Soil is one of the world's most important natural resources. Soil forms the surface skin over the landscape of the earth at the junction between the atmosphere and the lithosphere. Think of soil as a thin carpet covering the land portions of the earth. Soil is a mixture of rock particles and organic matter, such as animal manure, leaves and other plant waste. It also contains air, water and tiny animals, including earthworms. Some soils are moist and crumbly while others are hard and dry. Parente material is a rresidual or sedentary developed in place from the underlying rock. Typically it experienced long and intense weathering. Residual parent materials can be found overlying any rock type provided that the landscape has been stable for a sufficient period of time for weathering to occur. Transported loose sediments or surficial materials (weathering products of rocks that are not cemented or consolidated) that have been

transported and deposited by gravity, water, ice, or wind. Cumulose is a organic deposits that have developed in place from plant residues and have been preserved by a high water table or some other factor retarding decomposition. These deposits are widespread and not restricted to any climatic zone. The soil is divided in 5 layers: ●Ground level: Plants grow and animals live here. ●Topsoil: This is sometimes called the organic layer. A thick cover of plants can keep the soil cool and keep it from drying out. ●Subsoil: This is a mix of mineral particles and some humus near the top. This is the layer where most of the soil's nutrients are found. Deep plant roots come here looking for water. Clays and minerals released up above often stick here as water drains down. ●Weathered parent material: This horizon can be very deep. There's no organic matter here at all. It's all rock particles, full of minerals.

The entire soil profile used to look like this all the way to the surface. Physical weathering broke the parent material up into small pieces. ●Bedrock: We finally found solid rock! The bedrock formed before the soil above it. It will wait here until erosion or an earthquake exposes it to the surface. Soils have many different properties, including texture, structure or architecture, water holding capacity and (whether the soils are acid or alkaline). These properties combine to make soils useful for a wide range of purposes. Soil properties govern what type of plants grow in a soil or what particular crops grow in a region. Here are some of the main soil properties that are important. These particles have been classified into four main size fractions: Rock fragments: Greater than 2mm diameter which under the microscope and often with the naked eye still bear the appearance of the naked eye still bear the appearance of the rock material from which they are formed.

●Sand-sized particles: normally 0.05-2 mm in size. ●Silt-sized particles: Normally 0.002-0.05 mm in size, and cannot be seen with the naked eye, i.e. some form of magnifier is needed. ●Clay-sized particles: Less than 0.002 mm in size. It is beyond the capacity of the naked eye to identify individual clay particles, and a strong microscope is needed to do so. Soil provides ecosystem services critical for life: soil acts as a water filter and a growing medium; provides habitat for billions of organisms, contributing to biodiversity; and supplies most of the antibiotics used to fight diseases. Humans use soil as a holding facility for solid waste, filter for wastewater, and foundation for our cities and towns. Finally, soil is the basis of our nation’s agro ecosystems which provide us with feed, fiber, food and fuel. The Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture reports the following breakdown of land use: forests, 30 percent; pasture

and rangeland, 27 percent; cropland,18 percent; special uses that primarily encompass national park lands,14 percent; miscellaneous lands including swamps and tundra, 9 percent. You could be forgiven for writing-off soil as just dirt, but if we didn’t have soil we wouldn’t have food to eat, or freshwater to drink. Even the paper on which this is printed came from trees that couldn’t have grown without a soil that was fit and well ❶Always remember soil is a living thing - it needs to breathe and feed - so add organic matter and avoid flooding with water. If you can get some, add organic fertilizer (but try not to use peat). ❷Don’t try and work your soil when it is too wet - it can damage the structure. ❸Do not compact soil too much and avoid overuse of heavy machinery. ❹Compost and re-cycle garden waste.

❺Always only add the correct amount of fertilizer, weed killer and follow instructions of when and where to apply. ❻Don’t remove all the stones in soil, they are good for drainage. ❼Match your plants to your soil and try to plant as much as possible leaving the minimum of bare ground - this protects ❽If you are moving plants or digging foundations try to retain the soil and re-use elsewhere. ❾Try and leave soil surfaces free to breathe rather than cover with concrete or tarmac. Use web matting instead of solid covering if you need hard standing areas - it can continue to filter and breathe. ❿Plant across slopes in rows or use terraces or walls to retain rain washed soil so it is not lost. In the days before there was a supermarket in every town, so many people plant their own vegetables , so it have to grew well , if not so all the family will or the family go short food

Providing the basis for food and biomass production soil controls and regulating environmental interactions and regulating water flow and quality. These include: ❶Sand, gravel and stones for building ❷For industry; ❸Peat and coal for heating; ❹Peat for horticulture. Preserving cultural and archaeological heritage. Soil influences many areas of our lives. It is an integral part of our ecosystem. Soil is a non-renewable natural resource. This should make us think of how much we value this resource. Damage to the soil can disturb nature's balance and prove a threat to life. The social fields are that we spend many money in farms because we need fruits , and there's no supermarket near so we buy many packages of soil to plant and get many products to keep the family good.