Solid Waste Management Project

8/8/2019 Solid Waste Management Project

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Contents

0 Introduction

1 Methods of disposal

1.1 Integrated waste management

1.2 Plasma gasification

1.3 Landfill

1.4 Incineration

2 Recycling

3 Sustainability

3.1 Biological reprocessing

3.2 Energy recovery

4 Avoidance and reduction methods

5 Waste handling and transport

6 Technologies

7 Waste management concepts

8 Education and awareness

9 References

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0 Introduction

Solid Waste management

Solid Waste management is the collection,transport,processing, recycling or disposal,

and monitoring ofwaste materials.[1] The term usually relates to materials produced by

human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health,

the environment oraesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to

recoverresources from it. Waste management can

involvesolid, liquid, gaseous orradioactive substances, with different methods and fields

of expertise for each.

Waste management practices differ fordeveloped and developing nations,

forurban and rural areas, and forresidential and industrial producers. Management for

non-hazardous wasteresidential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually

the responsibility oflocal government authorities, while management for non-hazardous

commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.

1:Methods of disposal

Landfill

Landfill operation in Hawaii.

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landfill, also known as a dump, rubbish dump or both, Rubbish Landfill Dump (and

historically as a midden), is a site for the disposal ofwaste materials by burial and is the

oldest form ofwaste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common

methods of organizedwaste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.

Landfills may include internal waste disposal sites (where a producer of waste carries out

their own waste disposal at the place of production) as well as sites used by many

producers. Many landfills are also used for other waste management purposes, such as

the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material

(sorting, treatment, or recycling).

A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with soil and rocks instead of

waste materials, so that it can be used for a specific purpose, such as for building houses.

Unless they are stabilized, these areas may experience severe shaking orliquefaction of

the ground in a large earthquake.

Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common

practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in abandoned or

unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A properly designed and well-managed

landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste

materials. Older, poorly designed or poorly managed landfills can create a number of

adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction ofvermin, and

generation of liquid leachate. Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostly

composed ofmethaneandcarbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks

down anaerobically. This gas can create odour problems, kill surface vegetation, and is

agreenhouse gas.

Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leachate such as

clay or plastic lining material. Deposited waste is normally compacted to increase its

density and stability, and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice orrats).

Many landfills also have landfill gas extraction systems installed to extract the landfill

gas. Gas is pumped out of the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in

a gas engine to generate electricity.

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Types of landfill

OperationsTypically, in non hazardous waste landfills, in order to meet predefined specifications,

techniques are applied by which the wastes are:

Confined to as small an area as possible.

Compacted to reduce their volume.

Covered (usually daily) with layers of soil.

During landfill operations the waste collection vehicles are weighed at a weighbridge on

arrival and their load is inspected for wastes that do not accord with the landfills waste

acceptance criteria. Afterward, the waste collection vehicles use the existing road

network on their way to the tipping face or working front where they unload their load.

After loads are deposited, compactorsor dozers are used to spread andcompact the

wasteon the working face. Before leaving the landfill boundaries, the waste collection

vehicles pass through the wheel cleaning facility. If necessary, they return to the

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weighbridge in order to be weighed without their load. Through the weighing process, the

daily incoming waste tonnage can be calculated and listed in databases. In addition to

trucks, some landfills may be equipped to handle railroad containers. The use of 'rail-

haul' permits landfills to be located at more remote sites, without the problems associated

with many truck trips.

Typically, in the working face, the compacted waste is covered with soil daily.

Alternative waste-cover materials are several sprayed-on foam products and temporary

blankets. Blankets can be lifted into place with tracked excavatorsand then removed the

following day prior to waste placement. Chipped wood and chemically 'fixed' bio-solids

may also be used as an alternate daily cover. The space that is occupied daily by the

compacted waste and the cover material is called a daily cell. Waste compaction is

critical to extending the life of the landfill. Factors such as waste compressibility, waste

layer thickness and the number of passes of the compactor over the waste affect the waste

densities.

A section of a landfill located in Barclay, Ontario. This landfill is one of several

landfills used by Dryden, Ontario.

ImpactsA large number of adverse impacts may occur from landfill operations. These impacts

can vary: fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste

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piles); infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy

vehicles);pollution of the localenvironment (such as contamination

ofgroundwaterand/oraquifers by leakage and residualsoil contaminationduring landfill

usage, as well as after landfill closure); offgassing ofmethanegenerated by decaying

organic wastes (methane is agreenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon

dioxide, and can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area); harbouring of

diseasevectorssuch as rats and flies, particularly from improperly operated landfills,

which are common in Third-world countries; injuries to wildlife; and simple nuisance

problems (e.g., dust, odour, vermin, ornoise pollution).

Environmental noise and dust are generated from vehicles accessing a landfill as well as

from working face operations. These impacts are best to intercept at the planning stage

where access routes and landfill geometrics can be used to mitigate such issues. Vector

control is also important, but can be managed reasonably well with the daily cover

protocols.

Most modern landfills in industrialized countries are operated with controls to attempt to

manage problems such as these. Analyses of common landfill operational problems are

available.[1]

Some local authorities have found it difficult to locate new landfills. Communities may

charge a fee or levy in order to discourage waste and/or recover the costs of site

operations. Many landfills are publicly funded, but some are commercial businesses,

operated for profit.

Trash dump communities

In many developing countriesaround the world, communities exist in and around

landfills.[2] Residents of these communities, such as La Chureca inNicaragua, often live

in conditions ofextreme poverty and use the landfills as a source of food and

income. Scavengers work in the garbage in search ofrecyclables and other valuables.

Leachate

Leachate is any liquid that, in passing through matter, extracts solutes, suspended solids

or any other component of the material through which it has passed.

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Leachate is a widely used term in theEnvironmental scienceswhere it has the specific

meaning of a liquid that has dissolved or entrained environmentally harmful substances

which may then enter the environment. It is most commonly used in the context of land-

filling of putrescible or industrial waste.

In the narrow environmental context leachate is therefore any liquid material that drains

from land or stockpiled material and contains significantly elevated concentrations of

undesirable material derived from the material that it has passed

Landfill leachate

Leachate from a landfill varies widely in composition depending on the age of the landfill

and the type ofwaste that it contains.[1][2] It can usually contain both dissolved and

suspended material. The generation of leachate is caused principally

byprecipitation percolating through waste deposited in a landfill. Once in contact with

decomposing solid waste, the percolating water becomes contaminated and if it then

flows out of the waste material it is termed leachate. [3] Additional leachate volume is

produced during this decomposition ofcarbonaceousmaterial producing a wide range of

other materials including methane, carbon dioxide and a complex mixture oforganic

acids, aldehydes, alcoholsand simple sugars.

The risks of leachate generation can be mitigated by properly designed and engineeredlandfill sites, such as sites that are constructed on geologically impermeable materials or

sites that use impermeable liners made ofgeomembranes or engineeredclay. The use of

linings is now mandatory within both the United States and the European Union except

where the waste is deemed inert. In addition, most toxic and difficult materials are now

specifically excluded from landfilling. However despite much stricter statutory controls

leachates from modern sites are found to contain a range of contaminants that may either

be associated with some level of illegal activity or may reflect the ubiquitous use of a

range of difficult materials in household and domestic products which enter the waste

stream legally.

Composition of landfill leachate

When water percolates through the waste, it promotes and assists process of

decomposition bybacteriaandfungi. These processes in turn release by-products of

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decomposition and rapidly use up any available oxygen creating ananoxic environment.

In actively decomposing waste the temperature rises and thepH falls rapidly and many

metal ions which are relatively insoluble at neutralpH can become dissolved in the

developing leachate. The decomposition processes themselves release further water

which adds to the volume of leachate. Leachate also reacts with materials that are not

themselves prone to decomposition such as fire ash,cement based building materials and

gypsum based materials changing the chemical composition. In sites with large volumes

of building waste, especially those containing gypsum plaster, the reaction of leachate

with the gypsum can generate large volumes ofhydrogen sulfide which may be released

in the leachate and may also form a large component of the landfill gas.

In a landfill that receives a mixture of municipal, commercial, and mixed industrial

waste, but excludes significant amounts of concentrated specific chemical waste, landfill

leachate may be characterized as a water-based solution of four groups of contaminants ;

dissolved organic matter (alcohols, acids, aldehydes, short chain sugars etc.), inorganic

macro components (common cations and anions including sulfate, chloride, Iron,

aluminium, zinc and ammonia), heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cu, Hg) , and xenobiotic organic

compounds such as halogenatedorganics, (PCBs,dioxins, etc.).[4].

The physical appearance of leachate when it emerges from a typical landfill site is a

strongly odoured black, yellow or orange coloured cloudy liquid. The smell is acidic and

offensive and may be very pervasive because of hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur rich

organic species such asmercaptans.

Leachate management

n older landfills and those with no membrane between the waste and the underlying

geology, leachate is free to egress the waste directly into the groundwater. In such cases

high concentrations of leachate are often found in nearby springs and flushes. As leachate

first emerges it can be black in colour, anoxic and may be effervescent with dissolved and

entrained gases. As it becomes oxygenated it tends to turn brown or yellow because of

the presence of Iron salts in solution and in suspension. It also quickly develops a

bacterial flora often comprising substantial growths ofSphaerotilus.

Landfill gas

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Gases are produced in landfills due to the anaerobic digestion by microbes on any organic

matter. This gas can be collected and flared off or used to generate electricity in a gas

fired power plant. Landfill gas monitoring can be carried out to alert for the presence of a

build-up of gasses to a harmful level.

TYPICAL CONSTITUENTS AND COMPOUNDS FOUND IN LANDFILL GAS

TABLE : Typical Constituents Found in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Gas

Component Percent (dry volume

basis)*

Methane 40-60%

CarbonDioxide 40-60%

Nitrogen 2-5%

Oxygen 0.1-1.0%

Ammonia 0.1-1.0%

Sulfides,disulfides,mercaptans,etc. 0-0.2%

Hydrogen 0-0.2%

CarbonMonoxide 0-0.2%

TraceConstituents 0.01-0.6%

* Exact percentage distribution will vary with the age of the landfill.

Regional practice

United Kingdom

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Landfilling practices in the UK have had to change in recent years to meet the challenges

of the European Landfill Directive. The UK now imposes landfill tax uponbiodegradable

wastewhich is put into landfills. In addition to this the Landfill Allowance Trading

Scheme has been established for local authorities to trade landfill quotas in England. A

different system operates in Waleswhere authorities are not able to 'trade' between

themselves, but have allowances known as the Landfill Allowance Scheme.

United States

In the U.S., landfills are regulated by the state's environmental agency that establishes

minimum guidelines; however, none of these standards may fall below those set by

the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); such as was the case[citation

needed] with theFresh Kills Landfill inStaten Island, which is claimed by many to not only

be the world's largest landfill, but the world's largest human structure. The landfill has

since been closed and is being transformed into a park.

Reclaiming materials

Landfills can be regarded as a viable and abundant source of source materials and energy.

In the developing world, this is widely understood and one may thus often find waste

pickers scavenging for still usable materials. In a commercial context, landfills sites have

also been discovered by companies and many have begun harvesting materials andenergy .[3] Well known examples are gas recovery facilities.[4]Other commercial facilities

include fossil fuel power plants and waste incinerators which have build-in material

recovery. This material recovery is possible through the use of filters (electro filter, active

carbon and potassium filter, quench, HCL-washer, SO2-washer, bottom ash-grating, etc.).

An example of these is the AEBWaste Fired Power Plant.[5][6] The AEB waste incinerator

is hereby able to recover a large part of the burned waste in source materials. According

to Marcel van Berlo (who helped build the plant), the processed waste contained higher

percentages of source materials than any mine in the world. He also added that when the

plant was compared to a Chilean copper mine, the waste fired plant could recover more

copper.[7] However, because of the high concentration of gases and the unpredictability of

the landfill contents, which often include sharp objects, landfill excavation is generally

considered dangerous. Furthermore, the quality of materials residing within landfills

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_Allowance_Trading_Schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_Allowance_Trading_Schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_Allowance_Trading_Schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landfill_Allowance_Scheme&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Kills_Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Kills_Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_pickerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_pickerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_plant#Greening_of_fossil_fuel_power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waste_Fired_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waste_Fired_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_Allowance_Trading_Schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_Allowance_Trading_Schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landfill_Allowance_Scheme&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Kills_Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_pickerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_pickerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_plant#Greening_of_fossil_fuel_power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waste_Fired_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill#cite_note-6


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tends to degrade and such materials are thought to be not worth the risks required to

recover them.

Alternatives

The alternatives to landfills arewaste reductionandrecyclingstrategies. Secondary to not

creating waste, there are various alternatives to landfills. In the late 20th century,

alternative methods of waste disposal to landfill andincineration have begun to gain

acceptance.Anaerobic digestion, composting, mechanical biological

treatment,pyrolysisandplasma arc gasification have all began to establish themselves in

the market.

In recent years, some countries, such as Germany, Austria, Belgium, theNetherlands,

andSwitzerland, have banned the disposal of untreated waste in landfills. In these

countries, only the ashes from incineration or the stabilized output ofmechanical

biological treatmentplants may still be deposited.

References:

http://www.waste-management-world.com/index/landfill.html

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compostinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_arc_gasificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/landfill.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compostinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_arc_gasificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatmenthttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/landfill.html


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http://science.jrank.org/pages/3811/Landfill.html

http://ohioline.osu.edu/cd-fact/pdf/0138.pdf

http://sites.google.com/site/wastemanagementalternatives/types-of-landfills

http://wikipedia.org/landfill

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http://science.jrank.org/pages/3811/Landfill.htmlhttp://ohioline.osu.edu/cd-fact/pdf/0138.pdfhttp://sites.google.com/site/wastemanagementalternatives/types-of-landfillshttp://science.jrank.org/pages/3811/Landfill.htmlhttp://ohioline.osu.edu/cd-fact/pdf/0138.pdfhttp://sites.google.com/site/wastemanagementalternatives/types-of-landfills

Solid Waste Management Project

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