Solar Energy. Radiant Energy Solar Radiation Average Daily Solar Insolation Per Month.
Solar energy and Environment
-
Upload
mohammad-alkour -
Category
Engineering
-
view
63 -
download
0
Transcript of Solar energy and Environment
![Page 1: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Name: Mohammad AlKourStudent No.: 131705014Instructor: Dr.Salim Solmaz
Solar Energy and Environment
![Page 2: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Outline• Introduction• The sun• Basic history• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)
– Low-temperature collectors– Medium-temperature collectors– High-temperature collectors
• Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• Pros & Cons• Environmental impacts• Economy of solar energy
![Page 3: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Introduction• Solar energy has big history.• Solar energy is one of the renewable
energy sources.• Sun emits photons and radiates heat.
![Page 4: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The sun• It is an important source of renewable
energy and its technologies are either passive solar or active solar.
• The Earth receives 174,000 (TW) of incoming solar radiation atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space.
4
![Page 5: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The sun• It emits EM radiation across most of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
5
![Page 6: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The sun
6
![Page 7: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Basic history• History of solar thermal
energy (STE)• History of (STE) has been
established by Augustin Mouchot. • In 1860, he began
exploring solar cooking. Further experiments involved a water-filled cauldron enclosed in glass.
7
![Page 8: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Basic history• History of solar thermal
energy (STE)• The first installation of solar
thermal energy equipment occurred in the Sahara approximately in 1910 by Frank Shuman when a steam engine was run on steam produced by sunlight.
• Frank Shuman built the world’s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt (1912-1913).
8
![Page 9: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Basic history• History of solar photovoltaic
• In 1839,Alexandre Edmond Becquerel observes the photovoltaic effect via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light.
• In 1873, Willoughby Smith finds that selenium shows photocond-uctivity. After ten years, Charles Fritts develops a solar cell using selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency.
• In 1954, Bell Labs announced the invention of silicon.
• Hoffman Electronics created an 14% efficient solar cell in 1960. 9
![Page 10: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• STE is a form of energy and a
technology for harnessing solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical energy for use in industrial, residential and commercial sectors.
• We can harness that energy by collectors– Low-temperature collectors– Medium-temperature collectors– High-temperature collectors
10
![Page 11: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Low-temperature collectors.
– They are flat black plates collectors generally used to preheat swimming pools. It has temperature range 5 to 30 degree.
11
![Page 12: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Low-temperature collectors.
– Swimming pools require a low temperature heat source, which a relatively small solar collector can easily provide.
12
![Page 13: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Medium-temperature collectors
– They are flat plate collectors or tubes and the its temperature range is 30 to 100 degree.
– These collectors are specified for a topic called “Solar Water Heating (SWH)” to produce the hot water needed for residential and commercial use.
– SWH goes into main systems:» Active SWH systems» Passive SWH systems
13
![Page 14: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Medium-temperature collectors.
14
![Page 15: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Medium-temperature collectors
– Active SWH systemsSystems that use pumps to circulate pressurized potable water directly through the collectors.
» Indirect systemsPumps circulate a non-freezing, heat-transfer fluid through the collectors and a heat exchanger.
» Direct systemsPumps circulate household water through the collectors and into the home. They work well in climates where it rarely freezes.
15
![Page 16: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Medium-temperature collectors.
– Active SWH systems» Indirect system
16
![Page 17: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Medium-temperature collectors.
– Active SWH systems» Direct system
17
![Page 18: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Medium-temperature collectors.
– Passive SWH systemsPassive solar water heating systems rely on
gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is heated.
» Thermosiphon systems
18
![Page 19: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Medium-temperature collectors.
– Passive SWH systems» Integral collector-storage passive systems
(ICS)
19
![Page 20: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• High-temperature collectors.
– Collectors that have temperature range above 100 degree– For electric power production, this technique is called
“Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)”.
20
![Page 21: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• High-temperature collectors.
– Parabolic trough
21
![Page 22: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• High-temperature collectors.
– Solar power tower
22
![Page 23: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• High-temperature collectors.
– Fresnel reflectors
23
![Page 24: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• High-temperature collectors.
– Parabolic dish
24
![Page 25: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• High-temperature collectors.
It consists of 258000 mirrors in 2.5Km square that can produce 100 MW and avoid 175000 tons of Co2 each year.
25
![Page 26: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• Conversion of light into electricity. • Types of solar cells:
• Mono-crystalline silicon solar cell• Poly-crystalline silicon solar cell• String ribbon solar cell• Thin-film solar cell (TFSC)
• Amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell• Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells• Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIS/CIGS)
Solar Cells
![Page 27: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)Mono-crystalline solar cell
Advantage• The efficiency rates of are
typically 15-20%.• Live the longest.• Highest power output.
Disadvantage• Most expensive.• NO micro-inverters.• Performance suffers as
temperature goes up, but less so than polycrystalline solar panels.
![Page 28: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)Poly-crystalline solar cell
Advantage• Simpler and cost less.• lower heat tolerance than
monocrystalline solar panels.• Do not require the Czochralski
process.
Disadvantage• Efficiency range is 13-16%.• Lower space-efficiency.
![Page 29: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)String ribbon solar cell
Advantage• Lower cost in manufacturing.
Disadvantage• Efficiency range is 14%.• Lowest space-efficiency.
![Page 30: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Thin-film solar cell
Advantage• Mass-production is simple.• High temperatures and
shading have less impact.• Can be made flexible.
Disadvantage• Efficiency range 7–13%. • Require a lot of space.• Low space-efficiency.
![Page 31: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• Amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell.Because of the low power output, it has been used in small-scale application such as pocket calculator. It is efficiency is typically around 6-8%.• Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cell.It is the only type of Thin-film cells that has surpassed the cost-efficiency. Its efficiency operates between 9-11%.• Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIS/CIGS) Solar Cell.It is the most potential in terms of efficiency. These solar cells contain less amounts of the toxic material cadmium that is found in CdTe solar cells. It has efficiency between 10-12%.
31
![Page 32: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
32
![Page 33: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• The air mass coefficient (AM) is commonly used to
characterize the performance of solar cells under standardized condition.
33
![Page 34: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
34
![Page 35: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
35
• Best range of photon energy for Si is between 1.1 to 1.6eV
![Page 36: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• PV technology can be employed in a variety of
applications.• It has two ways to connect a PV system:
• On-grid system• Off-grid system
![Page 37: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• On-grid system
37
![Page 38: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• Off-grid system
38
![Page 39: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
39
![Page 40: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
40
• It consists of 330000 solar poly-crystalline modules, it produces 78MW.
![Page 41: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
![Page 42: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Pros & Cons
Pros• Most widely available source
of energy.• Very quite.• Affordable in the long run.• No pollution.• High efficiency in large areas.• Low maintenance costs.
Cons• High initial cost.• Energy available during
daylight hours.• The weather can effect its
efficiency.
![Page 43: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Environmental impacts• Using solar energy may have some indirect
negative impacts on the environment. For example, some toxic materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic (PV).
• Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one method of determining environmental impacts from PV. Most LCAs of PV have focused on two categories: carbon dioxide equivalents per kWh and energy pay-back time (EPBT).
• EPBT = Einput/Esaved
• There are three types of impacts:• Impacts of first-generation PV• Impacts of second-generation PV• Impacts of third-generation PV
43
![Page 44: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Environmental impacts• Impacts of first-generation PV
» Mono-crystalline Silicon• EPBT ranges from 1.7 to 2.7 years.• The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh
ranges from 37.3 to 72.2 grams.» Poly-crystalline silicon
• EPBT ranges from 1.5 to 2.6 years.• The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh
ranges from 28.5 to 69 grams.
44
![Page 45: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Environmental impacts• Impacts of second-generation PV
» Cadmium telluride (CdTe)• EPBT ranges from 0.3 to 1.2 years.• The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh is
18 grams.» Copper Indium Gallium selenide (CIGS)
• EPBT ranges from 0.2 to 1.4 years.• The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh
from 20.5 – 58.8 grams.
45
![Page 46: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Environmental impacts• Impacts of third-generation PV
» Third-generation PVs are designed to combine the advantages of both the first and second generation devices.
» It has a range of 24–1500 grams CO2-eq/kWh electricity production. Similarly, reported EPBT of the published paper range from 0.2 to 15 years.
» Organic and polymer photovoltaic (OPV) has an efficiency of 2%, the EPBT ranged from 0.29–0.52 years. The average CO2-eq/kWh for OPV is 54.922 grams.
46
![Page 47: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Environmental impacts• In 2015, 27.4 CO2 emissions were avoided due to
38.4 TWh PV electricity consumed in Germany.
47
![Page 48: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Environmental impacts– Solar thermal impacts
Some solar thermal systems use potentially dangerous fluids to transfer heat. And for the CSP like in the beam of sunlight a solar power tower creates can kill birds and insects that fly into the beam.
48
![Page 49: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
49
• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Growth of SWH
![Page 50: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
50
• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Global distribution of SWH
![Page 51: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
51
• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Costs of SWH
![Page 52: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
52
• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Savings of SWH
![Page 53: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
53
• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Growth of CSP
![Page 54: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
54
• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Global distribution of CSP
![Page 55: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
55
• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Costs of CSP
![Page 56: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
56
• Solar Photovoltaic (PV)– Growth
![Page 57: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
57
• Solar Photovoltaic (PV)– Global distribution
![Page 58: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
58
• Solar Photovoltaic (PV)– Costs
![Page 59: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
59
• Solar Photovoltaic (PV)– savings
![Page 60: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
60
![Page 61: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
61
![Page 62: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Economy of solar energy
62
![Page 63: Solar energy and Environment](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020314/587908f61a28ab6f658b5571/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Thank youAny questions ?