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Transcript of Solar Energy Physics 52. Outline Basics of today’s power generation The Sun Photovoltaic Cell...
![Page 1: Solar Energy Physics 52. Outline Basics of today’s power generation The Sun Photovoltaic Cell Modules and systems A little economics Conclusion Quiz.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051401/56649e385503460f94b291c9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Solar Energy
Physics 52
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Outline
• Basics of today’s power generation• The Sun• Photovoltaic Cell• Modules and systems• A little economics• Conclusion• Quiz
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Power Generation
Current energy usage by mankind
7 x 1012 W
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Renewable and Non-Renewable energy Sources
• Non-Renewable– Oil– Natural Gas– Coal– Nuclear
• Renewable– Hydro-electric– Wind– Bio Fuels– Solar
• Direct heating• Photo-Voltaic
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Current World Energy Sources
39%
23%
23%
7%7% 1%
Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Hydro
Other
Other includes wind and solar power
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The Sun
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Solar Power
The total power from the sun is about 4 x 1026W
a) How much total power hits the earth?
b) What is the power density (W/m2)at the top of the earth’s atmosphere?
References on Solar energy: 1) Review paper by L. Kazmerski, of National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 2) Fundimentals of Renewable Energy ProcessesBy Also DaRosa (Stanford)
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Solar Power
a) How much total power hits the earth?
Powere = PSRe2/4D2
Pe= 1.7 x 1017W
Total human energy usage = 7 x 1012W
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Solar Power
b) What is the solar power density (W/m2)at the top of the earth’s atmosphere?
Power Densitye = PS/4D2
Power Densitye = 1360 W/m2
(Solar Constant)
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Solar Power
c) What is the solar power density at the surface of the earth?
Step 1: Average over all latitudes, day and night is ¼ solar constant
Step 2: Average attenuation due to clouds and other absorption is about 50%
Average Insolation = 1360W/m2 x ¼ x ½
= 174W/m2
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Average Insolation
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Photovoltaic Cells
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Photovoltaic Cell
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Photovoltaic Cell
• Semiconductor material that absorbs photons with energy greater than the material bandgap
• pn junction with bias allows current to be generated from the electron hole pair that is generated by the absorbed material
• > 95% of todays cells are simple silicon
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The silicon solar cell, invented in 1955, quickly became the standard for space power.
Solar Cells
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Solar Power
d) What size (m2) photovoltaic cell would you need to power your house or apartment?
Need to assume something for Photovoltaic efficiency
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Efficiency of PV Cells
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Historical Silicon PV Efficiency
Manufacturers Concentrated on Cost Reduction During this Period
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Photovoltaic Cells
Multi-junction cells now have demonstrated efficiencies approaching 40% and are for sale at rated efficiency of >25%
Multi-junction cells lead to high cost semiconductor devices. Concentrator systems allow dramatic reduction in the amount of active material
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Concentrating Solar Power
Example of a concentrator system for solar cells comes from SolFocusAllows for a 500x reduction in the amount of PV area needed
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Solar Power
d) What size (m2) photovoltaic cell would you need to power your house or apartment?
Power Generation = Insolation x PV efficiency
= 200W/m2 x 0.25
=50W/m2
Energy/Day= 50W/m2 x 24 hr =1.2KW-hr/m2
My house uses 1000KW-hr/mo. or 33KW-hr/day
Area = 33KW-hr/day/1.2KW-hr/day m2
Area = 28m2
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Solar Power
One More Idea
Off Grid: Your power system must store energy for use at night and cloudy days. Leads to expensive battery systems. It must also be robust enough to meet peak demand (Examples: Boats, Satellites, very remote sites)
On Grid: Your power system shares its power with the public or private utility, selling power when generation exceeds demand and buying power when generation is less than demand.
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Distributed Generation Strategies are Shaping the FutureDistributed Power Generation will be the Future Architecture
1900’s 2000’s
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Economics and projections
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Silicon Roadmap Cost
1
10
100
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Cumulative Production (MW)
Module Price ($/W) ($2002)
Historical
Projected
1980$21.83/W
1990$6.07/W
2000$3.89/W
2010$1.82/W
2013$1.44/W2002 Roadmap
Solar Panel Price Drops by 19% With Each Doubling in Manufacturing Capacity
PV Experience Curve
Rough Rules of Thumb
• Prices halve every decade• Market size increases
ten-fold every decade Silicon Shortage
2006$3.50/W
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Silicon Roadmap Cost1
10
100
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Cumulative Production (MW)
Module Price ($/W) ($2002)
Historical
Projected
1980$21.83/W
1990$6.07/W
2000$3.89/W
2010$1.82/W
2013$1.44/W2002 Roadmap
Incremental Improvements in Silicon Technology will Continue to Drive Solar Panel Price Reduction
Continuous Cost Reduction
Retail Parity
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Photovoltaic Production
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Market Growth
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Industry Shipments (MW)
On-Grid Utility
On-Grid Commercial
On-Grid Residential
Indoor
Consumer Power
Remote Habitation
Remote Industrial
Source: Strategies Unlimited
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Walldürn, Germany – 8.0 kW
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Osaka, Japan – 5 kW
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Microsoft Silicon Valley Campus
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18801860
500
0
1000
1500
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060
Surprise
Geothermal
Solar
Biomass
Wind
Nuclear
Hydro
Gas
Oil &NGL
Coal
Trad. Bio.
Exa
jou
les
Source: Shell, The Evolution of the World’s Energy Systems, 1995
Renewable Energy Drivers:•Climate Change•Fossil Fuel Depletion
Sources of Energy 50 years from now
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Conclusions
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Solar power future
• Environmental– With the pressure to reduce greenhouse gasses
people and governments will invest in solar energy to reduce costs and expand deployment
• Political– Strong desire in US to reduce dependence on foreign
sources of energy (oil)
• Economic– Cost of oil and natural gas will continue to increase
lowering the bar for alternative energy to compete economically
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Venture Capital want into the act
• New Solar Energy companies– Better materials for the cell– More efficient cell production– Less us of silicon material– New mounting techniques
• Over next decade start-up companies will compete with multi-national companies until technology settles down to a pure production cost race