Fertility status of irrigated soils of coastal Gir Somnath ...
Soils & Organic Fertility Management
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Transcript of Soils & Organic Fertility Management
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Soils and Organic Fertility Management
Warren Roberts
George Kuepper
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Last Class - Soil ManagementSite Selection, Soil Fertility
Warren Roberts
George Kuepper
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Ideal Soil
• 50% Solid Matter
• 45% Mineral
• 5% Organic
• 50% Pore Space
• 25% Water
• 25% Air
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Soil Fertility
• Essential Plant Nutrients
• C HOPKNS CaFe Mg B Mn Cu Zn Co Mo Cl
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pH and Nutrient Availability
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Soil Fertility
Nutrient Movement
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0 5 10 15 20 25 300
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450N (pounds per acre)
raw1
raw2
raw3
raw4
syn1
syn2
Linear (syn2)
Sample Date
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0 5 10 15 20 25 300
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400P (lbs per acre)
raw1 raw2
raw3 raw4
syn1 syn2
Samples Date
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Soil Test
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Organic Matter
• Wonderful
• Holds Water
• Improves Drainage
• Holds Nutrients
• Improves Tilth
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Biological Properties of Soil
•Organic Matter Content
•Plants
•Animals
•Microbial Biomass
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Life
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Soil Life - Animals
• Earthworms
• Mites
• Nematodes
• Protozoa• Beetles• Termites
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Soil Life - Microbes
• Bacteria
•Single Cell
• Millions per Gram
• 1,000,000,000,000,000 per Acre
• Fungi
•Long filaments (hyphae)
• Hundreds of Thousands per Gram
•100,000,000,000,000 per Acre
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Roles of Bacteria and Fungi
• Organic Matter Decomposition
• Soil Stabilization
• Aeration
• Tilth
• Nitrogen Fixation
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Mycorrhizae (Fungus – Root)
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Mycorrhizae (Fungus – Root)
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Organic Soil Fertilizers
• Options
• Buy
• Grow Your Own
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Organic Guidelines
Producer shall manage crop nutrients and soil fertility through rotations, cover crops, and the application of plant and animal materials (manures).
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Organic Guidelines
Producer shall manage plant and animal materials to maintain or improve soil organic matter content in a manner that does not contribute to contamination of crops, soil, or water by plant nutrients, pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, or residues of prohibited substances.
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Compost
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Phosphorus A producer may use
Colloidal, rock phosphate
Bone meal
Guano
Fish emulsion processing
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Potassium
A producer may use
• Wood ashes
• Rock dusts (granite, feldspar, greensand)
• Sulfate of potash magnesia
• Natural potassium sulfate
• Fly ash
• Recycled potassium-rich organic matter.
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Calcium
• Can Use
•Agricultural limestone
•Agricultural gypsum
• Do Not Use
•slaked or hydrated lime.
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Nitrogen
A producer may use
•Green manures
•Legumes
•Compost
•Vegetable meals
•Animal by-products and fish emulsion.
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Cover Crops and Green Manures
• Cover Crops
•Grown in Winter
• Green Manure Crops
•Grown in Summer
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Litter, Manure, etc
• Smelly
• Ammonia
• NH3
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April 14
Cover Crops
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Rye
April 16
Rye or Wheat
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Legumes
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Legume - Definition
• a dry dehiscent one-celled fruit developed from a simple superior ovary and usually dehiscing into two valves with the seeds attached to the ventral suture
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Legume - Definition
A pod, such as that of a pea or bean, that splits into two valves with the seeds attached to one edge of the valves.
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Legumes
• Peas
• Beans
• Soybeans
• Purple Hull Peas
• Crimson Clover
• Sweet Clover
• Hairy Vetch
• Alfalfa
• Lespedezea
• Black Locust
• Honey Locust
• Kudzu
• Mesquite
• Redbuds
• Wisteria
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Arrowleaf Clover
April 16
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Hairy Vetch
April 16
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Crimson Clover
April 16
Crimson Clover
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Nitrogen is Nutrient that is Most Limiting to Plant Growth
Atmosphere is 78% Nitrogen
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Legume – Bacteria Symbiosis• Captures Nitrogen from the Air
• Makes Nitrogen Available to Plant
• Bacteria Responsible
• Rhizobia (Rhizobium)
• Bradyrhizobium (Soybeans)
rhi·zo·bi·um
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Rhizobium group and species
Legumes treated
Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifoli Crimson clover, Red clover, White clover
Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli
Kidney beans, Snap beans, String beans, Wax beans
Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae Austrian winter pea, Common vetch, Garden pea, Hairy vetch
Rhizobium sp. Crownvetch
Bradyrhizobium japonicum Soybeans
Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna) Common lespedeza, Cowpea, Peanut, Velvet bean
Sinorhizobium melilotiAlfalfa, Medic, Yellow or white sweet clover
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Inoculum
• Use slurry
• Commercial Sticker
• Sugar-water solution
• Karo syrup solution
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Precautions !!!!
• Inoculum is Alive (hopefully!)
• Inoculum can Die (unfortunately)
• Note Expiration Date
• Avoid Fertilizers, Chemicals, Chlorine
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Precautions !!!!
• Refrigerate during Storage
• Keep temperature below 90 F
• Avoid High or Low pH
• Avoid Exposure to Sunlight
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Summary (Plants and Microbes)
• Add organic matter
• Avoid compaction
• Timely irrigation
• Promote drainage
• Promote aeration
• Neutral pH
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Crimson Clover
April 16
Crimson Clover
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Organic Matter