Soil sealing in urban areas -...
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Silke Höke AG Soil sealing in urban areas Soil sealing influences • the mass-, element-, and energy flows • the hydrosphere • the micro- and meso-climate • the biosphere • the life quality • … Photo: © Wolfgang Burghardt
Transcript of Soil sealing in urban areas -...
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Silke HökeAG
Soil sealing in urban areasSoil sealing influences
• the mass-, element-, and energy flows
• the hydrosphere
• the micro-
and meso-climate
• the biosphere
• the life quality
• …Photo: ©
Wolfgang Burghardt
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Silke HökeAG
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Silke HökeAG
Soil sealing in urban areasThe following results are mainly from the projects
Department forEnvironmental
Protection
Project aims of dynaklim
Protection of high quality soilsConsideration of soil functions in planning processes
Project aims of URBAN SMS
Possible effects of climate change on availability and use of water Regional network construction
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Focus 1Focus 1 SoilSoil sealingsealing
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Soil sealing in urban areasFocus
Soil sealing andTechnosols in the urban areas lead to loss of water holding capacity of soils -
with significant
implications for infrastructure costs and quality of life
Photo: ©
Wolfgang Burghardt
Photo: ©
Silke
Höke
Photo: ©
Silke
Höke
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Silke HökeAG
Photo: © Silke Höke
Soil sealing in urban sitesProperties of Technosols• technogenic
substrate
• layering• compaction• high stone contents• ….
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Soil sealing in urban areas
Mean annual soil percolation water
Natural
soils Technosols
199 mm 370 mm
Plant available soil storage water capacity
(River Emscher
Region)
243 mm 78 mm
Sealed
soil
low
nearly zero
Photo: ©
Wolfgang Burghardt Photo: ©
Wolfgang BurghardtPhoto: ©
Silke
Höke
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Soil sealing in urban areasMean annual groundwater recharge with different proportions of urban soils in the river catchment
szenarioofficial map BK50
Probably in the catchment area of Emscher
Area with naturnal soils*
[%] 90 60
Area with urban soil**
[%] 10 40
Groundwater recharge per km²
[m³] 235.000 (= 0)
252.000 (+11%)
* weighted average shares, depending on the area after BK50, ** arithmetic mean
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Photo: Fog
(© Michael.O
/ PIXELIO 2010)
Raising awareness
What happens if 1 ha of soil is sealed? Case study: Cooling function
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Before sealing, 1 ha good soil with vegetation in the Stuttgart region has:
Raising awareness
Evapotranspiration
is causing evaporative heat loss!
a
water
capacity to evapotranspirate: 4.800 m³
a-1
To evaporate this water, the necessary amount of energy is:
12.075 Gigajoule (GJ)
Evaporation capacity of 1 ha per year:
Luvisol: 12.075 GJ∆
= 9.100 GJ
Sealed area: 2.975 GJ
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Before sealing, 1 ha good soil with vegetation in the Stuttgart region has:
Raising awareness
Evaporation is causing evaporative heat loss!
capacity to evapotranspirate: 4.800 m³
a-1
an evaporation capacity of : -12.075 Gigajoule (GJ)
Evaporation capacity of 1 ha per year:
Luvisol: 12.075 GJ∆
= 9.100 GJ
Sealed area: 2.975 GJ
The energy amount
used for evaporation is reduced by 9.100 GJ.
The cooling benefit of the soil is lost!
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9.100 GJ corresponds to:•
2.500.000 kWh (= 500.000 €
based on a unit price of 0.2 €
kWh)
•
an energy consumption of 9100 freezers with 270 l or to cool about 20.000 m²
office space in Germany per year
The lost ecosystem services through ‘evaporating heat loss’can be calculated in energy-equivalents for Stuttgart region up
to 500.000 €
per ha and year.
Through climate change the overheating of the citiescontinues to increase, with negative consequences for healthand energy consumption.
Raising awareness
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What happens if 1 ha of soil is sealed? Case study: Storm water infiltration
Photo: Flood
water
Stuttgart July
2009 (©
Andreas Rosar / Fotoagentur Stuttgart)
Raising awareness
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Silke HökeAG
Before sealing, 1 ha good soil
in the Stuttgart region hasthe capacity to store temporarily 4000 m³
of storm water
per metre depth: 2000 m³ which is held through capillary force within fine pores of the soil. This water is able to evaporate.
2000 m³ within the coarser pores of the soil. This water is able to infiltrate.
Through sealing, the temporarily water storage capacity of 4.000 m³
per ha will be lost!
Raising awareness
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land owners in Stuttgart City are required to pay separately for storm water discharge by canalisation
waste water charges for storm water discharge were 0,65 € per m² sealed area = 6.500 € ha-1a-1 in 2009
In 100 a – the assumed duration of a new building area – macro economic costs of 650.000 € pro ha must be generated to discharge the storm water technically.
The storm water has to be discharged mainly by canalisation coupled with storm water retention basins (~ 5.600 m³
ha-1
a-1
in Stuttgart)!
Raising awareness
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Soil sealing in urban sitesSummary I
Soil sealing and Technosols in the urban
areas lead to a big loss of the water holding capacity of soils!
Therby, significant implications for infrastructure costs and quality of life
are:
floodings overheating
modified ground water recharge
less water for plantsPhoto: ©
Wolfgang Burghardt
Photo: ©
Silke
Höke
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Focus 2Focus 2 Planner and Policy makersPlanner and Policy makers
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Soil sealing in urban areasFocus
Policy makers and planners need information and tools to make the correct planning decisions for the future –
under
consideration of the possible effects of climate change
Groundw
aterlevelSoilm
aterialLand use
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Silke HökeAG
Source:
G. Wolff, City of Stuttgart
Planning map soil quality Scale 1 : 20.000
BOKS (Soil
Protection Concept
Stuttgart)
Software packet: Soil
Manager Urban SMS /
Stuttgart Applikation
Soil sealing in urban areas
Data source
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Silke HökeAG
sum of the natural soil functions ...
Source:
G. Wolff & P. Blümlein, City of Stuttgart
Soil sealing in urban areas
=
minus anthropogenic constrains ...
- -- contaminated sites- soil sealing
+ ++ habitat function for vegetation+ water balance+ filter and buffer for contaminants
++ archive of nature
and culture history
Software packet: Soil
Manager Urban SMS / Stuttgart Applikation
Soil quality map City of Stuttgart
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Silke HökeAG
Source:
P. Blümlein, City of Stuttgart & W. Kappler
ahu AG
CalculatorCalculation of the present soil index points
Slide left:35 soil index points
PredictorPrognosis of the loss of soil resource by implementationof the planning
Slide right:9 soil index points
Soil sealing in urban areasSoftware packet: Soil
Manager Urban SMS / Stuttgart Applikation
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Silke HökeAG
…
a diagram
about the
loss
(or
some-
times
increase) of the
soil
contingent
Source:
P. Blümlein,
G. Wolff, City of Stuttgart & W. Kappler
ahu AG
Soil sealing in urban areasSoftware packet: Soil
Manager Urban SMS / Stuttgart Applikation
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Silke HökeAG
dynaklim
sub-project
Urban Soil information system –Emscher
River (URBIS-ER)
Project aims of URBIS-ER
are the improvement ofthe data basis(Maps with the spreading and properties of Technosols)
prognostic tools (e.g. water balance, planning of storm water infiltration)
risk assessment by climate change(release of harmful substances, groundwater and surface water quality)
detection of chances and planning of action needed (e.g. use of the soil cooling capacity for a better climate in cities)
Soil sealing in urban areasUnder construction:
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Soil sealing in urban areasUnter construction:
URBIS-ER
An urban concept soil map with evaluation maps:
Soil water household
Iron release potential of the soils
Cooling capacity of the soil
Soil suitability for storm water infiltration
Conceptsoilm
ap
Groundw
aterlevelSoilm
aterial +Land use
+
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Silke HökeAG
Soil sealing in urban areasSummary
Policy makers and planners need information and tools to make the right planning decisions for the future –
under consideration of
the possible effects of climate change.
Some cities, regions and research projects show that the necessary information and assistance can be prepared
Soilmaterial
Land useG
roundwaterlevel
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ConclusionUrban areas are characterized by sealed and urban soils
Urban soils have take over functions of the naturals soils; Sealed soils lost their function largely
The ignorance of the actual soil conditions leads to considerable planning errors
The integration of sealed areas and of urban soil quality in theplanning– strengthens qualitative aspects of internal development,
– reduces infrastructure and health costs,
– allows a better adaption to climate change
– and hopefully, ultimately reducing soil sealing.
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Silke HökeAG
Soils of the year 2010 Germany
Thank you for your attentionMore information
www.dynaklim.dewww.urban-sms.eu
Silke
Höke, [email protected]
Wolff, [email protected]
Thanks toPetra Blümlein
Michael DenneborgWolfgang Kappler
Carolin
Kaufmann-Boll Gerd
Wolff
Urban Soils
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Silke HökeAG
Efficient urban soil management is urgently needed!
Knowledge and practical tools are available!
Photo: Weinhaus (©
Klaus Steves / PIXELIO 2011)
