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Direct Normal Irradiation - long-term average © 2017 Solargis

© 2017 SolargisReport number: SG-01-2016

Solargis® Report

Solar Resource Overview

Site name:

Plataforma Solar de Almeria, Spain

Type of Data:

Hourly time series (01/01/1994 - 31/12/2016)TMY P50 and TMY P90 (01/01/1994 - 31/12/2016)

Customer:

Solargis s.r.o.

Date of Issue:

03 August 2017

Issued by:

Solargis s.r.o.Tel: +421 2 43 191 708

[email protected]

http://solargis.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://solargis.com

SITE: 37.094416°, -2.35985° | TYPE OF DATA: Hourly time series | CUSTOMER: Solargis s.r.o.

Report number: SG-01-2016 © 2017 Solargis

1. Site Info

Site name: Plataforma Solar de Almeria, Spain

Latitude: 37.094416°

Longitude: -2.35985°

Elevation: 497 m a.s.l.

Location on the map: http://solargis.info/imaps/#tl=Google:satellite&loc=37.094416,-2.359850&z=14

Google Maps © 2017 Google

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http://solargis.info/imaps/#tl=Google:satellite&loc=37.094416,-2.359850&z=14



2. Executive Summary

Long-term average yearly values calculated from time series (TS) representing 23 complete calendar years (1994-2016):

TS TMY P50 TMY P90

Global Horizontal Irradiation 1879 1879 1803 kWh/m²

Direct Normal Irradiation 2149 2149 1957 kWh/m²

Diffuse Horizontal Irradiation 612 613 630 kWh/m²

Global Tilted Irradiation (fixed inclination: 33° azimuth: 180°) 2176 -- -- kWh/m²

Air Temperature at 2 m 16.1 16.0 14.9 °C

3. Solargis Database Description

This report and data is based on Solargis high-resolution database operated by Solargis s.r.o. company. Solar resource data(GHI, DIF, DNI and GTI) is calculated by a suit of solar models, and the data inputs are derived from geostationarymeteorological satellites and global meteorological models. Meteorological data (TEMP, RH, WS, WD, AP and PWAT) areprocessed from the outputs of global meteorological models. All Solargis parameters are validated by quality-controlledground measurements acquired by high-accuracy meteorological equipment worldwide. The spatial and time resolution ofthe original input data are harmonized during the model processing to achieve the best possible.

Output from the database Solargis v2.1.12

Solar Resource

Description: Data calculated from Meteosat MSG and MFG satellite data (© 2017 EUMETSAT) and fromatmospheric data (© 2017 ECMWF and NOAA) by Solargis method

Spatial resolution: 250 m

Meteorological Data

Description: Spatially disaggregated from CFSR, CFSv2 and GFS (© 2017 NOAA) by Solargis method

Spatial resolution: Temperature 1 km, other meteorological parameters 33 km to 55 km

Terrain shading is not considered in this delivery. Occasional deviations in calculations may occur as a result ofmathematical rounding and cannot be considered as a defect of algorithms. Acronyms used later in this report: TS - timeseries, TMY - typical meteorological year, LTA - long-term average, STDEV - standard deviation.

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4. Time Series (TS) Overview

Type of data: Hourly time series (time reference UTC+0)

Period: 01/01/1994 - 31/12/2016 (201624 records)

Parameters:

Code Description CSV file PDF report

GHI Global horizontal irradiation [Wh/m²]

DNI Direct normal irradiation [Wh/m²]

DIF Diffuse horizontal irradiation [Wh/m²]

GTI Global tilted irradiation [Wh/m²] (fixed inclination: 33 deg. azimuth: 180 deg.)

flagR Cloud identification quality flag: 0: sun below horizon, 1: model value, 2:interpolated 1hour, 5: long term monthly median or persistence, 6: synthetic data,11:NWP forecast

SE Sun altitude (elevation) angle [deg.]

SA Sun azimuth angle [deg.]

TEMP Air temperature at 2 m [deg. C]

AP Atmospheric pressure [hPa]

RH Relative humidity [%]

WS Wind speed at 10 m [m/s]

WD Wind direction [deg.]

PWAT Precipitable water [kg/m²]

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Global horizontal irradiation: monthly and yearly sums GHIYe

ar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

1994 92 109 159 197 218 243 235 212 175 105 93 86 1924 1994

1995 95 111 154 193 223 219 244 213 167 123 82 68 1892 1995

1996 76 109 149 174 214 239 240 220 147 132 92 62 1853 1996

1997 65 117 174 161 216 238 243 204 152 124 83 71 1849 1997

1998 81 97 167 195 181 236 255 210 154 140 92 84 1891 1998

1999 84 110 161 210 219 240 248 224 168 104 88 74 1930 1999

2000 89 124 157 188 197 250 250 214 172 124 86 73 1925 2000

2001 88 110 154 196 202 248 240 215 159 122 76 65 1874 2001

2002 84 118 149 174 219 228 249 216 160 123 87 76 1882 2002

2003 92 89 139 178 221 232 250 223 173 101 78 77 1851 2003

2004 96 107 133 186 187 236 237 214 153 125 92 68 1835 2004

2005 101 100 146 203 227 245 248 213 170 127 92 79 1950 2005

2006 73 98 167 171 190 219 243 220 166 122 79 76 1825 2006

2007 84 98 162 139 223 242 254 206 160 115 91 77 1853 2007

2008 89 88 167 193 195 233 238 221 142 104 93 73 1837 2008

2009 76 106 152 185 224 240 245 219 139 131 97 70 1882 2009

2010 80 83 128 163 236 229 240 208 161 124 84 78 1814 2010

2011 77 115 137 169 193 224 235 222 176 127 82 82 1839 2011

2012 93 119 165 190 232 238 248 211 157 122 72 80 1927 2012

2013 88 109 139 173 206 249 244 207 159 130 93 78 1874 2013

2014 85 102 161 195 235 231 247 220 159 132 86 86 1939 2014

2015 96 99 148 172 214 241 247 201 163 116 102 86 1882 2015

2016 86 99 163 177 221 237 231 217 173 126 85 73 1889 2016

LTA 86 105 154 182 213 236 244 214 161 122 87 76 1879

Unit: kWh/m² Long-term statistics is calculated from complete years Yearly STDEV: 39 kWh/m²

Meaning of the background color of cells in the 'Year' column: grey color means the yearly value is withinthe STDEV band, red is for values above and blue for values below the STDEV band.

Monthly long-term average, minimum and maximum Interannual variability of yearly values with average line andSTDEV band

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Direct normal irradiation: monthly and yearly sums DNIYe

ar


1994 158 153 178 226 214 240 199 202 211 110 150 164 2205 1994

1995 176 169 187 210 212 194 240 216 201 136 104 107 2152 1995

1996 106 163 172 168 224 228 231 235 152 182 150 93 2106 1996

1997 80 181 233 160 202 251 254 213 160 156 125 121 2135 1997

1998 127 135 206 221 148 229 267 199 167 206 157 171 2233 1998

1999 149 178 201 252 205 242 250 236 193 107 146 133 2292 1999

2000 162 205 169 204 184 258 250 201 197 159 136 120 2247 2000

2001 143 158 171 213 197 248 234 212 158 148 98 104 2085 2001

2002 135 189 171 175 218 192 249 214 163 154 138 133 2131 2002

2003 167 116 147 182 217 208 245 235 198 99 107 138 2059 2003

2004 184 149 145 207 152 227 227 218 154 153 154 117 2087 2004

2005 204 154 150 217 220 239 244 215 191 162 148 150 2296 2005

2006 113 133 216 145 144 193 225 234 175 136 117 125 1956 2006

2007 145 134 209 108 228 245 265 191 157 132 145 142 2101 2007

2008 158 107 215 210 157 229 227 231 136 104 155 133 2060 2008

2009 116 152 180 200 219 242 247 228 133 176 159 121 2173 2009

2010 127 98 134 138 248 223 233 204 178 162 141 130 2016 2010

2011 120 178 144 156 167 216 224 221 206 156 116 158 2063 2011

2012 170 191 199 204 238 222 243 196 167 156 92 144 2224 2012

2013 152 166 152 176 188 252 244 203 171 161 156 140 2161 2013

2014 144 143 201 211 252 218 242 232 176 171 129 176 2295 2014

2015 176 141 182 163 201 251 246 186 179 137 188 158 2208 2015

2016 143 117 210 183 219 231 215 224 196 151 128 137 2155 2016

LTA 146 153 181 188 202 230 239 215 175 148 136 135 2149




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Diffuse horizontal irradiation: monthly and yearly sums DIFYe

ar


1994 29 35 56 51 68 70 88 73 46 48 29 25 619 1994

1995 25 31 46 58 74 77 73 67 48 53 38 28 618 1995

1996 32 32 48 66 64 76 74 62 54 39 29 27 603 1996

1997 34 30 45 58 74 62 66 63 55 44 31 25 586 1997

1998 31 32 48 53 79 72 66 73 52 37 26 22 591 1998

1999 26 26 47 49 75 69 70 63 51 47 27 26 576 1999

2000 25 27 60 56 68 68 72 74 51 42 29 28 600 2000

2001 30 35 55 56 68 70 74 70 60 45 35 27 625 2001

2002 29 28 49 60 69 86 73 71 60 45 30 27 626 2002

2003 25 34 53 62 71 81 75 64 53 49 32 26 623 2003

2004 24 36 49 52 82 71 75 66 59 46 28 26 615 2004

2005 21 28 58 59 72 72 73 68 54 43 30 23 603 2005

2006 29 35 44 75 84 80 80 63 58 51 31 28 659 2006

2007 28 34 45 69 68 67 67 76 62 46 30 24 616 2007

2008 26 38 44 58 83 71 76 64 59 50 29 24 622 2008

2009 29 33 49 58 73 67 69 65 58 41 30 25 599 2009

2010 29 36 50 74 66 71 73 69 53 41 26 29 617 2010

2011 30 30 54 67 77 70 77 71 51 45 33 24 628 2011

2012 26 29 51 59 67 77 74 77 56 42 34 26 617 2012

2013 28 31 52 60 75 69 71 69 55 46 29 27 612 2013

2014 28 34 47 58 62 76 73 64 52 45 31 21 591 2014

2015 26 33 46 63 74 64 72 74 54 47 24 26 603 2015

2016 30 42 45 59 70 73 76 66 54 48 31 23 616 2016

LTA 28 33 50 60 72 72 73 68 55 45 30 26 612




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Global tilted irradiation: monthly and yearly sums GTIfixed inclination: 33° azimuth: 180°Ye

ar


1994 155 159 196 212 211 223 224 219 205 138 149 154 2246 1994

1995 164 164 191 208 215 203 231 218 198 162 123 114 2189 1995

1996 119 160 182 186 203 219 227 227 173 182 148 101 2127 1996

1997 99 173 221 171 209 217 228 209 175 168 131 121 2121 1997

1998 131 138 210 210 172 217 239 215 178 197 151 153 2212 1998

1999 142 166 201 228 212 220 234 230 198 134 141 129 2235 1999

2000 152 188 193 201 190 229 236 221 203 169 137 124 2243 2000

2001 145 161 188 212 192 227 225 222 184 165 115 108 2145 2001

2002 137 177 183 183 210 211 234 223 184 168 139 132 2181 2002

2003 156 126 170 191 213 214 235 230 202 129 119 134 2119 2003

2004 168 155 164 199 179 217 224 220 179 169 150 116 2140 2004

2005 179 147 176 218 219 226 234 220 200 173 147 141 2280 2005

2006 118 141 210 181 184 201 229 228 194 162 124 129 2102 2006

2007 142 140 205 145 214 222 239 212 185 152 145 135 2138 2007

2008 150 123 209 207 188 213 225 229 163 135 151 127 2121 2008

2009 122 154 188 197 215 220 230 226 157 181 156 120 2165 2009

2010 131 114 155 171 227 211 227 215 188 169 135 133 2076 2010

2011 125 172 166 181 185 205 221 229 207 170 127 148 2136 2011

2012 160 178 207 204 224 219 234 219 182 166 108 140 2239 2012

2013 148 162 169 186 197 229 230 212 186 176 151 136 2182 2013

2014 142 148 201 208 227 212 232 226 184 182 134 157 2254 2014

2015 164 143 185 182 207 220 232 207 190 155 171 152 2208 2015

2016 144 137 204 189 211 217 219 224 204 170 133 129 2181 2016

LTA 143 153 190 194 204 217 230 221 188 164 138 132 2176




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Average diurnal (24 hour) air temperature at 2 m TEMPYe

ar


1994 7.4 8.9 12.1 13.2 19.0 22.1 27.8 27.4 20.1 15.9 13.0 9.5 16.4 1994

1995 8.3 11.0 10.9 13.1 18.6 20.8 25.6 25.1 19.3 17.0 13.4 10.1 16.1 1995

1996 9.0 7.0 9.7 13.4 16.2 21.5 24.1 23.8 18.9 15.3 11.3 8.7 14.9 1996

1997 7.7 10.8 12.2 14.3 17.6 21.9 22.9 24.0 21.3 18.0 12.4 9.3 16.1 1997

1998 8.3 9.5 12.4 13.5 15.9 22.5 25.9 25.2 22.0 15.6 11.8 7.1 15.8 1998

1999 7.3 7.8 10.4 14.8 19.3 22.1 25.1 25.9 21.3 16.5 9.1 7.8 15.7 1999

2000 5.2 11.1 11.4 12.9 18.2 22.5 24.9 25.3 21.3 15.3 10.5 9.0 15.6 2000

2001 8.5 9.2 14.1 14.8 16.7 24.2 24.6 25.6 21.0 18.1 9.5 7.4 16.2 2001

2002 7.7 10.2 11.4 13.0 17.1 23.1 24.0 23.5 20.9 16.8 12.4 9.6 15.8 2002

2003 7.0 7.3 11.1 13.6 17.7 24.9 26.5 26.7 21.4 15.8 11.4 8.2 16.0 2003

2004 9.3 8.9 10.3 12.4 14.7 23.4 24.5 26.0 22.6 17.9 10.4 7.7 15.7 2004

2005 5.8 5.5 10.2 14.2 19.1 23.2 26.2 24.5 20.5 16.4 9.9 7.4 15.3 2005

2006 5.6 7.4 12.3 15.3 19.2 21.9 26.3 24.2 21.7 18.3 12.8 7.6 16.1 2006

2007 7.7 10.6 10.8 12.3 18.4 21.9 24.9 24.4 20.7 15.9 11.0 8.2 15.6 2007

2008 8.8 9.3 12.3 14.4 16.6 21.3 25.2 25.2 20.7 16.0 9.1 6.5 15.5 2008

2009 6.7 7.9 11.1 12.7 18.5 24.1 27.0 25.3 20.5 18.3 13.6 9.6 16.3 2009

2010 7.1 8.4 9.5 13.5 16.6 21.2 25.8 25.3 21.2 15.7 10.5 8.2 15.3 2010

2011 8.6 10.1 11.1 16.2 18.5 22.8 25.3 25.7 22.2 17.1 12.9 9.9 16.7 2011

2012 8.8 7.0 11.3 14.3 19.7 25.2 25.3 27.6 21.2 17.1 12.4 10.3 16.7 2012

2013 10.1 9.2 11.9 14.6 17.1 21.1 24.2 24.2 21.4 19.4 12.1 8.3 16.2 2013

2014 10.0 10.8 12.0 17.5 18.3 22.7 24.5 25.1 22.8 19.1 13.2 8.9 17.1 2014

2015 9.1 8.9 13.0 15.3 20.7 22.7 27.7 25.7 21.6 17.8 13.6 11.0 17.3 2015

2016 11.1 11.5 12.1 15.3 18.1 23.5 25.6 24.9 22.6 18.7 13.0 10.0 17.2 2016

LTA 8.0 9.0 11.5 14.1 17.9 22.6 25.4 25.2 21.2 17.0 11.7 8.7 16.1

Unit: °C Long-term statistics is calculated from complete years Yearly STDEV: 0.6 °C



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5. Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) Overview

TMY data is delivered, together with the time series data and this report. TMY contains hourly values derived from the timeseries covering complete calendar years. The data history is compressed into one year, following two criteria. The first isminimum difference between statistical characteristics (annual average, monthly averages) of TMY and time series. Thiscriterion is given 80% weighting. The second criterion is maximum similarity of monthly Cumulative Distribution Functions ofTMY and full-time series, so that the occurrence of typical hourly values is well represented for each month. This criterion isgiven 20% weighting.

TMY P50 data set represents, for each month, the average climate conditions and the most representative cumulativedistribution function, therefore extreme situations (e.g. extremely cloudy weather) are not represented in this dataset.TMY P90 data set represent years, which are close to the P90 annual values, thus they are suitable for energy simulation ofyear with lower solar radiation. The P90 annual values represent statistically 1 year out of 10 with low solar resource conditions,and they are calculated from the combined uncertainty of the estimate and inter-annual variability, which can occur in any year.Due to the inherent features of the TMY methods, monthly values in TMY do not fit to the values derived from time series.

Type of data: Hourly TMY, 8760 records (time reference UTC+0)

Time representation: 01/01/1994 - 31/12/2016

TMY method: SolarGIS_2

Parameters:

Code Description CSV file PDF report

GHI Global horizontal irradiation [Wh/m²]

DNI Direct normal irradiation [Wh/m²]

DIF Diffuse horizontal irradiation [Wh/m²]

SE Sun altitude (elevation) angle [deg.]

SA Sun azimuth angle [deg.]

TEMP Air temperature at 2 m [deg. C]

AP Atmospheric pressure [hPa]

RH Relative humidity [%]

WS Wind speed at 10 m [m/s]

WD Wind direction [deg.]

PWAT Precipitable water [kg/m²]

Important note:Data reduction in TMY is not possible without loss of information contained in the original multiyear time series. Therefore timeseries data can only be considered as the reference for the statistical analysis of solar resource and meteorological conditions ofthe site. Only time series data are used for the statistical analysis in this report.

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Monthly and Yearly Averages

Long-term averages of GHI

GHI [kWh/m²] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year

Time series 86 105 154 182 213 236 244 214 161 122 87 76 1879

TMY P50 85 106 152 179 216 237 245 213 161 122 87 76 1879

TMY P90 74 99 153 179 206 234 241 213 158 106 76 65 1803

Long-term averages of DNI

DNI [kWh/m²] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year

Time series 146 153 181 188 202 230 239 215 175 148 136 135 2149

TMY P50 145 153 180 182 203 230 241 216 178 148 138 133 2149

TMY P90 113 133 180 182 189 230 232 216 168 110 98 104 1957

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Long-term averages of TEMP

TEMP [°C] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year

Time series 8.0 9.0 11.5 14.1 17.9 22.6 25.4 25.2 21.2 17.0 11.7 8.7 16.1

TMY P50 7.7 7.9 11.1 13.6 17.6 22.5 25.6 24.5 21.2 18.1 12.4 9.6 16.0

TMY P90 5.6 7.4 11.1 13.6 17.1 21.3 24.1 24.5 21.2 15.9 9.5 7.4 14.9

Seasonal Hourly Profiles

Hourly profiles for TMY P50.

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Data Snapshot

Snapshot of TMY P50. Days of year are on the x-axis, hours are on the y-axis.

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7. Data Uncertainty

Solar Resource

Quality of Solargis data is determined by underlying models, spatial and temporal resolution of atmospheric andmeteorological inputs, and their accuracy. Solargis data has been validated at 220+ locations, where high qualitymeasurements were available. Statistics such as bias and RMSD are used for estimation of user‘s uncertainty. Solargismodel demonstrates stable performance globally, and uncertainty lies within the margins described below.

For objective evaluation, the model has to be evaluated with quality-controlled data measured using high standard andprofessionally maintained instruments. If validation at a particular site shows higher deviations, there is high probabilitythat there are issues with local measurements.

Uncertainty of Solargis GHI and DNI yearly summaries for 80% of observations is within the range of ±4% and ±8%(±5% and ±10% for 90% of observations), respectively. In complex geographies and extreme cases, uncertainty ofGHI and DNI yearly summaries can be as high as ±8% and ±15%, respectively.

Regions where lower uncertainty (below or equal to ±4% for yearly GHI and ±8% for DNI) can be typically expected:Most of Europe and North America below latitude approx. 50° (see exceptions below), South Africa, Chile, Brazil,Australia, Japan, Morocco, Mediterranean region and Arabian Peninsula (except the Gulf region). Lower uncertainty isexpected in regions with good availability of high-quality ground measurements.

Regions where higher uncertainty can be expected (above ±4% for yearly GHI and above ±8% for DNI): high latitudes(approx. above 50°), high mountains, regions with regular snow and ice coverage, high-reflectance deserts, urbanizedand industrialized areas, regions with high and dynamically changing concentrations of atmospheric aerosols (NorthernIndia, West Africa, Gulf region, some regions in China), coastal zone (approx. up to 15 km from water) and humidtropical climate. Higher uncertainty is also assumed in regions with limited or no availability of high-quality groundmeasurements.

Meteorological Data

Meteorological parameters are derived from the numerical weather models CFSR, CFSv2 and GFSprod. Compared tosolar resource data, they have lower spatial and temporal resolution, and lower accuracy. They characterize widergeographic region rather than a specific site. Especially relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction values havehigher uncertainty, they may not accurately characterize the local microclimate and should be used with caution. Thevalidation procedure was carried out to compare the modelled data with ground-measured data from the meteorologicalstations available through NOAA Integrated Surface Database network. In the validation of air temperature, wind speedand relative humidity, the hourly measurements at more than 11000 stations were used. Uncertainty of yearly estimatesfor selected meteorological parameters (considering 80% occurrence): air temperature ±1.3 °C, relative humidity:±11%, wind speed ±1.7 m/s.

More about Solargis models, the underlying algorithms, input data and uncertainty can be consulted at:http://solargis.com/support/knowledge-base/methodology/solar-radiation-modeling/

8. Disclaimer and Legal Information

Considering the uncertainty of data and calculations, Solargis s.r.o. does not guarantee the accuracy of estimates. Themaximum possible has been done for the assessment of weather parameters based on the best available data, softwareand knowledge. Solargis s.r.o. shall not be liable for any direct, incidental, consequential, indirect or punitive damagesarising or alleged to have arisen out of use of the provided report.

This report is copyright to © 2017 Solargis. All rights reserved.

9. Service Provider

Solargis s.r.o., M. Marecka 3, 84107 Bratislava, SlovakiaCompany ID: 45 354 766, VAT Number: SK2022962766Registration: Business register, District Court Bratislava I, Section Sro, File 62765/BTel: +421 2 43 191 708http://solargis.com, [email protected]

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http://solargis.com/support/knowledge-base/methodology/solar-radiation-modeling/

http://solargis.com

mailto:[email protected]



10. Delivered Items and Data Files Originality

The complete delivery SG-01-2016 consists of the following items (7):

CSV data files:

item format file checksum sum of all values

1 Hourly time series Solargis 95a64e6cccd524b950b213c7ac03eea7 405800301

2 Hourly TMY P50 Solargis 8da0153a7516a3e63c4effaed04bc95e 15463501

3 Hourly TMY P50 for SAM TMY3 b2a46fd65352928edbc546f155484ebd --

4 Hourly TMY P90 Solargis ea5d7bfdf4027a00a4f17b3ad12e5192 15061151

5 Hourly TMY P90 for SAM TMY3 03b183dfe740f6731d970f705a4066af --

The originality of CSV data files can be verified by the 'file checksum' (e.g. on this web page http://onlinemd5.com/).MD5 algorithm is used for the checksum. Using the 'sum of all values' is another way how to check the data originality incase the 'file checksum' is not longer valid (e.g. the file was edited and saved in Excel). The indicative sum of all datavalues in Solargis CSV files is rounded to an integer.

PDF files:

item format description

6 Solargis climData LicenseAgreement

PDF Signed/accepted license is supplied as a separate document sentvia e-mail.

7 Solargis Report PDF This PDF report is electronically signed by Solargis s.r.o.. Theauthenticity of this PDF report can be verified here:http://solargis.info/embedded/pdfverify.html.

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http://solargis.info/embedded/pdfverify.html

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