid Waste Generation

Integrated Solid Waste Management

generationgeneration

How are wastes generated??How are wastes generated??

generationgeneration

Activities which materials are identified Activities which materials are identified as no longer of value and are either as no longer of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for thrown away or gathered together for disposaldisposal

UncontrollableUncontrollable Household segregation should be doneHousehold segregation should be done 49 % is biodegradable49 % is biodegradable 42% is recyclable42% is recyclable Recycling opportunities are not fully Recycling opportunities are not fully

harnessedharnessed

Typical household wasteTypical household waste

Putrescible wastes Putrescible wastes Handling, preparation, cooking and Handling, preparation, cooking and

eating of foodseating of foods Decomposition will lead to development Decomposition will lead to development

of offensive odors, and breeding of fliesof offensive odors, and breeding of flies

Life cycle of a flyLife cycle of a fly

ADULT

deposit the egg in a moist environment

EGG

garbage is an excellent environment

LARVA

feeds on organic material

PUPA

inactive state

migration to a dry loose material (sand or soil)

Cycle takes 7 days to complete

Collection

What to do?What to do?

Provide tightly closed containers for Provide tightly closed containers for organic wastesorganic wastes

Compaction of waste Compaction of waste Processing within 2 daysProcessing within 2 days Shredding of waste to promote Shredding of waste to promote

aerobic decomposition (heat aerobic decomposition (heat producing therefore unattractive to producing therefore unattractive to insects)insects)

Waste handlingWaste handling

Source reductionSource reduction

Reduction in the amount and/or Reduction in the amount and/or toxicity of waste entering the waste toxicity of waste entering the waste streamstream

Source reductionSource reduction

Waste handling, separation, Waste handling, separation, storage and processing at sourcestorage and processing at source

Management of wastes until they are Management of wastes until they are placed in storage containers for placed in storage containers for collectioncollection

Movement of loaded containers to Movement of loaded containers to the point of collectionthe point of collection

On-site storage is of primary On-site storage is of primary importance bec. Of public health importance bec. Of public health concerns and aesthetic concerns and aesthetic considerations.considerations.

trashbinstrashbins

trashbinstrashbins

collectioncollection

Garbage truckGarbage truck

collectioncollection Includes not only the gathering of solid wastes Includes not only the gathering of solid wastes

and recyclable materials, but also the transport and recyclable materials, but also the transport This accounts for almost 50% of the total annual This accounts for almost 50% of the total annual

costscosts Collection efficiency in the Philippines is only 40 Collection efficiency in the Philippines is only 40

%% LGUs are responsible for collectionLGUs are responsible for collection Manner and frequency of collection and choice of Manner and frequency of collection and choice of

equipment depends on the size of roads, density equipment depends on the size of roads, density of the population covered, and affordabilityof the population covered, and affordability

A quarter of MMS solid waste is not collectedA quarter of MMS solid waste is not collected

Processing and recoveryProcessing and recovery

MrfMrf

Separation, processing and Separation, processing and transformationtransformation

Separated from source and separation of Separated from source and separation of commingled wastes at Materials Recovery commingled wastes at Materials Recovery Facilities, Transfer stations, disposal siteFacilities, Transfer stations, disposal site

Processing – separation of bulky items, Processing – separation of bulky items, screens, manual separation, shredding, screens, manual separation, shredding, separation of ferrous materials, volume separation of ferrous materials, volume reductionreduction

Transformation – reduce the volume and Transformation – reduce the volume and weight of the waste and recover weight of the waste and recover conversion products and energy.conversion products and energy.

recyclablesrecyclables

recyclablesrecyclables

Reduce, Reuse, and RecycleReduce, Reuse, and Recycle

Produce Less Waste by Practicing the 3 Rs: Produce Less Waste by Practicing the 3 Rs: ReduceReduce the amount and toxicity of trash you the amount and toxicity of trash you

discard.discard.ReuseReuse containers and products; repair what is containers and products; repair what is broken or give it to someone who can repair it.broken or give it to someone who can repair it.RecycleRecycle as much as possible, which includes as much as possible, which includes buying products with recycled content.buying products with recycled content.

ReduceReduce Waste prevention, or "source reduction," means Waste prevention, or "source reduction," means

consuming and throwing away less. It includes:consuming and throwing away less. It includes: purchasing durable, long-lasting goods; purchasing durable, long-lasting goods; seeking products and packaging that are as free seeking products and packaging that are as free

of toxics as possible; of toxics as possible; redesigning products to use less raw material in redesigning products to use less raw material in

production, have a longer life, or be used again production, have a longer life, or be used again after its original use. after its original use.

Source reduction actually prevents the generation Source reduction actually prevents the generation of waste in the first place, so it is the most of waste in the first place, so it is the most preferred method of waste management and goes preferred method of waste management and goes a long way toward protecting the environment.a long way toward protecting the environment.

ReuseReuse

Reusing items -- by repairing them, Reusing items -- by repairing them, donating them to charity and community donating them to charity and community groups, or selling them -- also reduces groups, or selling them -- also reduces waste. Reusing products, when possible, waste. Reusing products, when possible, is even better than recycling because the is even better than recycling because the item does not need to be reprocessed item does not need to be reprocessed before it can be used again.before it can be used again.

Ways to reuseWays to reuse

Using durable coffee mugs. Using durable coffee mugs. Using cloth napkins or towels. Using cloth napkins or towels. Refilling bottles. Refilling bottles. Donating old magazines or surplus equipment. Donating old magazines or surplus equipment. Reusing boxes. Reusing boxes. Turning empty jars into containers for leftover Turning empty jars into containers for leftover

food. food. Purchasing refillable pens and pencils. Purchasing refillable pens and pencils. Participating in a paint collection and reuse Participating in a paint collection and reuse

program. program.

RecycleRecycle

Recycling turns materials that would Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable otherwise become waste into valuable resourcesresources

it generates a host of environmental, it generates a host of environmental, financial, and social benefits.financial, and social benefits.

Materials like glass, metal, plastics, and Materials like glass, metal, plastics, and paper are collected, separated and sent to paper are collected, separated and sent to facilities that can process them into facilities that can process them into new materials or productsnew materials or products. .

Benefits of recyclingBenefits of recycling

Conserves resources for our children's future. Conserves resources for our children's future. Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases

and water pollutants. and water pollutants. Saves energy. Saves energy. Supplies valuable raw materials to industry. Supplies valuable raw materials to industry. Creates jobs. Creates jobs. Stimulates the development of greener Stimulates the development of greener

technologies. technologies. Reduces the need for new landfills and Reduces the need for new landfills and

incineratorsincinerators

Transfer and transportTransfer and transport

Transfer and transportTransfer and transport

Transfer of wastes from smaller Transfer of wastes from smaller collection to larger equipmentcollection to larger equipment

Subsequent transportSubsequent transport Barges, rail cars, motor vehiclesBarges, rail cars, motor vehicles

disposaldisposal

disposaldisposal Landfill, composting, incineration, anaerobic Landfill, composting, incineration, anaerobic

digestiondigestion Residual wastes, combustion residualResidual wastes, combustion residual Landfills are engineered facilities and not Landfills are engineered facilities and not

dumping areasdumping areas Landfill for solid wastes that cannot be Landfill for solid wastes that cannot be

recycled and of no further use, the residual recycled and of no further use, the residual matter remaining after solid wastes have matter remaining after solid wastes have been separated at a MRF, Residual matter been separated at a MRF, Residual matter remaining after recovery of conversion remaining after recovery of conversion products or energyproducts or energy

Landfill should receive materials which could Landfill should receive materials which could not cause damage to the earths mantlenot cause damage to the earths mantle

Report on :Report on : Recycling options for : aluminum, Recycling options for : aluminum,

bottles, paper, etc.bottles, paper, etc. Composting….Composting…. Anaerobic digestionAnaerobic digestion Landfills, including gas recoveryLandfills, including gas recovery IncinerationIncineration Hospital wastesHospital wastes

landfillslandfills

Classifications of landfillsClassifications of landfills

Open Dump; Controlled Dump; and Sanitary Landfill.

Open dumpsOpen dumps

have the lowest initial capital investment and operating cost of the three basic types of landfills.

generally sited in vacant plots of land and are typically developed in low-lying marshy lands, often as a means of reclaiming land for subsequent development.

However, they have environmental However, they have environmental impactsimpacts

Open dumpsOpen dumps

Controlled dumpControlled dump

A Controlled Dump is a non-engineered disposal site at which MSW is deposited in accordance with minimum prescribed standards of site operation.

A progression in open dumps, however, not much capital layout but rather on the operation and management

Control over the dumping, surroundings, etc.

Capital investments are more on the access roads, drainage, fencing

control over size of waste emplacement (working) area, with waste spread and compacted in thin layers in a small working area;

waste outside of the area being actively worked is covered with soil/sand/inert material, working area is covered at the end of each day

covering and seeding/planting of completed areas; supervision of site operations by trained staff; no fires permitted on site; and organisation of informal waste picking activities with

scavenging controlled by agreeing ‘rules’ with the waste pickers (e.g. restrictions on location and time allowed following waste deposition, no disturbance of waste after it has been covered).

Sanitary landfillSanitary landfill

A Sanitary Landfill is a disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility.

Regulate leachate and control landfill Regulate leachate and control landfill gasgas

clusteringclustering significant economies of scale, in terms of the

efficient use of a single set of mobile plant and equipment dedicated to a site, will generally be obtained with a daily rate of waste input of at least 300 tons per day. On the basis of an average waste generation rate of 0.5 kg per capita per day, the ‘minimum’ size of the population served by the landfill, therefore, should be approximately 600,000;

smaller served populations are still likely to prove feasible although the economies of scale achieved will be somewhat less

larger served populations may benefit from significant economies of scale if the landfill facility is able to handle in excess of 500 tons per day;

Clustering…Clustering… the location of the regional landfill should be as

close as possible to the center of gravity of the population of the area served by the landfill in order to minimize the costs of waste collection and transfer; and

it is probably economic, in terms of the cost of waste transfer, to service an area within a radius of 30 km to 40 km of the regional landfill facility or within 1 hour to 1.5 hours travel time of the landfill facility. For haulage distances in excess of 10 km to 15 km to the regional landfill, it would be necessary to use transfer stations as a cost efficient means of minimizing the overall cost of waste transfer to the landfill.

Hazardous wasteHazardous waste

Cleaning Products •Oven cleaners•Drain cleaners•Wood and metal     cleaners and polishes•Toilet cleaners•Tub, tile, shower cleaners•Bleach (laundry)•Pool chemicals

Indoor Pesticides •Ant sprays and baits•Cockroach sprays and baits•Flea repellents and shampoos•Bug sprays•Houseplant insecticides•Moth repellents•Mouse and rat poisons     and baits

Automotive Products •Motor oil•Fuel additives•Carburetor and fuel     injection cleaners•Air conditioning refrigerants•Starter fluids•Automotive batteries•Transmission and brake fluid•Antifreeze

Workshop/Painting Supplies •Adhesives and glues•Furniture strippers•Oil or enamel based paint•Stains and finishes•Paint thinners and turpentine•Paint strippers and removers•Photographic chemicals•Fixatives and other solvents

Lawn and Garden Products •Herbicides•Insecticides•Fungicides/wood preservatives

Miscellaneous •Batteries•Mercury thermostats or     thermometers•Fluorescent light bulbs•Driveway sealer

What are they??What are they??

Generated by chemical manufacturing Generated by chemical manufacturing companies, petroleum refineries, paper companies, petroleum refineries, paper millsmills

Even commercial establishments, dry Even commercial establishments, dry cleaners, machine shops, auto repair cleaners, machine shops, auto repair shopsshops

They can result to serious illness, injury or They can result to serious illness, injury or even death, a significant threat to the even death, a significant threat to the environment when improperly stored, environment when improperly stored, transported, or disposed oftransported, or disposed of

definitiondefinition

““cause or significantly contribute to an cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or pose a substantial reversible illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed”…….whew!!!otherwise managed”…….whew!!!

Primary characteristicsPrimary characteristics

ToxicToxic ReactiveReactive IgnitiveIgnitive corrosivecorrosive

Toxic wastesToxic wastes

PoisonsPoisons Mostly generated by industrial Mostly generated by industrial

activities (manufacture of paints, activities (manufacture of paints, metals etc)metals etc)

Examples: arsenic, benzene, carbon Examples: arsenic, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlordane, chloroform, tetrachloride, chlordane, chloroform, endrin, lead, mercury, silverendrin, lead, mercury, silver

Reactive wastes – unstable and tend to Reactive wastes – unstable and tend to react vigorously with air, water, and other react vigorously with air, water, and other substances. Can cause explosions or form substances. Can cause explosions or form harmful vapors and fumesharmful vapors and fumes

Ignitable wastes – burn at relatively low Ignitable wastes – burn at relatively low temperature and are capable of temperature and are capable of spontaneous combustion (immediate fire spontaneous combustion (immediate fire hazard), ex. Oils n solvntshazard), ex. Oils n solvnts

Corrosive wastes – strong alkaline or acidic Corrosive wastes – strong alkaline or acidic substances, destroy materials and living substances, destroy materials and living tissue by chem rxn. pH indicatortissue by chem rxn. pH indicator

Dry latex paintDry latex paint

Paint can contain many different compounds. The environmental problems presented by these compounds vary depending on whether the paint is oil-based or latex-based. Some paint contains toxic ingredients that can pollute groundwater, such as petrochemicals, alkyd solvents, and acrylic or vinyl resins. Older paints may contain mercury and lead, which were banned in the 1960s.

Dry latex paint can be Dry latex paint can be thrown away with the thrown away with the regular trash. Latex or regular trash. Latex or oil-based paint that is still oil-based paint that is still usable can be recycled. usable can be recycled. Latex paints are more Latex paints are more environmentally friendly environmentally friendly than oil-based paints. If than oil-based paints. If you're looking for you're looking for alternatives, nontoxic alternatives, nontoxic paints are also available, paints are also available, though they tend to be though they tend to be more expensive than more expensive than traditional paints. traditional paints.

Motor oilMotor oil

Every year, people who change their own oil dispose of an estimated 400 million gallons of used motor oil improperly. Because it contains high levels of lead and hydrocarbons, used motor oil is highly toxic. When improperly disposed of, the oil can poison plants and wildlife and seep into groundwater. One quart of motor oil can pollute 250,000 gallons of drinking water.

The safest way to The safest way to dispose of motor dispose of motor oil is to recycle it. oil is to recycle it. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, short of switching short of switching to electric cars, to electric cars, there are no there are no alternatives to alternatives to motor oil. motor oil.

pesticidespesticides These chemicals are These chemicals are

dangerous to people and dangerous to people and animals when ingested, animals when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through inhaled, or absorbed through the skinthe skin

Pesticide should be disposed Pesticide should be disposed of with hazardous waste. of with hazardous waste. Insecticidal soaps, are Insecticidal soaps, are nontoxic; they dehydrate nontoxic; they dehydrate insects by penetrating their insects by penetrating their membranes. Another membranes. Another alternative is the microscopic alternative is the microscopic remains of fossilized algae-remains of fossilized algae-like plants, which lacerates like plants, which lacerates insects' waxy coatings and insects' waxy coatings and causes them to dehydrate. causes them to dehydrate.

Prescription drugsPrescription drugs

Prescription drugs contain a wide variety of compounds that are intended for human consumption. In small quantities, the greatest danger stemming from their disposal is the risk that they will fall into the hands of someone other than the person for whom they were prescribed.

Prescription drugs Prescription drugs should be washed should be washed down the drain with a down the drain with a bit of water. There is no bit of water. There is no catch-all alternative to catch-all alternative to prescription drugs, but prescription drugs, but maintaining a healthy maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help. The lifestyle can help. The less need there is for less need there is for such drugs, the greater such drugs, the greater the savings in the raw the savings in the raw materials, energy, and materials, energy, and packaging involved in packaging involved in their production. their production.

Drain cleanersDrain cleaners

Chemical drain cleaners are extremely dangerous products. Their harsh materials, chlorine bleaches, or sulfuric and hydrochloric acids can cause chemical burns. In the course of their use, these chemicals enter our wastewater stream. Unused cleaner may find its way into a landfill where it contributes to toxic leachate, the poisoned runoff from landfills.

Drain cleaner should be Drain cleaner should be disposed of with disposed of with hazardous waste. For an hazardous waste. For an alternative to the harsh alternative to the harsh chemicals used in most chemicals used in most drain cleaners, you drain cleaners, you could try enzyme-based could try enzyme-based products, which can products, which can break down grease and break down grease and food and prevent clogs food and prevent clogs from forming. from forming. Mechanical alternatives Mechanical alternatives such as plungers, such as plungers, "snakes," and manual "snakes," and manual pumps are also effective pumps are also effective and environmentally and environmentally friendly alternatives. friendly alternatives.

Light bulbsLight bulbs

Because they are made up of mixed materials, light bulbs are difficult to dispose of in an environmentally friendly way. Incandescent light bulbs--the type used in most homes--are also environmentally unfriendly because of their high rate of energy consumption.

batteriesbatteries

A typical zinc-carbon battery may contain such hazardous heavy metals as zinc, manganese, lithium, nickel, cadmium, and mercury. In addition, the manufacture of batteries consumes a great deal of energy and produces considerable pollution.

Batteries are recycled in a Batteries are recycled in a few communities, but few communities, but should normally be treated should normally be treated as hazardous waste. Buying as hazardous waste. Buying rechargeable batteries can rechargeable batteries can eliminate the need for eliminate the need for disposal altogether. By disposal altogether. By using a home charging using a home charging station, you can use these station, you can use these batteries again and again. batteries again and again. Solar battery chargers are Solar battery chargers are also available; by using one also available; by using one of these, you would be of these, you would be helping to reduce electricity helping to reduce electricity use, along with the pollution use, along with the pollution that powerplants producethat powerplants produce

Air freshenersAir fresheners

Air fresheners work by chemically "disguising" odors. Many of these products contain petrochemicals and ozone-depleting compounds. In addition, because they are designed to look attractive, many air fresheners come with excess packaging.

Air freshener should be Air freshener should be disposed of with disposed of with hazardous waste. There hazardous waste. There are many nontoxic are many nontoxic alternatives, including alternatives, including herbs and spices or herbs and spices or commercial air commercial air freshener made with freshener made with natural ingredients. natural ingredients. Open dishes of baking Open dishes of baking soda can absorb odors soda can absorb odors as well. as well.

Household cleaners and Household cleaners and alternativesalternatives

type Alternative

Drain cleaner

Use a plunger or plumber's snake.

Oven cleaner

Clean spills as soon as the oven cools using steel wool and baking soda; for tough stains, add salt (do not use this method in self-cleaning or continuous-cleaning ovens).

Glass cleaner

Mix 1 tablespoon of vinegar or lemon juice in 1 quart of water. Spray on and use newspaper to wipe dry.

Toilet bowl cleaner

Use a toilet brush and baking soda or vinegar. (This will clean but not disinfect.)

Furniture polish

Mix 1 teaspoon of lemon juice in 1 pint of mineral or vegetable oil, and wipe furniture.

Rug deodorizer

Deodorize dry carpets by sprinkling liberally with baking soda. Wait at least 15 minutes and vacuum. Repeat if necessary.

Silver polish

Boil 2 to 3 inches of water in a shallow pan with 1 teaspoon of salt, 1 teaspoon of baking soda, and a sheet of aluminum foil. Totally submerge silver and boil for 2 to 3 more minutes. Wipe away tarnish. Repeat if necessary. (Do not use this method on antique silver knives. The blade will separate from the handle.) Another alternative is to use nonabrasive toothpaste.

Plant sprays

Wipe leaves with mild soap and water; rinse.

Mothballs Use cedar chips, lavender flowers, rosemary, mint, or white peppercorns.

Flea and tick products

Put brewer's yeast or garlic in your pet's food; sprinkle fennel, rue, rosemary, or eucalyptus seeds or leaves around animal sleeping areas.

Mercury ballsMercury balls

                                                                                                 

Improper liningImproper lining

                                                                                                 

For submission (individual)For submission (individual)

Remediation technologies:Remediation technologies: For treatment of wastes, pollution, etc.(not confined to For treatment of wastes, pollution, etc.(not confined to

solid waste, can be waste water, air, ground water, etc)solid waste, can be waste water, air, ground water, etc) Please submit topic for checking Please submit topic for checking Format:Format:

Background informationBackground information Discussion of technology (site actual cases )Discussion of technology (site actual cases ) Recommendations (other than that of the actual)Recommendations (other than that of the actual)

Analyze your submission: asking the question: if this Analyze your submission: asking the question: if this report will be submitted to you, would you be satisfied, report will be submitted to you, would you be satisfied, does it answer all the questions you want to know, etc.does it answer all the questions you want to know, etc.

Due a week before finals ( hard and soft copy)Due a week before finals ( hard and soft copy) Will be equivalent to one quizWill be equivalent to one quiz

What is so scary about What is so scary about solid waste???solid waste???