Soil Survey of Wayne County, Mississippi...Detailed Soil Maps The detailed soil maps can be useful...

United States Department of Agriculture

NaturalResourcesConservationService

In cooperation with the Mississippi State University College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Experiment Station

Soil Survey of Wayne County, Mississippi

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs.

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How To Use This Soil Survey

EditorSticky NoteThe index to map sheets and individual maps are not currently available. Detailed soil maps based on selected areas of interest can be generated from the Web Soil Survey at http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available online from the Natural Resources Conservation Service at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov.

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National Cooperative Soil SurveyThis soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint

effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Mississippi State University College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Experiment Stations. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Wayne County Soil and Water Conservation District.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 2007. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 2007. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 2007. The most current official data are available at http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale.

Nondiscrimination StatementThe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its

programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

CitationThe correct citation for this survey is:

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2009. Soil Survey of Wayne County, Mississippi. Online at: http://soils.usda.gov/survey/printed_surveys/.

Cover CaptionMaynor Creek Lake, which is located 6 miles west of Waynesboro. The lake and

water park provide recreational opportunities, including fishing, boating, and camping. An area of Trebloc silt loam, ponded, is in the foreground.

http://www.nrcs.usda.govhttp://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/http://soils.usda.gov/survey/printed_surveys/http://soils.usda.gov/survey/printed_surveys/

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ContentsHow To Use This Soil Survey ...................................................................................... iForeword ..................................................................................................................... viiGeneral Nature of the County.........................................................................................1

Climate .......................................................................................................................1History ........................................................................................................................3Agriculture and Commerce ........................................................................................3

How This Survey Was Made ..........................................................................................3Detailed Soil Map Units ................................................................................................5

AgB—Alaga fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes .............................................................6AnA—Annemaine fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded .................9BeB—Benndale fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ..........................................11BeC—Benndale fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes ..........................................15BeD—Benndale fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ........................................17BkA—Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded .......................20BmB—Bigbee loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded .....................23BoB2—Boswell fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded ..............................26BoC2—Boswell fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded ...........................29BsE2—Boykin-Luverne-Smithdale complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded ........32BtD2—Brantley-Okeelala complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded ........................36BtE2—Brantley-Okeelala complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded ......................39BtG2—Brantley-Okeelala complex, 35 to 90 percent slopes, eroded ......................43CaA—Cahaba fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded .....................45CaB—Cahaba fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded .....................48DgB—Dogue fine sandy loam, gently undulating, rarely flooded .............................50FnA—Fluvaquents, ponded .....................................................................................53FsA—Freest fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...............................................55FsB—Freest fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ...............................................58FsC—Freest fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes ...............................................61HaA—Harleston fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded ..................64HeD—Heidel fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .............................................67HeE—Heidel fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...........................................70IcB—Ichusa silty clay loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ...................................................73IrB—Irvington very fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ......................................76JnB—Jena-Una-Mantachie complex, gently undulating, frequently flooded ............79LaA—Latonia loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded .............................82LfA—Leaf silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded .................................84LpA—Leeper silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded ...................87LrD—Lorman fine sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes ............................................90LrE—Lorman fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ..........................................93LtD—Lorman-Petal complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes ...............................................96LuA—Louin silty clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...........................................................100LvA—Lucedale sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ................................................103MaA—Malbis fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................................105MaB—Malbis fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ............................................108


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MaC—Malbis fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes ............................................110MbE—Maubila-Olla-Rattlesnake Forks complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes ..............113MdA—McCrory-Deerford complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded ...116MrA—McLaurin fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes .........................................119MrB—McLaurin fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes .........................................122MrC—McLaurin fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes ........................................124OmC—Olla-Maubila complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes .............................................127PaA—Paxville loam, ponded ..................................................................................130Pd—Pits-Udorthents complex ................................................................................132PeA—Prentiss fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ..........................................133PwD—Prim-Suggsville-Watsonia complex, 2 to 10 percent slopes .......................136PwF—Prim-Suggsville-Watsonia complex, 10 to 40 percent slopes......................140QtA—Quitman fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded ........143RuA—Ruston fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................................146RuB—Ruston fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ............................................148RuC—Ruston fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes ...........................................151SaA—Savannah fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes .......................................154SaB—Savannah fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes .......................................157SaC—Savannah fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes .......................................161ShB—Shubuta fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ..........................................164SmD—Smithdale fine sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes ....................................167SmE—Smithdale fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ..................................170SoA—Stough fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded .........173StC2—Sumter-Maytag complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded ............................176SuB—Susquehanna fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes .................................179TbA—Trebloc silt loam, ponded .............................................................................182UaB—Urbo-Una complex, gently undulating, frequently flooded ...........................184WaB—Wadley loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes ..........................................187WsD—Wadley-Boykin-Smithdale complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes .......................189

Prime Farmland and Other Important Farmland ....................................................195Use and Management of the Soils ..........................................................................197

Crops and Pasture .................................................................................................197Land Capability Classification ............................................................................198

Forestland Management and Productivity ..............................................................199Recreation ..............................................................................................................202Wildlife Habitat .......................................................................................................204Hydric Soils ............................................................................................................205Engineering ............................................................................................................206

Building Site Development .................................................................................207Sanitary Facilities ...............................................................................................209Construction Materials .......................................................................................211Water Management ...........................................................................................212

Catastrophic Mortality ............................................................................................214Soil Properties ..........................................................................................................215

Engineering Soil Properties ....................................................................................215Physical Soil Properties .........................................................................................216Chemical Soil Properties ........................................................................................218Water Features .......................................................................................................218

Classification of the Soils ........................................................................................221Soil Series and Their Morphology ..............................................................................221

Alaga Series ...........................................................................................................222Annemaine series ..................................................................................................223Benndale Series .....................................................................................................225Bibb Series .............................................................................................................227


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Bigbee Series .........................................................................................................230Boswell Series ........................................................................................................231Boykin Series .........................................................................................................234Brantley Series .......................................................................................................235Cahaba Series .......................................................................................................237Deerford Series ......................................................................................................239Dogue Series .........................................................................................................241Freest Series ..........................................................................................................243Harleston Series .....................................................................................................245Heidel Series ..........................................................................................................248Ichusa Series .........................................................................................................249Irvington Series ......................................................................................................252Iuka Series .............................................................................................................254Jena Series ............................................................................................................256Latonia Series ........................................................................................................257Leaf Series .............................................................................................................259Leeper Series .........................................................................................................261Lorman Series ........................................................................................................263Louin Series ...........................................................................................................266Lucedale Series .....................................................................................................268Luverne Series .......................................................................................................269Malbis Series ..........................................................................................................271Mantachie Series ...................................................................................................273Maubila Series .......................................................................................................275Maytag Series ........................................................................................................277McCrory Series ......................................................................................................279McLaurin Series .....................................................................................................281Okeelala Series ......................................................................................................282Olla Series ..............................................................................................................284Paxville Series ........................................................................................................286Petal Series ............................................................................................................287Prentiss Series .......................................................................................................290Prim Series .............................................................................................................292Quitman Series ......................................................................................................293Rattlesnake Forks Series .......................................................................................296Ruston Series .........................................................................................................298Savannah Series ....................................................................................................300Shubuta Series .......................................................................................................302Smithdale Series ....................................................................................................304Stough Series .........................................................................................................307Suggsville Series ....................................................................................................309Sumter Series ........................................................................................................312Susquehanna Series ..............................................................................................313Trebloc Series ........................................................................................................316Una Series .............................................................................................................318Urbo Series ............................................................................................................320Wadley Series ........................................................................................................323Watsonia Series .....................................................................................................324

Formation of the Soils ..............................................................................................327Parent Material .....................................................................................................327Living Organisms .................................................................................................327Climate .................................................................................................................328Topography ..........................................................................................................328Time .....................................................................................................................328


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References ................................................................................................................329Glossary ....................................................................................................................331Tables .......................................................................................................................345

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ..............................................................346Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ...........................................................347Table 3.—Growing Season ...................................................................................348Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils .....................................349Table 5.—Prime Farmland and Other Important Farmland ...................................351Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture ..................352Table 7.—Forestland Management and Productivity ............................................356Table 8a.—Recreation (Part 1) ..............................................................................367Table 8b.—Recreation (Part 2) ..............................................................................376Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat ......................................................................................383Table 10a.—Building Site Development (Part 1) ...................................................390Table 10b.—Building Site Development (Part 2) ...................................................398Table 11a.—Sanitary Facilities (Part 1) .................................................................407Table 11b.—Sanitary Facilities (Part 2) .................................................................415Table 12a.—Construction Materials (Part 1) .........................................................423Table 12b.—Construction Materials (Part 2) .........................................................430Table 13a.—Water Management (Part 1) ..............................................................440Table 13b.—Water Management (Part 2) ..............................................................447Table 14.—Catastrophic Mortality, Poultry Disposal .............................................454Table 15.—Engineering Soil Properties ................................................................461Table 16.—Physical Soil Properties ......................................................................476Table 17.—Chemical Soil Properties .....................................................................486Table 18.—Water Features ...................................................................................494Table 19.—Taxonomic Classification of the Soils ..................................................503

Issued 2009

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This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in the survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.

Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area planning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some cases. Examples include soil quality assessments (http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/) and certain conservation and engineering applications. For more detailed information, contact your local USDA Service Center (http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State Soil Scientist (http://soils.usda.gov/contact/state_offices/).

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Homer L. WilkesState ConservationistNatural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcshttp://soils.usda.gov/contact/state_offices/

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By Ralph Thornton Fieldwork by Ralph Thornton, Christopher Hatcher, Grant Martin, Michael Williams, James Curtis, Melvin Lee, Steve Monteith, Rachel Stout-Evans, Willie Terry, Dwain Daniels, Charlie Breland, Margaret Rice, and Tom Kilpatrick United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,in cooperation withthe Mississippi State University College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Experiment Stations

Wayne County is located on the eastern edge of southern Mississippi among the lush pine and hardwood forests of the Chickasawhay River Basin (fig. 1). It contains one incorporated city and one town. The City of Waynesboro, the largest population center and county seat, is at the intersection of U.S. Highways 84 and 45. It is 193.4 feet above mean sea level. As of 2000, the population of the county was 21,216 (USDC, 2009).

General Nature of the CountyWayne County is rural. Tree farming is replacing the production of food crops and

cotton in many parts of the county, and the shifting of jobs from farm to industry is a continuing trend. The topography in Wayne County is rugged. In some localized areas, a karst topography has developed because of the underlying limestone formations. An area of gently rolling prairie underlain by the Yazoo Formation is in the northeast part of the county. The flat areas are mostly confined to the recent alluvial plains and, in some instances, the older elevated terraces. The highest elevation in the county is about 480 feet. The location of the highest point is northeast of Eucutta near the Clarke County line. The lowest elevations in the county are about 100 feet. They are in the Chickasawhay River Valley south of Buckatunna.

ClimatePrepared by the Natural Resources Conservation Service National Water and Climate Center, Portland,

Oregon.

The climate tables were created using data from a climate station at Waynesboro, Mississippi. Thunderstorm days, relative humidity, percent sunshine, and wind information were estimated from the first order station at Meridian, Mississippi.

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation for the survey area as recorded at Waynesboro in the period 1971 to 2000. Table 2 shows probable dates of the first

Soil Survey ofWayne County, Mississippi


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freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on the length of the growing season.

In winter, the average temperature is 49.1 degrees F and the average daily minimum temperature is 36.7 degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which occurred at Waynesboro on January 21, 1985, is 0 degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 79.4 degrees and the average daily maximum temperature is 91.4 degrees. The highest temperature, which occurred at Waynesboro on July 14, 1980, is 106 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in Table 1. They are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, growing degree days accumulate by the amount that the average temperature each day exceeds a base temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly accumulation is used to schedule single or successive plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring and the first freeze in fall.

The average annual total precipitation is about 58.43 inches. Of this, about 30.43 inches, or 52 percent, usually falls in April through October. The growing season for most crops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of record was 7.02 inches at Waynesboro on October 21, 1959. Thunderstorms occur on about 58 days each year and are most common in July.

Figure 1.—Location of Wayne County in Mississippi.


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The average seasonal snowfall is 0.4 inch. The greatest snow depth at any one time during the period of record was 4 inches recorded on February 23, 1968. In most years, 0 days have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground. The heaviest 1-day snowfalls on record were 10 inches recorded in December 1963 and 9 inches in March 1993.

The average relative humidity in mid-afternoon is about 55 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the average at dawn is about 90 percent. The sun shines 68 percent of the time possible in summer and 49 percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the south-southwest. Average wind speed is highest, 7.5 miles per hour, in February and March.

HistoryThe county was named in honor of General Anthony “Mad Anthony” Wayne, who

earned his nickname as a result of exploits during the revolutionary war. The first settlers to Wayne County came from North and South Carolina. Many of them were of Scottish descent. The original inhabitants of the country were dubbed “Chickasawhay settlers.” The name was derived from the Chickasawhay River, the primary waterway in the area. In all, 13 counties have been carved out of the original Wayne County. With the exception of Lawrence County, Wayne County provided the largest number of settlers to the new counties.

Wayne County is bordered on the north by Clark County, Mississippi; on the south by Greene County, Mississippi; on the southwest by Perry County, Mississippi; on the west by Jones County, Mississippi; on the northeast by Choctaw County, Alabama; on the southeast by Washington County, Alabama; and on the northwest by Jasper County, Mississippi. The maximum width of the county is 29 miles, and the maximum length is about 31.5 miles. The county has a total area of 814 square miles, of which 810 square miles is land and 3 square miles is water. Wayne County is the third largest county in Mississippi. The county consists of 520,600 total acres, including 430,000 acres of private land, 90,200 acres of federal land, and 400 acres of census water.

Agriculture and CommerceAgriculture is a major economic enterprise in the county. The main crops are

corn, soybeans, peanuts, hay, and blueberries. Other enterprises include livestock and poultry production. Natural resources include oil sand, gravel, and timber. The industrial base is anchored by apparel, poultry, and forest products. Wayne County has an abundance and variety of wildlife, including white-tailed deer, wild turkey, dove, and squirrel. Deer are the most popular wildlife for hunting. The average size lease for hunting is 2,500 to 3,000 acres.

The county is served by three major highways: State Highway 63, which runs south from Waynesboro to the Mississippi Gulf Coast; U.S. Highway 45, which runs north and southeast; and U.S. Highway 84, which runs east and west.

How This Survey Was MadeThis survey was made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous

areas in the survey area. The information includes a description of the soils and miscellaneous areas and their location and a discussion of their suitability, limitations, and management for specified uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not been changed by other biological activity.


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The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind of landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area and relating their position to specific segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on the landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as their characteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soil scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented by an understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character of soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience and research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generally are collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels of management. Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some new interpretations are developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled from other sources, such as research information, production records, and field experience of specialists. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels of management are assembled from farm records and from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on such variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over long periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example, soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.

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The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can be used to determine the suitability and potential of a unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan the management needed for those uses.

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils.

Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. The contrasting components are mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A few areas of minor components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous areas on the landscape.

The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. The delineation of such segments on the map provides sufficient information for the development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however, onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives the principal hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on the

Detailed Soil Map Units


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detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Boswell fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded, is a phase of the Boswell series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are complexes. A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas. Brantley-Okeelala complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded, is an example.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil material and support little or no vegetation. The areas of pits in the Pits-Udorthents complex is an example.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas.

AgB—Alaga fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes

SettingLandscape: Coastal PlainLandform: High stream terracesLandform position: Convex slopesShape of areas: Irregular or oblongSize of areas: 5 to 300 acres

CompositionAlaga and similar soils: 90 percentDissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical ProfileSurface layer:0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand

Substratum:6 to 10 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand10 to 26 inches—yellowish brown sand26 to 31 inches—brownish yellow sand31 to 42 inches—yellow fine sand42 to 67 inches—very pale brown fine sand that has brownish yellow and light gray

streaks of clean sand67 to 78 inches—very pale brown fine sand that has reddish yellow and light gray

streaks of clean sand78 to 83 inches—very pale brown fine sand that has gray streaks of clean sand

Soil Properties and QualitiesPotential rooting depth: Very deepDrainage class: Somewhat excessively drainedPermeability: RapidAvailable water capacity: LowSeasonal high water table: None within a depth of 6 feetShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: NoneHazard of water erosion: Slight


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Content of organic matter in the surface layer: LowTilth: PoorOther distinctive properties: Poor filtering capacity due to deep sands

Minor ComponentsDissimilar soils:

Poorly drained Bibb soils, which have a water table at the surface; along narrow • drainageways

Similar soils:Somewhat excessively drained Wadley soils, which have a sandy surface layer that • is more than 40 inches thick and are in positions similar to those of the Alaga soil

Land UseDominant uses: Forestland and pastureOther uses: Cropland

CroplandSuitability: SuitedCommonly grown crops: Small grains and truck cropsManagement concerns: Droughtiness, nutrient leaching, equipment use, and soil

fertilityManagement measures and considerations:

Using a resource management system that includes conservation tillage, winter • cover crops, crop residue management, and crop rotations that include grasses and legumes increase available water capacity, minimize crusting, and improve soil fertility.Using split applications increases the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.• Using equipment that has low-pressure tires increases traction and minimizes the • rutting caused by the high content of sand in the soil.Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of • plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and haylandSuitability: Well suitedCommonly grown crops: Bahiagrass, bermudagrass, and oatsManagement concerns: Droughtiness, equipment use, nutrient leaching, and soil


Applying supplemental irrigation and seeding or planting varieties that are adapted • to droughty conditions increases crop production.Using equipment that has low-pressure tires increases traction and minimizes the • rutting caused by the high content of sand in the soil.Using split applications increases the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.• When pasture and hayland are established, maintained, or renovated, the • application of lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

ForestlandSuitability: Well suitedProductivity class: High for longleaf pineManagement concerns: Equipment use, seedling mortality, and plant competitionManagement measures and considerations:

Using tracked or low-pressure ground equipment minimizes rutting and the damage • caused to tree roots by compaction during harvesting.Planting rates can be increased to compensate for the high rate of seedling mortality.•


8

Site preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and applying • herbicides, help to control plant competition.

Wildlife habitatPotential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; forestland wildlife—poor;

wetland wildlife—very poorManagement concerns: Droughtiness, equipment use, nutrient leaching, and soil


Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of • vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest.Forestland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of • oak trees and suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every 3 years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey.

DwellingsSuitability: Well suitedManagement concerns: NoneManagement measures and considerations:

No significant limitations affect dwellings.•

Septic tank absorption fieldsSuitability: Poorly suitedManagement concerns: Poor filtering capacityManagement measures and considerations:

The soil readily absorbs, but does not adequately filter, effluent. Measures that • improve the filtering capacity should be considered.Accessing the outlets of the public sewage system eliminates the need to use this • severely limited soil as a site for a septic tank system.The local Health Department can be contacted for additional guidance regarding • sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streetsSuitability: Well suitedManagement concerns: Unstable excavation wallsManagement measures and considerations:

Caution should be used in the design of road cuts because excavation walls are • unstable and can collapse.Vegetating cut-and-fill slopes as soon as possible after construction helps to stabilize • the soil and reduces the hazard of erosion, especially if fertilizer, lime, seed, and mulch are applied.

Lawns and landscapingSuitability: SuitedManagement concerns: Droughtiness and nutrient leachingManagement measures and considerations:

Applying supplemental irrigation and planting or seeding varieties that are adapted • to droughty conditions increases the survival rate of grasses and landscaping plants.Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish lawns and landscape plants.• Using split applications increases the effectiveness of fertilizer and lime.•

Interpretive GroupsLand capability classification: 3sForestland ordination symbol: 8S


9

AnA—Annemaine fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded

SettingLandscape: Coastal PlainLandform: Stream terracesLandform position: Adjacent to major streamsShape of areas: OblongSize of areas: 5 to 60 acres

CompositionAnnemaine and similar soils: 85 percentDissimilar soils: 15 percent

Typical ProfileSurface layer:0 to 2 inches—brown fine sandy loam2 to 7 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:7 to 15 inches—red clay15 to 23 inches—red clay that has yellowish red and gray mottles23 to 39 inches—yellowish red clay that has yellowish red, light brown, and gray

mottles39 to 46 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has red, strong brown, and light gray

mottles46 to 55 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that has red and light brownish gray

mottles

Substratum:55 to 64 inches—strong brown sandy loam that has red and light brownish gray

mottles64 to 73 inches—yellowish red loamy sand that has gray and strong brown mottles73 to 81 inches—reddish yellow stratified layers of loamy sand, fine sand, and sandy

loam having red mottles

Soil Properties and QualitiesPotential rooting depth: Very deepDrainage class: Moderately well drainedPermeability: SlowAvailable water capacity: HighSeasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 11/2 to 21/2 feet from December

through AprilShrink-swell potential: ModerateFlooding: RareHazard of water erosion: SlightContent of organic matter in the surface layer: LowTilth: Good


Cahaba soils, which are well drained and are in positions similar to those of the • Annemaine soil or slightly higherQuitman soils, which are somewhat poorly drained and are in the lower positions • and drainagewaysSmall areas of somewhat poorly drained, brownish, clayey soils along depressions•


10

Similar soils:Dogue soils in positions similar to those of the Annemaine soil or slightly lower•

Land UseDominant uses: ForestlandOther uses: Pasture and cropland

CroplandSuitability: Well suitedCommonly grown crops: Row crops, small grains, and truck cropsManagement concerns: Wetness and floodingManagement measures and considerations:

Installing and maintaining an artificial drainage system helps to overcome the • wetness and improves productivity.Although most of the flooding occurs during the winter, crop loss can occur during • the growing season.Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of • plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and haylandSuitability: Well suitedCommonly grown crops: Bahiagrass, bermudagrass, and cloverManagement concerns: Wetness, flooding, and soil fertilityManagement measures and considerations:

Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely deferment of grazing, and restricted • use during wet periods help to minimize compaction, maintain productivity, and keep the pasture in good condition.Although most of the flooding occurs during the winter, pasture and hay crops can • be damaged any time of the year.An artificial drainage system may be needed to maximize productivity.• When pasture and hayland are established, maintained, or renovated, the • application of lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

ForestlandSuitability: Well suitedProductivity class: Moderately high for loblolly pine and yellow poplarManagement concerns: Equipment use and plant competitionManagement measures and considerations:

Harvesting timber during the summer reduces the risk of damage from the flooding.• Site preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and applying • herbicides, help to control plant competition.

Wildlife habitatPotential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—good; forestland wildlife—good;

wetland wildlife—poorManagement concerns: WetnessManagement measures and considerations:

Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of • vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest.Forestland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of • oak trees and suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every 3 years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey.Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that provide • open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers.


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DwellingsSuitability: Poorly suitedManagement concerns: FloodingManagement measures and considerations:

Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted fill material reduces the risk of • damage from the flooding.

Septic tank absorption fieldsSuitability: Poorly suitedManagement concerns: Wetness and restricted permeabilityManagement measures and considerations:

This map unit is difficult to manage as a site for septic tank absorption fields because • the seasonal high water table is at a depth of 11/2 to 21/2 feet.Increasing the size of the absorption field improves the performance of the system.• Installing the distribution lines during dry periods helps to control smearing and • sealing of trench walls.The local Health Department can be contacted for additional guidance regarding • sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streetsSuitability: Poorly suitedManagement concerns: Low strengthManagement measures and considerations:

Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and compacting the roadbed help to • overcome the low strength of the natural soil material.Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill material helps to overcome the • wetness.

Lawns and landscapingSuitability: SuitedManagement concerns: WetnessManagement measures and considerations:

A surface or subsurface drainage system may be needed in some areas.• Topsoil should be stockpiled from an area before it is otherwise disturbed and then • replaced before the area is landscaped.Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish lawns and landscape plants.•

Interpretive GroupsLand capability classification: 2w Forestland ordination symbol: 8W

BeB—Benndale fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

SettingLandscape: Coastal PlainLandform: UplandsLandform position: Summits and shoulder slopesShape of areas: IrregularSize of areas: 5 to 150 acres

CompositionBenndale and similar soils: 90 percentDissimilar soils: 10 percent


12

Typical ProfileSurface layer:0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam3 to 6 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:6 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:10 to 18 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam18 to 27 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam27 to 33 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam that has red mottles33 to 45 inches—reddish yellow fine sandy loam that has yellowish red mottles45 to 57 inches—reddish yellow fine sandy loam that has mottles in shades of yellow57 to 70 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam that has yellowish red mottles70 to 81 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and QualitiesDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedPermeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighSeasonal high water table: None within a depth of 6 feetShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: NoneHazard of water erosion: ModerateContent of organic matter in the surface layer: LowTilth: Good


Excessively drained Alaga soils, which are sandy and are on the slightly lower • summitsModerately well drained Savannah soils, which have more clay in the subsoil than • the Benndale soil, have a fragipan, and are in positions similar to those of the Benndale soilModerately well drained Freest soils, which have more clay in subsoil than the • Benndale soil and are in lower positions

Similar soils:Small areas of Malbis soils, which have more clay in subsoil than the Benndale soil • and have plinthite in the lower partSmall areas of McLaurin soils, which have a red subsoil•

Land UseDominant uses: Pasture and forestlandOther uses: Cropland

CroplandSuitability: Well suitedCommonly grown crops: Row crops, small grains, and truck cropsManagement concerns: ErodibilityManagement measures and considerations:

Cultivated crops that produce large amounts of residue minimize crusting and • packing and reduce the hazard of erosion.


13

Using a resource management system that includes contour farming, conservation • tillage, crop residue management, terraces, grassed waterways, stripcropping, and no-till cropping reduces the hazard of erosion, helps to control surface runoff, and maximizes rainfall infiltration.Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of • plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and hayland (fig. 2)Suitability: Well suitedCommonly grown crops: Bahiagrass, bermudagrass, ryegrass, and cloverManagement concerns: ErodibilityManagement measures and considerations:

Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope reduces the hazard of • erosion and increases the rate of germination.Using rotational grazing and implementing a well-planned schedule of clipping and • harvesting help to maintain the pasture and increase productivity.When pasture and hayland are established, maintained, or renovated, the • application of lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

ForestlandSuitability: Well suitedProductivity class: High for loblolly pineManagement concerns: Erodibility and plant competitionManagement measures and considerations:

Limitations affecting forestland management are slight.• Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging roads, • skid trails, and log landings.

Figure 2.—An area of Benndale fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes. This soil is well suited to improved pasture conservation practices.


14

Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to control • erosion and the siltation of streams.Planting improved varieties of loblolly pine increases productivity.•


wetland wildlife—very poorManagement concerns: ErodibilityManagement measures and considerations:



No significant limitations affect dwellings.• Care should be taken to prevent erosion during construction, and vegetation should • be established as soon as possible.

Septic tank absorption fieldsSuitability: Well suitedManagement concerns: NoneManagement measures and considerations:

No significant limitations affect septic tank absorption fields.• The local Health Department can be contacted for additional guidance regarding • sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streetsSuitability: Well suitedManagement concerns: NoneManagement measures and considerations:

No significant limitations affect local roads and streets.• Vegetating cut-and-fill slopes as soon as possible after construction helps to stabilize • the soil and reduces the hazard of erosion.

Lawns and landscapingSuitability: Well suitedManagement concerns: ErodibilityManagement measures and considerations:

Topsoil should be stockpiled from an area before it is otherwise disturbed and then • replaced before the area is landscaped.Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion-control structures, such as sediment • fences and catch basins, help to keep soil on the site.Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish lawns and landscape plants.•

Interpretive GroupsLand capability classification: 2eForestland ordination symbol: 10A


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BeC—Benndale fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes

SettingLandscape: Coastal PlainLandform: Uplands and high stream terracesLandform position: Shoulder slopes and side slopesShape of areas: IrregularSize of areas: 5 to 125 acres




Subsoil:10 to 18 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam18 to 27 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam27 to 33 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam that has red mottles33 to 45 inches—reddish yellow fine sandy loam that has yellowish red mottles45 to 57 inches—reddish yellow fine sandy loam57 to 70 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam that has yellowish red mottles70 to 81 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Potential rooting depth: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedPermeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighSeasonal high water table: None within a depth of 6 feetShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: NoneHazard of water erosion: SevereContent of organic matter in the surface layer: LowTilth: Good


Heidel soils, which have a red subsoil and are on the steeper side slopes• Moderately well drained Savannah soils, which have more clay in the subsoil than • the Benndale soil, have a fragipan, and are in positions similar to those of the Benndale soilSmithdale soils, which have a red subsoil that has more clay than the subsoil of the • Benndale soil and are on short, steeper side slopesSomewhat excessively drained Wadley soils, which have sandy surface and • subsurface layers with a combined thickness of more than 40 inches and are on short, steeper backslopes


16

Similar soils:Small areas of Malbis soils, which have more clay in the subsoil than the Benndale • soil and have plinthite in the lower partSmall areas of McLaurin soils, which have a red subsoil•

Land UseDominant uses: Pasture and forestlandOther uses: Cropland

CroplandSuitability: SuitedCommonly grown crops: Row crops, small grains, and truck cropsManagement concerns: ErodibilityManagement measures and considerations:

Using a resource management system that includes terraces, grassed waterways, • contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations reduces the hazard of erosion, helps to control surface runoff, and maximizes rainfall infiltration.Cultivated crops that produce large amounts of residue minimize crusting and • packing and reduce the hazard of erosion.Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of • plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and haylandSuitability: Well suitedCommonly grown crops: Bahiagrass, bermudagrass, ryegrass, and cloverManagement concerns: ErodibilityManagement measures and considerations:

Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope reduces the hazard of • erosion and increases the rate of germination.Using rotational grazing and implementing a well-planned schedule of clipping and • harvesting help to maintain the pasture and increase productivity.When pasture and hayland are established, maintained, or renovated, the • application of lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

ForestlandSuitability: Well suitedProductivity class: High for loblolly pineManagement concerns: Plant competitionManagement measures and considerations:

Site preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and applying • herbicides, help to control plant competition.Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging roads, • skid trails, and landings.Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes helps to control • erosion and the siltation of streams.



Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of • vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest.


17

Forestland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of • oak trees and suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every 3 years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey.


No significant limitations affect dwellings.• Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion-control structures, such as sediment • fences and catch basins, help to keep soil on the site.

Septic tank absorption fieldsSuitability: Well suitedManagement concerns: NoneManagement measures and considerations:

No significant limitations affect septic tank absorption fields.• The local Health Department can be contacted for additional guidance regarding • sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streetsSuitability: Well suitedManagement concerns: ErodibilityManagement measures and considerations:

Vegetating cut-and-fill slopes as soon as possible after construction helps to stabilize • the soil and reduces the hazard of erosion.

Lawns and landscapingSuitability: Well suitedManagement concerns: ErodibilityManagement measures and considerations:

Topsoil should be stockpiled from an area before it is otherwise disturbed and then • replaced before the area is landscaped.Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion-control structures, such as sediment • fences and catch basins, help to keep soil on the site.Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish lawns and landscape plants.•


BeD—Benndale fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

SettingLandscape: Coastal PlainLandform: Uplands and high stream terracesLandform position: Side slopesShape of areas: Irregular or oblongSize of areas: 5 to 350 acres



18



Subsoil:10 to 18 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam18 to 27 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam27 to 33 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam that has red mottles33 to 45 inches—reddish yellow fine sandy loam that has yellowish red mottles45 to 57 inches—reddish yellow fine sandy loam57 to 70 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam that has yellowish red mottles70 to 81 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Potential rooting depth: Very deepDrainage class: Well drainedPermeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: HighSeasonal high water table: None within a depth of 6 feetShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: NoneHazard of water erosion: SevereContent of organic matter in the surface layer: LowTilth: Good


Poorly drained Bibb soils along drainageways• Moderately well drained Lorman soils, which have a reddish, clayey subsoil and are • on the steeper side slopes and footslopesModerately well drained Savannah soils, which have more clay in the subsoil than • the Benndale soil, have a fragipan, and are in positions similar to those of the Benndale soil

Similar soils:Small areas of Boykin soils, which have a thicker combined surface and subsurface • layer than that of the Benndale soilSmall areas of Heidel soils, which have a red subsoil and are on the steeper side • slopesSmall areas of Smithdale soils, which have a red subsoil that has more clay than • that of the Benndale soilSmall areas along lower slopes that may be flooded•

Land UseDominant uses: ForestlandOther uses: Cropland and pasture

CroplandSuitability: Poorly suitedCommonly grown crops: Small grains and truck cropsManagement concerns: Erodibility


19

Management measures and considerations:Using a resource management system that includes terraces and diversions, • grassed waterways, conservation tillage, stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue management, and soil conserving crops in rotation reduces the hazard of erosion, helps to control surface runoff, and maximizes rainfall infiltration.Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of • plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and haylandSuitability: Well suited to pasture; suited to haylandCommonly grown crops: Bahiagrass, bermudagrass, ryegrass, and cloverManagement concerns: Erodibility and equipment useManagement measures and considerations:

Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope reduces the hazard of • erosion and increases the rate of germination.Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams helps to control erosion of the • streambanks and sedimentation of the creeks and streams.The slope can limit equipment use in the steeper areas.• Gullies tend to form on cow paths because of the rapid runoff and severe hazard of • erosion.Using rotational grazing and implementing a well planned schedule of clipping and • harvesting help to maintain the pasture and increase productivity.When pasture and hayland are established, maintained, or renovated, the • application of lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

ForestlandSuitability: Well suitedProductivity class: High for loblolly pine and slash pineManagement concerns: Erodibility and plant competitionManagement measures and considerations:

Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to control • siltation and provides shade for the water surface, thereby improving aquatic habitat.Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging roads, • skid trails, and landings.Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes reduces the hazard • of erosion and the siltation of streams.Site preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and applying • herbicides, help to control plant competition.




DwellingsSuitability: SuitedManagement concerns: Erodibility and slope


20

Management measures and considerations:Structures can be designed to conform to the natural slope or can be built in the less • sloping areas.Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion-control structures, such as sediment • fences and catch basins, help to keep soil on the site.

Septic tank absorption fieldsSuitability: SuitedManagement concerns: SlopeManagement measures and considerations:

Installing the distribution lines on the contour improves the performance of septic • tank absorption fields.The local Health Department can be contacted for additional guidance regarding • sanitary facilities.

Local roads and streetsSuitability: SuitedManagement concerns: Erodibility and slopeManagement measures and considerations:

Designing roads to conform to the contour and providing adequate water-control • structures, such as culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road.Vegetating cut-and-fill slopes as soon as possible after construction helps to stabilize • the soil and reduces the hazard of erosion.

Lawns and landscapingSuitability: SuitedManagement concerns: Erodibility, slope, and droughtinessManagement measures and considerations:

Applying supplemental irrigation and planting or seeding varieties that are adapted • to droughty conditions increases the survival rate of grasses and landscaping plants.Designing plantings to conform to the natural contour of the slope reduces the • hazard of erosion and increases the rate of water infiltration.Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion-control structures, such as sediment • fences and catch basins, help to keep soil on the site.Topsoil should be stockpiled from an area before it is otherwise disturbed and then • replaced before the area is landscaped.Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish lawns and landscape plants.•


BkA—Bibb-Iuka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded

SettingLandscape: Coastal PlainLandform: Flood plainsLandform position: Bibb—planar to slightly concave slopes; Iuka—natural leveesShape of areas: Long and narrowSize of areas: 5 to 750 acres

CompositionBibb and similar soils: 66 percentIuka and similar soils: 24Dissimilar soils: 10 percent


21

Typical ProfilesBibbSurface layer:0 to 8 inches—brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:8 to 13 inches—dark gray silt loam

Substratum:13 to 22 inches—light gray very fine sandy loam that has yellowish brown mottles22 to 35 inches—light brownish gray very fine sandy loam that has strong brown and

yellowish brown mottles35 to 42 inches—dark gray very fine sandy loam that has light brownish gray mottles42 to 60 inches—light gray fine sand that has very pale brown and yellowish brown

mottles60 to 74 inches—grayish brown fine sand that has dark grayish brown mottles74 to 81 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam that has light brownish gray and

black mottles

IukaSurface layer:0 to 2 inches—brown fine sandy loam that has streaks of white clean sand

Subsurface layer:2 to 8 inches—brown fine sandy loam that has very pale brown clean sand

Substratum:8 to 24 inches—light yellowish brown fine sandy loam that has streaks of light

brownish gray clean sand and few thin pale brown bedding planes24 to 34 inches—very pale brown loamy fine sand that has light gray and yellowish

brown mottles34 to 40 inches—very pale brown loamy fine sand that has light gray and yellowish

brown mottles40 to 55 inches—light yellowish brown loamy fine sand that has light gray and pale

brown mottles55 to 64 inches—light yellowish brown and very pale brown fine sand that has dark

brown mottles64 to 82 inches—light yellowish brown very pale brown fine sand

Soil Properties and QualitiesPotential rooting depth: Very deepDrainage class: Bibb—poorly drained; Iuka—moderately well drainedPermeability: ModerateAvailable water capacity: ModerateSeasonal high water table: Bibb—Apparent, at a depth of 1/2 to 11/2 feet from December

through April; Iuka—apparent, at a depth of 1 to 3 feet from December through AprilShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: Frequent for very brief or brief periodsHazard of water erosion: SlightContent of organic matter in the surface layer: Bibb—moderately low; Iuka—lowTilth: FairOther distinctive properties: Subject to scouring and deposition during flooding


Well drained Jena soils, which are on the slightly higher, narrow natural levees along • streams


22

Somewhat poorly drained Quitman soils, which are on the slightly higher stream • terracesSomewhat poorly drained Stough soils, which are on the slightly higher stream • terracesPoorly drained, clayey Una soils, which are in narrow sloughs and depressions• Small areas that are ponded•

Similar soils:Soils that have more clay in the subsoil than the major soils•

Land UseDominant uses: ForestlandOther uses: Pasture and cropland

CroplandSuitability: UnsuitedManagement concerns: Flooding and wetnessManagement measures and considerations:

This map unit is severely limited for crop production because of the frequent • flooding. A site that has better suited soils should be selected.

Pasture and haylandSuitability: Suited to pasture; poorly suited to haylandCommonly grown crops: Bibb—fescue and bahiagrass; Iuka—bahiagrass,

bermudagrass, and cloverManagement concerns: Flooding, wetness, and soil fertilityManagement measures and considerations:

Although most of the flooding occurs during winter and early spring, pasture and hay • crops can be damaged any time of the year.Installing and maintaining an artificial drainage system helps to overcome the • wetness and improves productivity.Preventing overgrazing and restricting grazing to periods when the soil is not too wet • minimize compaction and help to maintain productivity and tilth.Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of • plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

ForestlandSuitability: Bibb—suited for loblolly pine and hardwoods; Iuka—well suited for loblolly

pine and hardwoodsProductivity class: Bibb—high for loblolly pine and cottonwood; Iuka—high for loblolly

pine and sweetgumManagement concerns: Equipment use, seedling mortality, and plant competitionManagement measures and considerations:

If pines are planted, site preparation is needed to control plant competition.• Natural regeneration of hardwood species is readily obtained on all openings of • 1/2 acre or larger.Harvesting timber during the drier seasons (summer and fall) minimizes the rutting • and compaction that occur if equipment is used while the soil is saturated and reduces the risk of damage from the flooding.Skid trails and logging roads should be seeded with grass to prevent erosion during • periods of flooding.Reforesting immediately after harvest using minimal site preparation and • recommended tree species helps to control erosion and the siltation of streams.Seedling survival is a severe limitation but can be partly offset by planting on raised • beds.


23

Wildlife habitatPotential of the Bibb soil to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; forestland

wildlife—fair; wetland wildlife—goodPotential of the Iuka soil to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; forestland

wildlife—good; wetland wildlife—poorManagement concerns: Flooding and wetnessManagement measures and considerations:

Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of • vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest.Forestland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of • oak trees and suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every 3 years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey.Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that provide • open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers.

Septic tank absorption fieldsSuitability: UnsuitedManagement concerns: FloodingManagement measures and considerations:

The local Health Department can be contacted for additional guidance regarding • sanitary facilities.

Urban developmentSuitability: UnsuitedManagement concerns: Flooding and wetnessManagement measures and considerations:

This map unit is severely limited as a site for urban development because of the • flooding and wetness. A site that has better suited soils should be selected.

Interpretive GroupsLand capability classification: 5wForestland ordination symbol: Bibb—11W; Iuka—9W

BmB—Bigbee loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded

SettingLandscape: Coastal PlainLandform: Stream terracesLandform position: Adjacent to major streamsShape of areas: Irregular or oblongSize of areas: 5 to 320 acres

CompositionBigbee and similar soils: 90 percentDissimilar soils: 10 percent

Typical ProfileSurface layer:0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy fine sand4 to 8 inches—brown loamy fine sand

Substratum:8 to 23 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand


24

23 to 33 inches—yellowish brown sand33 to 45 inches—brownish yellow sand that has yellowish brown and very pale brown

mottles45 to 54 inches—very pale brown sand that has brownish yellow mottles54 to 65 inches—white sand that has very pale brown and brownish yellow mottles65 to 86 inches—very pale brown sand that has brownish yellow and red mottles86 to 94 inches—white sand

Soil Properties and QualitiesPotential rooting depth: Very deepDrainage class: Somewhat excessively drainedPermeability: RapidAvailable water capacity: LowSeasonal high water table: None within a depth of 6 feetShrink-swell potential: LowFlooding: RareHazard of water erosion: SlightContent of organic matter in the surface layer: LowTilth: GoodDepth to bedrock: More than 80 inchesOther distinctive properties: Poor filtering capacity due to deep sands


Loamy Cahaba and Latonia soils in the slightly lower positions• Clayey Annemaine soils in the lower positions• Loamy soils that have a thicker surface layer than that of the Bigbee soil; in sways• Bibb soils along drainageways•

Similar soils:Soils that have less clay and silt in the substratum than the Bigbee soil•

Land UseDominant uses: Forestland and pastureOther uses: Cropland

CroplandSuitability: Well suitedCommonly grown crops: Row crops, small grains, and truck cropsManagement concerns: Droughtiness, flooding, nutrient leaching, and soil fertilityManagement measures and considerations:

Using a resource management system that includes conservation tillage, winter • cover crops, crop residue management, and a crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes increases available water capacity, minimizes crusting, and improves soil fertility.Although most of the flooding occurs during the winter and early spring, crop loss • may occur during the growing season.Using split applications increases the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of • plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

Pasture and haylandSuitability: Well suitedCommonly grown crops: Bahiagrass, bermudagrass, ryegrass, and wheatManagement concerns: Droughtiness, flooding, nutrient leaching, and soil fertility


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Management measures and considerations:Applying supplemental irrigation and seeding or planting varieties that are adapted • to droughty conditions increases crop production.Although most of the flooding occurs during the winter, pasture and hay crops can • be damaged any time of the year.Using split applications increases the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides.• When pasture and hayland are established, maintained, or renovated, the • application of lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity.

ForestlandSuitability: Well suitedProductivity class: Moderately high for longleaf pineManagement concerns: Equipment use, seedling mortality, and plant competitionManagement measures and considerations:

Using equipment that has wide tires or tracks and harvesting when the soil is moist • improve trafficability.If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed to control plant competition.• The high content of sand in the subsoil and excessive drainage of the soil are • moderate limitations affecting seedling survival.

Wildlife habitatPotential to support habitat for: Openland wildlife—fair; forestland wildlife—poor;

wetland wildlife—very poorManagement concerns: DroughtinessManagement measures and considerations:

Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of • vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest.Forestland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of • oak trees and suitable

Soil Survey of Wayne County, Mississippi...Detailed Soil Maps The detailed soil maps can be useful...

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Transcript of Soil Survey of Wayne County, Mississippi...Detailed Soil Maps The detailed soil maps can be useful...