SOL PreparationSOL Preparationforfor

US/VAUS/VA

HistoryHistory

Getting ready for the SOLGetting ready for the SOL

There are less than 80 There are less than 80 questions on the SOL Examquestions on the SOL Exam

They are multiple choice They are multiple choice questions questions

Some include maps & Some include maps & graphsgraphs

You have unlimited time in You have unlimited time in which to complete the testwhich to complete the test

Answer all questions, leave Answer all questions, leave no question unansweredno question unanswered

The secret is in preparation, The secret is in preparation, what is important to what is important to knowknow

People and events shape People and events shape our historyour history

We will identify as many We will identify as many important people and important people and events as possible in order events as possible in order to be prepared to respond to be prepared to respond successfully on the SOLsuccessfully on the SOL

Follow the slides and link Follow the slides and link the person or event with the person or event with important knowledgeimportant knowledge

The slides, like the test The slides, like the test follow a chronological follow a chronological sequencesequence

Let’s BeginLet’s Begin

Columbian Exchange

DiseasesDiseases Disease kills Disease kills a large a large segment of segment of the the indigenous indigenous population of population of AmericaAmerica

JamestownJamestownVirginaVirgina

11stst permanent permanent English English settlementsettlement

Jamestown Jamestown Colony 1607Colony 1607

TobaccoTobacco

Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact

Compact allows Compact allows for the concept of for the concept of majority rulemajority rule

Part of today’s Part of today’s political decision political decision making policymaking policy

TriangleTrade

Triangle TradeTriangle Trade

1313ColoniesColonies

Colonial SettlementColonial Settlement

Massachusetts & PuritansMassachusetts & PuritansRhode Island – dissentersRhode Island – dissentersPennsylvania – QuakersPennsylvania – QuakersMaryland – religious toleration Maryland – religious toleration

for Catholicsfor Catholics

Plantation SystemPlantation System

Agricultural system in the Agricultural system in the South. Cash crops like South. Cash crops like tobacco & cotton fuel slaverytobacco & cotton fuel slavery

Proclamation of 1763 & the Proclamation of 1763 & the Appalachian MountainsAppalachian Mountains

After French & After French & Indian War, Indian War, bares western bares western settlement settlement beyond beyond Appalachian Appalachian Mountains By Mountains By the Englishthe English

Very Important VirginiansVery Important Virginians Virginia Declaration of RightsVirginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason)(George Mason) Reiterated the notion that basic human rights should Reiterated the notion that basic human rights should

not be violated by governmentsnot be violated by governments Virginia Statute for Religious FreedomVirginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Thomas (Thomas

Jefferson)Jefferson) Outlawed the established church—that is, the practice Outlawed the established church—that is, the practice

of government support for one favored churchof government support for one favored church Bill of Rights Bill of Rights James Madison, a Virginian, consulted the Virginia James Madison, a Virginian, consulted the Virginia

Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom when drafting the amendments Religious Freedom when drafting the amendments that eventually became the United States Bill of Rights that eventually became the United States Bill of Rights

Thomas Thomas PainePaine

Wrote critical Wrote critical works works CommonCommon SenseSense and and The The CrisisCrisis

Inspires the Inspires the cause for the cause for the American American RevolutionRevolution

Shots heard around the WorldShots heard around the WorldLexington & ConcordLexington & Concord

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of IndependenceJuly 4, 1776 - PhiladelphiaJuly 4, 1776 - Philadelphia

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of IndependenceWritten by Written by

JeffersonJeffersonIdeas of John Ideas of John

LockeLocke (Natural Rights)(Natural Rights)

Life, liberty and Life, liberty and pursuit of pursuit of happinesshappiness

Taking SidesTaking Sides

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

Inventor, scientist, Inventor, scientist, and statesmanand statesman

Helped to gain Helped to gain funds and support funds and support for the American for the American causecause

Yorktown, Virginia 1781Yorktown, Virginia 1781

Last battle of the American RevLast battle of the American RevFrench fleet make the differenceFrench fleet make the difference

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

Powers to declare war, make Powers to declare war, make peace, sign treaties, borrow peace, sign treaties, borrow money, coin money, and establish money, coin money, and establish a postal servicea postal service

weak: no power to tax, control weak: no power to tax, control interstate or foreign trade, interstate or foreign trade, approval of statesapproval of states (no executive power to (no executive power to enforce the law)enforce the law)

Constitutional Constitutional Convention meets Convention meets

a meeting, planned to revise a meeting, planned to revise the Articles of Confederation, the Articles of Confederation, turns into a opportunity to write turns into a opportunity to write a new constitutiona new constitution

Virginia Plan (large states)Virginia Plan (large states)N. J. Plan (small states)N. J. Plan (small states)

FederalistFederalist The Federalists favored a strong national The Federalists favored a strong national

government that shared some power with government that shared some power with the states. They argued that the checks & the states. They argued that the checks & balances in the Constitution prevented balances in the Constitution prevented any one of the three branches from any one of the three branches from acquiring preponderant power. They acquiring preponderant power. They believed that a strong national believed that a strong national government was necessary to facilitate government was necessary to facilitate interstate commerce & to manage foreign interstate commerce & to manage foreign trade, national defense, and foreign trade, national defense, and foreign relations.relations.

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

Great CompromiseGreat Compromise, a House , a House based on representation based on representation determined by pop. and a determined by pop. and a Senate with two rep. from each Senate with two rep. from each statestate

three-fifths compromisethree-fifths compromise

Checks and BalancesChecks and BalancesConstitution provides for Constitution provides for

separation of powers:separation of powers:

Executive - vetoExecutive - veto

Legislature - impeachmentLegislature - impeachment

Judiciary - judicial reviewJudiciary - judicial review

George WashingtonGeorge Washington

CabinetCabinetTwo-TermsTwo-TermsWarns against Warns against

alliancesalliances

Marbury vs. MadisonMarbury vs. MadisonFederal Courts Federal Courts

have the power have the power of judicial of judicial review over the review over the CongressCongress

McCulloch v. McCulloch v. MarylandMaryland

JeffersonBuysFrom FranceIn1803

Lewis & Clark

The Eli Whitney & the The Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin Cotton Gin

Robert FultonRobert Fulton The ClaremontThe Claremont Invented the Invented the

steamboatsteamboatTransportation Transportation

improves with improves with speed and two speed and two way trafficway traffic

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine President Monroe warns all President Monroe warns all

European powers not to European powers not to interfere with affairs in the interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere. Western Hemisphere.

directed at the directed at the FrenchFrench, , Spanish, Portuguese, Russians Spanish, Portuguese, Russians and the English, claims in the and the English, claims in the America’s.America’s.

Missouri Compromise of 1820Missouri Compromise of 1820Allows slavery south of the 36’ Allows slavery south of the 36’

30’ & admits MO as a slave 30’ & admits MO as a slave statestate

Sets the guidelines for the Sets the guidelines for the future admission of slave statesfuture admission of slave states

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 & & “Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Seneca Fall ConventionSeneca Fall Convention

Women’s rights convention Women’s rights convention held in Seneca Falls, NYheld in Seneca Falls, NY

The beginning of the women’s The beginning of the women’s suffrage movementsuffrage movement

Notable women: Eliz. Cady Notable women: Eliz. Cady Stanton & Susan B. AnthonyStanton & Susan B. Anthony

Frederick DouglasFrederick Douglas

Black Black AbolitionistAbolitionist

Urged Lincoln Urged Lincoln to recruit to recruit former slaves former slaves to fight in the to fight in the Union ArmyUnion Army

Fredrick Douglas & Harriet Fredrick Douglas & Harriet Tubman and The Tubman and The

Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad

William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison

Publisher of the abolitionist Publisher of the abolitionist newspaper, newspaper, The LiberatorThe Liberator

Believes that slavery is a Believes that slavery is a violation of Christian violation of Christian principles and must be principles and must be endedended

Brigham Young and the Brigham Young and the Mormons go westMormons go west

Salt Lake City, Utah

Texas Independence and the Texas Independence and the AlamoAlamo

Struggle for independence in 1836Struggle for independence in 1836

Clay’s Compromise of 1850Clay’s Compromise of 1850

Territorial disputes and California admission

Argument for Argument for Popular Popular SovereigntySovereignty in territoriesin territories

Let the Let the people decidepeople decide

Party of Lincoln

Dred Scott Dred Scott DecisionDecision

1857 Supreme 1857 Supreme Court CaseCourt Case

Ruled to be Ruled to be propriety and propriety and cannot sue in cannot sue in courtcourt

Overturns the Overturns the Missouri Missouri Compromise of Compromise of 18201820

Uncle Toms Uncle Toms CabinCabin

Written by Written by Harriet Beecher Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852Stowe in 1852

Sparks that Sparks that ignite the Civil ignite the Civil WarWar

The Election of Lincoln causes The Election of Lincoln causes Southern States to withdraw Southern States to withdraw

from the Unionfrom the Union

Lincoln’s important speechesLincoln’s important speeches

Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation Proclamation frees the slaves in frees the slaves in 18621862

Ends slavery in Ends slavery in the United Statesthe United States

1863

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Lincoln’s Second Inaugural AddressAddress

““with malice with malice towards none, towards none, with charity for with charity for all…to bind up all…to bind up the nations the nations wounds”wounds”

Civil War SOL ObjectivesCivil War SOL ObjectivesIndustrial development of the Industrial development of the

NorthNorthAfter the war, passage of the After the war, passage of the

1313thth, 14, 14thth, and 15, and 15thth amendments. Established amendments. Established freedoms for former slavesfreedoms for former slaves

Homestead Act, 1862Homestead Act, 1862

Promontory Point, UtahPromontory Point, Utah

Carving up Carving up ChinaChina

U.S. in U.S. in ChinaChina

Open DoorOpen Door PolicyPolicy of of free trade in free trade in China with China with out conflictout conflict

Inventions/InnovationsInventions/Innovations

BessemerBessemer/steel process/steel processEdison/electric light & Edison/electric light &

phonograph…1000 patentsphonograph…1000 patentsBell/telephoneBell/telephoneWright Brothers/airplaneWright Brothers/airplaneFord/assembly lineFord/assembly line

Henry Ford’sAssembly Line

Captains of IndustryCaptains of IndustryJohn D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller and

Standard Oil…(Ida Tarbell)Standard Oil…(Ida Tarbell)Andrew Carnegie & SteelAndrew Carnegie & SteelSocial DarwinismSocial Darwinism – “survival – “survival

of the fittest”…a law of nature of the fittest”…a law of nature and a law of Godand a law of God

Philanthropy growsPhilanthropy grows

ProgressivesProgressives The Progressive Era the period from The Progressive Era the period from

1893 – 19201893 – 1920

Belief, values, & reform effort Belief, values, & reform effort by those who have only the by those who have only the publics well-being to guide publics well-being to guide them. them.

Jane Addams and Hull House Jane Addams and Hull House (settlement house)(settlement house)

Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust ActPrevents any business Prevents any business

structure that “restrains trade” structure that “restrains trade” (monopolies)(monopolies)

Clayton Anti-Trust Act expands Clayton Anti-Trust Act expands Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Sherman Anti-Trust Act; outlaws price fixing, exempts outlaws price fixing, exempts unions from Sherman Act unions from Sherman Act

Unions fight for changeUnions fight for change

Knights of Labor Knights of Labor (Terrance Powderly)(Terrance Powderly)

American Federation of Labor American Federation of Labor founded by Samuel Gompersfounded by Samuel Gompers

Important Strikes: Haymarket Important Strikes: Haymarket Square, Homestead Strike, & Square, Homestead Strike, & Pullman StrikePullman Strike

Threats of ImmigrationThreats of ImmigrationImmigration of 1880’s provides Immigration of 1880’s provides

a cheap supply of labor for a cheap supply of labor for America’s Industrial RevolutionAmerica’s Industrial Revolution

Eastern EuropeansEastern EuropeansChinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion ActNational Origins Act of 1920’s National Origins Act of 1920’s

sets quotas sets quotas

Progressive PresidentsProgressive Presidents

The Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement used government to reform used government to reform problems created by problems created by industrialization.industrialization.

Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” & Woodrow Wilson’s Deal” & Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom”“New Freedom”

The Big Four at The Big Four at the Treaty of the Treaty of

VersaillesVersailles

Wilson’s 14 Wilson’s 14 pointspoints

League of League of NationsNations

Blames Blames Germany for Germany for the warthe war (War (War Guilt Clause)Guilt Clause)

Mandate Mandate SystemSystem

Black MigrationBlack Migration

During the late 19th and early During the late 19th and early 20th century, African 20th century, African Americans began the Americans began the “Great“Great Migration”Migration” to Northern cities in to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in poverty and discrimination in the Souththe South..

Hawley-Smoot TariffHawley-Smoot TariffHighest protective tariff to dateHighest protective tariff to dateWildly prohibitive duty on Wildly prohibitive duty on

imported goods resulted with imported goods resulted with 25 nations passing laws to 25 nations passing laws to restrict purchases American restrict purchases American goods goods

Trade collapses…Bank PanicTrade collapses…Bank Panic

Stock Market crash of 1929Stock Market crash of 1929

Over-speculation on stocks Over-speculation on stocks using borrowed money that using borrowed money that could not be repaid. When the could not be repaid. When the stock market crashed in 1929, stock market crashed in 1929, stock prices collapsed, millions stock prices collapsed, millions were left unemployedwere left unemployed

Banks failedBanks failed

The Great DepressionThe Great DepressionCauses of the depressionCauses of the depressionThe New Deal:The New Deal:

This program changed the role of the government to a more active participant

in solving problems.Roosevelt rallied a frightened nation in

which one in four workers was unemployed. (“We have nothing to fear,

but fear itself.”)

The New DealThe New DealFDR closes the banks FDR closes the banks Orders 4 billion dollars to Orders 4 billion dollars to

federal banks to sure up the federal banks to sure up the money supplymoney supply

Government involvement vs. Government involvement vs. laissez-faire approach to laissez-faire approach to recoveryrecovery

Wagner & Social Security ActsWagner & Social Security ActsThe The Wagner ActWagner Act said that said that

employers had to bargain with employers had to bargain with their workerstheir workers

Creates the NLRB to insure fair Creates the NLRB to insure fair labor practiceslabor practices

Social Security ActSocial Security Act, 1935 , 1935 provides relief to the nations provides relief to the nations elderlyelderly

FDR & the “New Deal”FDR & the “New Deal”Master politician, the fireside Master politician, the fireside

chatschats Brain Trust…Frances PerkinsBrain Trust…Frances PerkinsMajor programs: FDIC, WPA, Major programs: FDIC, WPA,

TVA, SEC, & NRA TVA, SEC, & NRA Pump priming & government Pump priming & government

deficitsdeficits

Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941

“ “ A day that A day that will live in will live in infamy” FDRinfamy” FDR

U.S. declares U.S. declares war on Japan war on Japan the next daythe next day

Japanese-American Interment Japanese-American Interment Camps during WW IICamps during WW II

D-DAY June 6D-DAY June 6thth, 1944 , 1944 Liberation of EuropeLiberation of Europe

Manhattan Project & the Manhattan Project & the Atomic BombAtomic Bomb

Project to Project to develop the develop the atomic bomb atomic bomb in New in New MexicoMexico

More WW II stuffMore WW II stuff

Term: Term: island hopping, island hopping, how the how the U.S. moved across the Pacific U.S. moved across the Pacific to defeat the Japaneseto defeat the Japanese

The battle of El Alimien in North The battle of El Alimien in North AfricaAfrica

Midway, the turning point in the Midway, the turning point in the PacificPacific

Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials

Soviet occupation of Eastern Soviet occupation of Eastern EuropeEurope

Cold WarCold War

The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin AirliftThe Marshall PlanThe Marshall PlanTruman Doctrine – policy of Truman Doctrine – policy of

containmentcontainmentBerlin Wall erected in 1961Berlin Wall erected in 1961

NATONATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization & Collective North Atlantic Treaty Organization & Collective

SecuritySecurity

The North Atlantic Treaty The North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organization (NATO)(NATO) was formed as was formed as a defensive alliance among the United a defensive alliance among the United States and western European States and western European countries to prevent a Soviet invasion countries to prevent a Soviet invasion of Western Europe. Soviet allies in of Western Europe. Soviet allies in Eastern Europe formed the Eastern Europe formed the WarsawWarsaw PactPact and for nearly 50 years both and for nearly 50 years both sides maintained large military forces sides maintained large military forces facing each other in Europe.facing each other in Europe.

Mao & Communist ChinaMao & Communist ChinaBy 1949, By 1949,

Communist Communist forces control forces control mainland mainland ChinaChina

Break from the Break from the SovietsSoviets

1950’s1950’sPopulation shift to the suburbsPopulation shift to the suburbsBaby BoomBaby BoomRussia launches “Sputnik”Russia launches “Sputnik”Eisenhower wars of the Eisenhower wars of the

“military industrial complex” in “military industrial complex” in his farewell addresshis farewell address

McCarthyism & the Red ScareMcCarthyism & the Red Scare

HUAC-the House HUAC-the House Un-American Un-American Committee roots Committee roots out Communist out Communist in governmentin government

Red ScareRed Scare

Senator Joseph McCarthy played Senator Joseph McCarthy played on American fears of communism on American fears of communism by recklessly accusing many by recklessly accusing many American governmental officials American governmental officials and citizens of being communists and citizens of being communists based on flimsy or no evidence. based on flimsy or no evidence. This led to the coining of the term This led to the coining of the term McCarthyismMcCarthyism, or the making of , or the making of false accusations based on rumor false accusations based on rumor or guilt by association.or guilt by association.

Jonas Jonas Salk Salk finds a finds a cure cure for for poliopolio

Brown vs. Board of Education Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 1954 of Topeka, Kansas 1954

Plessy vs. Plessy vs. Ferguson reversedFerguson reversed

Virginia closes Virginia closes public schools public schools open private onesopen private ones

Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall and the NAACPand the NAACP

Rosa Parks and the Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott

&&The Little Rock NineThe Little Rock Nine

11stst Televised Presidential Televised Presidential debates, 1960debates, 1960

John F. Kennedy and the John F. Kennedy and the New FrontierNew Frontier

Americas first Americas first Catholic Catholic PresidentPresident

Peace Corps Peace Corps & NASA& NASA

Dr. Martin Luther KingDr. Martin Luther KingNon-violent protest

Gandhi

FidelFidelCastroCastro

Fidel Castro led a Fidel Castro led a communist revolution communist revolution that took over Cuba in that took over Cuba in the late 1950s. Many the late 1950s. Many Cubans fled to Florida Cubans fled to Florida and later attempted to and later attempted to invade Cuba and invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. overthrow Castro. This “Bay of Pigs” This “Bay of Pigs” invasion failed.invasion failed.

In 1962, the Soviet Union In 1962, the Soviet Union stationed missiles in Cuba, stationed missiles in Cuba, instigating the Cuban Missile instigating the Cuban Missile Crisis. President Kennedy Crisis. President Kennedy ordered the Soviets to remove ordered the Soviets to remove their missiles and for several days their missiles and for several days the world was on the brink of the world was on the brink of nuclear war. Eventually, the nuclear war. Eventually, the Soviet leadership “blinked” and Soviet leadership “blinked” and removed their missiles.removed their missiles.

Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 The act prohibited discrimination based on The act prohibited discrimination based on

race, religion, national origin, and gender.race, religion, national origin, and gender. It also desegregated public It also desegregated public

accommodations.accommodations. Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965 The act outlawed literacy tests.The act outlawed literacy tests. Federal registrars were sent to the South Federal registrars were sent to the South

to register voters.to register voters. The act resulted in an increase in African The act resulted in an increase in African

American voters.American voters.

Vietnam WarVietnam War

Gulf of TonkinGulf of TonkinTet OffensiveTet OffensiveVietnamizationVietnamization

July, 1969July, 1969

President President Kennedy’s Kennedy’s dream fulfilleddream fulfilled

Man lands on Man lands on the moonthe moon

June 17, 1972June 17, 1972 Role of the Role of the

Washington PostWashington Post Saturday Night Saturday Night

MassacreMassacre Tapes reveal cover-upTapes reveal cover-up Congress moves Congress moves

toward impeachmenttoward impeachment

Roe vs. Wade 1973Roe vs. Wade 1973

Supreme Court Case legalizes abortion in the United States

The Energy The Energy CrisisCrisis

The Arab The Arab Embargo of 1973 Embargo of 1973 drove up gas drove up gas pricesprices

U.S. conservationU.S. conservationSpeed limits set Speed limits set

at 55at 55Alaskan Oil Alaskan Oil

pipeline builtpipeline built

A Conservative ShiftA Conservative ShiftTax CutsTax CutsSupply-side Supply-side

economics economics ((trickle down trickle down theory)theory)

Recession & Recession & RecoveryRecovery

Sandra Day O’ConnorSandra Day O’Connor

1st Woman appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States

Fall of the Soviet UnionFall of the Soviet Union 1989, satellite 1989, satellite

nations forced nations forced democratic electionsdemocratic elections

Berlin Wall comes Berlin Wall comes downdown

East & West East & West Germany reunitedGermany reunited

Pro-democracy Pro-democracy student protest student protest leads to a violent leads to a violent crackdown on crackdown on Chinese citizensChinese citizens

Human Rights at Human Rights at issueissueChina, 1989

World’s Hot Spots – The Middle World’s Hot Spots – The Middle EastEast

Persian GulfPersian Gulf Ongoing Middle Ongoing Middle

East conflictEast conflict OilOil OPEC OPEC (Organization (Organization

of the Petroleum of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)Exporting Countries)

Operation Desert ShieldOperation Desert ShieldDesert Storm…Kuwait is Desert Storm…Kuwait is

liberated after Iraq invasionliberated after Iraq invasionUN effort led by the United UN effort led by the United

States States (Persian Gulf War, 1991)(Persian Gulf War, 1991)

The EndThe End

This does not include This does not include everything, but it does cover a everything, but it does cover a sufficient amount of material sufficient amount of material that should insure your success that should insure your success on the Virginia SOL examon the Virginia SOL exam

Good Luck!!!Good Luck!!!