Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist...
-
Upload
lora-alexander -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist...
![Page 1: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA:
Alan J.Franzluebbers
Ecologist
Watkinsville GA
TN
MSAL
GA
FL
VA
NC
SC
MD
Potential and Limitations
![Page 2: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Soil Carbon Sequestration
Soil Organic Carbon (g . kg-1)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
SoilDepth(cm)
-30
-20
-10
0
4-yr conventional tillage
Management Systems at Watkinsville GA
16-yr conservation tillage
4-yr conventional tillage
Management Systems at Watkinsville GA
15-yr tall fescue pasture
16-yr conservation tillage
4-yr conventional tillage
Management Systems at Watkinsville GA
Depth distribution of soil organic C
From Schnabel et al. (2001) Ch. 12, Pot. U.S. Grazing Lands Sequester C, Lewis Publ.
![Page 3: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Data from Causarano et al. (2008) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72:221-230
Sequestration of SOC
(Mg ha-1 yr-1)--------------------
0.53 **
0.17 **
0.05 ns
0-20 cm0.74 **
Soil Carbon SequestrationCalculation by relative difference
![Page 4: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
0.15Mg C/ha/yr
0.00Mg C/ha/yr
Difference0.15
Mg C/ha/yr
0.15Mg C/ha/yr
-0.10Mg C/ha/yr
Difference0.25
Mg C/ha/yr
Soil Carbon SequestrationCalculation by change with time
Years of Management
0 25 50 75
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
0
10
20
30
40
Conventionalagriculturefollowing
permanent cover
Conservationagriculture
Scenario A
Years of Management
0 25 50 75
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
0
10
20
30
40
Conventionalagriculturefollowing
permanent cover
Conservationagriculture
Scenario A
0 25 50 75
Scenario B
Conventionalagriculture
for long history
Years of Management
0 25 50 75
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
0
10
20
30
40
Conventionalagriculturefollowing
permanent cover
Conservationagriculture
Scenario A
0 25 50 75
Scenario B
0 25 50 75 100
Scenario C
Conventionalagriculture
for long history
Conventionaltillage
with adoption ofother best
managementpractices
0.15Mg C/ha/yr
0.10Mg C/ha/yr
Difference0.05
Mg C/ha/yr
Temporal and comparative approaches of value; in combination best!
![Page 5: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Soil Carbon Sequestration
Franzluebbers et al. (2001) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65:834-841 and unpublished data
Years of Management
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Cut for hay
Years of Management
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Cut for hay
Unharvested
Years of Management
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Unharvested
Cut for hay
Lowgrazing pressure
Years of Management
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Unharvested
Cut for hay
Lowgrazing pressure
Highgrazing
pressure
Establishment of bermudagrass pasture following long-term cropping in Georgia USA (16 °C, 1250 mm)
Soil C sequestration
(Mg ha-1 yr-1) (0-5 yr):
--------------------------------Hayed 0.30
Unharvested 0.65
Grazed 1.40
Calculation by change with time
![Page 6: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Soil Carbon SequestrationIn the USA and Canada, conservation-tillage cropping can sequester
an average of 0.33 Mg C/ha/yr
Data from Franzluebbers and Follett (2005) Soil Tillage Res. 83:1-8
Cold-dry region(6 °C, 400 mm)
0.27 + 0.19 Mg C/ha/yr
Northwest
Hot-dry region(18 °C, 265 mm)
0.30 + 0.21 Mg C/ha/yr
Southwest
Hot-wet region(20 °C, 1325 mm)
0.42 + 0.46 Mg C/ha/yr
Southeast
Cold-wet region(6 °C, 925 mm)
−0.07 + 0.27 Mg C/ha/yrNortheast
Mild region(12 °C, 930 mm)
0.48 + 0.59 Mg C/ha/yr
Central
![Page 7: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Franzluebbers (2005) Soil Till. Res.
Soil Carbon SequestrationLiterature review from the
southeastern USA
Franzluebbers (2005) Soil Tillage Res. 83:120-147.
![Page 8: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Franzluebbers (2005) Soil Till. Res.
Soil Carbon SequestrationLiterature review from the
southeastern USA
Franzluebbers (2005) Soil Tillage Res. 83:120-147.
![Page 9: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Soil Carbon Sequestration
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestrationin the Southeastern USA
----------------------------------------------------
0.28 + 0.44 Mg C/ha/yr(without cover cropping)
0.53 + 0.45 Mg C/ha/yr(with cover cropping)
Franzluebbers (2005) Soil Tillage Res. 83:120-147.
Photos of 2 no-tillage systems in Virginia USA
Impact of cover cropping in the southeastern USA
![Page 10: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Soil Carbon SequestrationStratification ratio of soil organic C
Franzluebbers (2002) Soil Till. Res. 66:95-106
![Page 11: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Soil Carbon SequestrationStratification ratio of soil organic C
Data from Causarano et al. (2008) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72:221-230
![Page 12: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Influence of tillage system following pasture
Franzluebbers and Stuedemann (2008) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72:613-625
Soil Organic C (g . kg-1)
0 10 20 30 40
SoilDepth(cm)
-20
-10
0
Initiation
-30
-20
-10
0
At end of 3 years
Conventional tillage
No tillage
Starting from long-term pasture condition
Soil Carbon Sequestration
![Page 13: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Years of Management
0 1 2 3
0-12 cm
CT vs NT ***
Years of Management
0 1 2 3 4
0-20 cm
CT vs NT **
0 1 2 3
TotalOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Years of Management
0-6 cm
CT vs NT ***
Pasture
No tillage (NT)Conventional tillage (CT)
Franzluebbers and Stuedemann (2008) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72:613-625
∆ SOC = −1.54 Mg/ha/yr
∆ SOC = 0.19 Mg/ha/yr
Soil Carbon SequestrationInfluence of tillage system following pasture
![Page 14: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Temperate or frigid regions (23 + 15%)
Thermic regions (7 + 5%)
Moist regions (8 + 4%)
Dry regions (11 + 14%)
Percentage of carbon applied as manure retained in soil(review of literature in 2001)
Soil Carbon SequestrationInfluence of animal manure application dependent on climate
![Page 15: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Opportunities exist to capture more carbon from crop and grazing systems when the two systems are integrated:
Soil Carbon Sequestration
Utilization of ligno-cellulosic plant materials by ruminants
Manure deposition directly on land
Weeds can be managed with management rather than chemicals
Integration of crops and livestock
Franzluebbers and Stuedemann (2008)Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72:613-625
![Page 16: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Soil Carbon Sequestration
Years
0 1 2 3
TotalOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1)
10
15
20
25
Grazed
Ungrazed
Franzluebbers and Stuedemann (2008) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72:613-625Years
0 1 2 3
SoilMicrobialBiomassCarbon
(kg . ha-1)
400
600
800
1000
Grazed
Ungrazed
*
Years
0 1 2 3
NetNitrogen
Mineralization(kg . ha-1 [24 d]-1)
40
60
80
100
Grazed
Ungrazed
*
Grazing of cover crops under no tillage (0-6 cm)
![Page 17: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Franzluebbers (2005) Soil Tillage Res. 83:120-147
Nitrogen Fertilization (kg . ha-1 . yr-1)
0 100 200 300
Changein
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1 . yr-1)
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Conventional Tillage
Nitrogen Fertilization (kg . ha-1 . yr-1)
0 100 200 300
Changein
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1 . yr-1)
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Conventional Tillage
No Tillage
Nitrogen Fertilization (kg . ha-1 . yr-1)
0 100 200 300
Changein
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1 . yr-1)
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Conventional Tillage
No Tillage
Carbon cost ofN fertilizer
(0.98 to 2.82 kg C . kg-1 N)
Nitrogen Fertilization (kg . ha-1 . yr-1)
0 100 200 300
Changein
SoilOrganicCarbon
(Mg . ha-1 . yr-1)
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Conventional Tillage
No Tillage
Carbon cost ofN fertilizer
(0.98 to 2.82 kg C . kg-1 N)
Soil Carbon SequestrationNitrogen fertilization effect
1 kg N2O-N ha-1
=0.13 Mg C ha-1
![Page 18: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nitrous Oxide EmissionInteraction of tillage with soil type
Rochette (2008) Soil Till. Res. 101:97-100
Soil Aeration
N2O
Emission(kg N . ha-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Good Medium
Conventional tillage
No tillage
Poor
p = 0.06
45 site-years of data reviewedBrazil, Canada, France, Japan,New Zealand, United Kingdom, USA
![Page 19: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Franzluebbers and Brock (2007)Soil Till. Res. 93:126-137
Response
0-20-cm depth
Silage Crop Removal
Initially 0.5 yr-1 1-2 yr-1
At end of 7 years
Bulk density (Mg m-3) 1.43 1.37 ns 1.39
Macroaggregate stability (g g-1) 0.74 0.87 * 0.81
Soil organic C (mg g-1) 11.7 14.3 * 12.5
Soil Carbon SequestrationInfluence of crop residue removal
On-farm researchNorth Carolina PiedmontCorn silage each year vs corn silage less often
![Page 20: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Data from Sharpley and Kleinman (2003) J. Environ. Qual. 32:2172-2179and Sharpley and Smith (1994) Soil Tillage Res. 30:33-48
Total PDissolved PSediment
Runoff loss (kg/ha)Soil (g/kg – 0-5 cm depth)
Grass
NT crop
CT crop
Mehlich-3 POrganic C
Land use
0.19
0.27
0.52
0.03
0.03
0.02
104
312
767
0.40
0.33
0.32
16.6
25.2
13.7
Oklahoma
Runoff loss (kg/ha/yr)
Grass
NT wheat
CT wheat
Total PDissolved P
Total NNitrate NSediment
Water runoff
(mm/yr)
Land use
Pennsylvania
0.1
1.4
2.8
0.1
0.7
0.2
1.2
7.2
15.0
0.1
1.4
1.3
100
625
6515
48
111
61
Off-Site ImpactsWater quality implications
![Page 21: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ca. 30% of total CH4 emission in USA is from agriculture (US-EPA, 2007)
Assumptions: 0.15 + 0.08 kg CH4 head-1 d-1 [Harper et al. (1999) J. Anim. Sci. 77:1392-1401]
19 Mha of pasture land in southeastern USA (USDA-NASS, 1997)
12 million head of cattle in southeastern USA (USDA-NASS, 1997)
Resulting in: 0.62 head ha-1 34 kg CH4 ha-1 yr-1
0.37 to 1.20 Mg CO2-C equivalent ha-1 yr-1
Agriculture’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions reviewed:Johnson et al. (2007) Environ. Poll. 150:107-124
Methane Emission
![Page 22: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Soil Carbon SequestrationSummary
Soil organic carbon can be sequestered with adoption of conservation agricultural practices
Enhanced soil fertility and soil quality
Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions
Soil surface change is most notable
Long-term changes are most scientifically defensible
![Page 23: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Southeastern USA: Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecologist Watkinsville GA TN MS AL GA FL VA NC SC MD Potential and Limitations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/56649d225503460f949f8456/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Soil Carbon SequestrationAcknowledgements
FundingAgricultural Research Service
(ARS)US-Department of EnergyMadison County Cattleman’s
AssociationUSDA-National Research
Initiative – Soil ProcessesCotton IncorporatedGeorgia Commodity
Commission for CornThe Organic CenterARS GRACEnet team