Solar systems heading to smart grids technologies · communications, artificial intelligence, data...

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1st Workshop SOLAR ENERGY

Fernando P. Marafão

UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus of Sorocaba

Solar systems heading to smart grids technologies

São Paulo, Brazil, 13 November 2017.

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24 Cities34 Schools and Institutes3 Technical high schools

Students: 51,000Undergraduate: 36,000Graduate: 15,000

Teaching staff 3,600 Administrative and support staff 7,000

UNESP: founded in 1976Sorocaba Campus: 2003

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Undergraduate Degrees:• Control and Automation Engineering

• Environmental Engineering

Graduate Degrees:• Electrical Engineering

• Civil and Environmental Engineering

• Environmental Sciences

• Materials Science and Technology

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Back to the topic...

Solar systems heading to smart grids technologies

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We usually think of quite diverse applications…

Thinking about solar systems…

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Solar Power Plants…


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PV Power Plants…

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PV Power Plants…

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Floating distributed generation…

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Floating distributed generation…

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Distributed generation…

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Low voltage distributed generation…

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Low voltage micro grids…


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Increasing energy demand (IEA reports);

Climate changes and impacts of CO2 emissions;

The need for clean power sources;

Supply reliability and energy costs;

The need for transparent consumption and pricing.

Main Motivations for DG and Micro Grids

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New regulations;

Pricing, Financing and Tax incentives;

Strong goals for reductions on CO2 emissions;

Increasing number of certified PV modules andinverters.

Public bids;

Expected 300% increasing in 2017;

Basis of current PV Market in Brazil

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Perhaps the MV and HV distribution and transmissionsystems;

Certainly not the LV distribution networks and utilities.

…there is much to do in terms of electronic metering, gridautomation, protections, control, storage and the businessitself.

And that is why PV systems are pushing to the Smart GridScenario worldwide, including in Brazil.

Is the Grid Prepared for Massive PV ?

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Additional and new consumption models (electricalvehicles, smart homes, and smart buildings);

Intermittent energy availability from renewable energysources (solar, wind);

The need for improving the efficiency of transmissionand distribution systems;

The increasing of prosumers (consumers/producers) andtheir interaction to the grid.

Main motivations for the development of Smarter Power Grids from the TECHNICAL point of view

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According to European Technology Platform Smart Grids:

A Smart Grid is an electricity network that canintelligently integrate the actions of all users connected toit – generators, consumers and those that do both – inorder to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic andsecure electricity supplies.

But …. what is or should be aSmart Power Grid ?

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According to US Department of Energy:

A Smart Grid is self-healing, enables active participationof consumers, operate resiliently against attack andnatural disasters, accommodate all generation and storageoptions, enable introduction of new products, servicesand markets, optimize asset utilization and operateefficiently, provide power quality for the digitaleconomy.

But …. what is or should be aSmart Power Grid ?

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Essentially, the Smart Grid (SG) definitions are related to:

Distributed energy resources (DER);

Automation of all power system levels (generation,transmission, distribution and consumption);

Integration of different (fossil or renewable, DC or AC)and distributed energy resources – including offshore;

Efficiency, reliability and resilience;

Generation and load forecast for Demand Response (DR).

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improved power quality;

reduction in peak demand;

reduction in transmission costs;

potential for increased energy efficiency;

environmental benefits;

increased energy security;

Smart Grid BENEFITS include:

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resiliency to disturbances, attacks and natural disasters;

informed choices about consumption by customers;

stimulate new products, services and markets;

stimulate sustainable energy infrastructures for cities,regions and countries.

accommodate all generation and storage options, etc.

Smart Grid BENEFITS include:

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Smart Grid (IEA roadmap)

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Smart Micro Grids

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SG Technologies and Opportunities

Smart Grids are directly related to emergent or integratingtechnologies, such as renewable generation, powerelectronics, energy storage, digital processing and control,communications, artificial intelligence, data mining, internet ofthings, material science, etc.

SG is pushing for new products, jobs, careers, standards, markets, etc.

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Some Smart Grid Challenges

Development of new intelligent (smart) metering, supervisionand control systems;

Development of network control devices and methodologies;

Development of cooperative control methodologies fordistributed energy gateways;

Revision of energy and power quality billing and accountabilitystandards and procedures;

Review of traditional merit indices, such as power factor andcurrent distortion (THD);

Ensuring information privacy for every stakeholder, etc.

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Some Smart Grid Challenges

It is necessary to reinvent the role of the distributionsystems, including the market regulation or deregulation,players (utilities, service providers, consumers andprosumers) and standards.

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Low Voltage Intelligent Micro Grids

Utility Interface (UI)

• Interface between MG and

Utility;

• Voltage controlled source;

• Central controler;

• Bidirectional communication.

Energy Gateways (EG)

• Connected DGs;

• Current controlled sources;

• Local control under

supervision;

• Bidirectional communication.

MC = Master control

MC

DSO = Distribution system operator

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Low Voltage Intelligent Micro Grids

Hierarchical and cooperative control of distributed energy

gateways;

Automatic operation based on smart metering, bidirectional

communication and proper power electronics intelligent

control.

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Intelligent Energy Gateways

Monitoring and Control

Harmonic Compensation Overvoltage Dynamic Control

Ancillary Services

Fault Ride ThroughGrid Support

(V, f, Q control)Energy Storage

PV System Specific Functions

Anti-IslandingProtection

Maximum PowerPoint Tracking

PV Panel/PlantMonitoring

Basic Control Functions

Current/Voltage Control VDC Control Grid Synchronization

FilterInverter

PV Panels

Storage

Boost

Bidir. DC/DC

P, Q

PCC

Communication LinkMaster controller(MC)

vES

, iES

vPV

, iPV

PWMPV

PWMES

vDC

iDC PWM

INV

Xf

vG

iG

CPV

CDC

CES

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Multifunctional Smart PV-Inverter

• In order to do more than simply injecting active power tothe grids;

• For providing power quality to the local loads;

• To control harmonic distortion, reactive power, unbalancedcurrents, under local or centralized operation;

• To control the voltage profile over the grid;

• To improve cost-benefit ratio in DG systems.

• Requires proper standardization.

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InverterLC Filter

DC Link

CDCv

vPCCGrid

PWM

iv

ir Current’s

decomposition

by CPT

ina

iL

vvDC

i*C

V*DC

vDC

CvDC (s)

MAFiEG

0

i*iDC

vPCC

Ci(s)

RMS

P*

Generator of active

current reference

DC current control loop

Overvoltage control loop

Generator of load current

compensation reference

DC link voltage loop

Output current

control loop

iEG

i*EG

i*a

B

G

iEG

i*r

PES

Load

PCC

i*vDC

ZG

SW3

vPCC

vPCC

CiDC (s)

RMS (·)2

ω· vPCC

vPCC

V*PCC

Cvs (s)

vPCCv f

SW2

(·)2

SW1

Local optimization mode

Global optimization

Zero

SW1

Global optimization mode

Generator of reactive current reference


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Single-phase inverter MULTIFUNCTIONAL control

Simulation result of the DGS acting as a selective compensator:

PCC voltage (dashed); load, inverter and grid currents.

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Experimental result of a smart inverter acting as a selective compensator.

vPCC

(100 V/div)

iL

(20 A/div)

[4 ms/div]

iG

(20 A/div)

[4 ms/div]

vPCC

(100 V/div)

iG

(20 A/div)

[4 ms/div]

vPCC

(100 V/div)

iG

(20 A/div)

[4 ms/div]

vPCC

(100 V/div)

Load(KQ=KN=KD=0)

𝒊𝒏𝒂 (total)(KQ=KN=KD=1)

𝒊𝒓𝒃 (reactive)

(KQ=1 E KN=KD=0)

𝒊𝒖 (unbalance)(KN=1 E KQ=KD=0)


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Multifunctional Smart PV-InverterPCC

Energy gateway

Electronic

power

processor

High-level control

(Slave)Local

load

Energy

Storage

Local

source

iOUT

Communication

Electronic

power

processor

Communication

High-level control

(Master)

Backup

generator

Energy

Storage

vOUT

Utility Interface

Data

packagePower

referential

(αP e αQ)All grid tied converters can be used for

much more than just injection active or

reactive power to the grid !!!

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N1

Loads

EG

MainsN2

N3 N4

N5

N7

Loads

EG

Local

controller

Loads

EG

N0

N6 N8

N10 N11

LoadsLoads

Loads

13.8:0.22 kV

= phase

= neutral

N9

EG

Loads

EGLoads

Loads

EG

N12

N13

PCC

UI

ICT

Master controller

vG

iG iUI

ivCB1

CBUI

CB2

0

PCC

a

b

c

EG1N3

EG12N4

EG3N6

EG31N8

EG2N11

EG23N12

Line current

Phase current

Cooperative Control of

Reactive, Harmonic and

Unbalanced components.

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Main research areas are:

• Power Electronics (topologies, control, power quality, etc.)• Renewable Energy Systems• Energy Management• Intelligent Systems• Industrial Automation• Instrumentation• Embedded Systems• Robotics• Geoprocessing• Image processing

• Smart Grids: microgrids, smart meters, smart buildings, etc.

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GASI – Group of Automation and Integrated Systems(Research Lab)

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NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology(Smart Grid Lab)

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Ongoing Projects:

Interdisciplinary Research Activities in Electric Smart GridsUNESP and UNICAMPGrant from FAPESP Temático

NB_POCCREI: Norwegian-Brazilian collaboration on POwer theoriesand Cooperative Control for Renewable Energy IntegrationUNESP and NTNUGrant from The Research Council of Norway

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Fernando Pinhabel Marafão

[email protected]

Thanks for your attention!

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(Population: 650,000)

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Solar systems heading to smart grids technologies · communications, artificial intelligence, data...

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