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Soil Moisture Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Network
Ruixiu Sui
USDA-ARS Crop Production Systems Research Unit
Stoneville, Mississippi
18th World Congress of CIGR Beijing, China
September 16-19, 2014
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Non-Irrigated
Irrigated
• Mid-South of USA• Major crop production Area• Annual Precipitation: 130cm• Hot and Less rainfall in summer• Supplemental irrigation needed
INTRODUCTION
Irrigated
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INTRODUCTION
• Uncertainty in the amount and timing of rainfall is a serious risk to producers in the Mid-South
• Producers have become increasingly reliant on irrigation, but very few use any irrigation scheduling aids
• Timely and accurate determination of soil water status and weather conditions are essential to irrigation scheduling
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INTRODUCTION
Mid-SouthRegion
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INTRODUCTION
• Irrigation scheduling methods–Weather-based -- schedule irrigation based on
the amount of water lost by plant ET and the amount of effective rainfall and irrigation water entering into the plant root zone.
– Soil moisture-based -- measure soil moisture levels in the plant root zone and apply water if there is water shortage for plants
– Plant-based -- directly detect plant responses to water stress and initialize irrigation as plants indicate suffering from water stress.
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INTRODUCTION
• Soil moisture measurement required for soil-moisture-based irrigation scheduling
• Sensor technologies available for measuring soil moisture -- neutron probes, electromagnetic (EM) sensors (capacitance, TDR, resistance,..)
• Wireless sensor networks offer capability of providing continuous, real-time, in-situ measurements under a variety of operating conditions
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OBJECTIVES
• The goal of this research is to develop improved irrigation application and scheduling techniques for humid regions
• Specific objective is to develop wireless sensor network (WSN) for monitoring soil water status and collecting weather data for irrigation applications
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6”
12”
24”
Point AreaData Logger &
Wireless modemAccess
Data online
Wireless Sensor Network
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Wireless Data Logger Frequency: 900 MHz Input: 5 Channels Storage: 1M Power: 5 AA Bat.
Em50GEm50R EC-5 5TM
Wireless Sensor Network
Data Station receives and stores data from Em50R loggers; Em50G cellular data logger; Modem transmits data online via cellular network
Data Station Wireless ModemData logger
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• Rain gauge sensor
• Radiation sensor
• Temperature sensor
• Humidity sensor
• Wind speed & direction sensors
• Data logger
• Solar panel for power supply
• 10-ft Tower
• Software package
Weather Sensors
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• Installed sensors and loggers in multiple locations in cotton, corn, soybean fields
• 3-4 sensors each location in 15, 30, 46 cm depths
• Sensor models: EC-5, 5TM, MPS-2
• Soil moisture measured 24/7 at one hour interval
Sensor Installation
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Sensor Installation
2. Put in bracket
Data Station
• Dig a hole• Insert the sensors
Horizontally• 3 MC sensors/hole
• Soil sampler• Gas-powered
auger
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Required to lay down the logger pole for applying Chemicals
Issue for Field Operation
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Antenna Mounts Developed
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Click on picture to play video
Antenna Mounts Test
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Data Logger Installation
2. Put in bracket
Data Station
EM50R Logger
EM50G Logger
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WSN in Soybean Field
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Cotton Field (Logger 18-50G)
Corn Field (Logger19-50G)
Soybean Field (Logger 20-50G)
Date RSSI Attempts RSSI Attempts RSSI Attempts14-May-12 19 1 14 1 NA NA21-May-12 19 1 10 1 NA NA28-May-12 19 1 11 1 NA NA4-Jun-12 20 1 9 1 NA NA11-Jun-12 19 2 9 1 NA NA18-Jun-12 18 1 9 1 10 125-Jun-12 17 1 9 2 13 12-Jul-12 14 1 10 1 12 19-Jul-12 10 1 10 1 10 116-Jul-12 11 1 8 1 11 123-Jul-12 13 1 8 1 10 130-Jul-12 10 1 9 1 13 16-Aug-12 10 1 11 1 13 113-Aug-12 15 1 9 1 12 120-Aug-12 16 1 NA NA 12 127-Aug-12 16 1 NA NA 16 13-Sep-12 17 1 NA NA 20 110-Sep-12 17 1 NA NA NA NA
Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI)
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Logger Location
Crop5/1/13 – 5/15/13
5/16/13 - 5/31/13
6/1/13 - 6/15/13
6/15/13 - 6/30/13
7/1/13 - 7/11/13
1 Cotton NA* 8 12 11 20
2 Cotton NA 17 19 19 18
3 Cotton NA 19 20 20 19
4 Cotton NA 19 18 20 20
5 Cotton NA 20 19 19 17
6 Cotton NA 19 16 17 15
7 Corn 77 72 57 55 52
8 Corn 71 64 40 54 55
9 Corn 70 62 33 25 18
10 Corn 66 59 25 29 30
11 Corn 62 43 29 12 12
12 Soybean NA* 70 77 77 76
13 Soybean NA* 62 63 61 70
14 Soybean NA* 67 67 64 60
15 Soybean NA* 63 64 62 59
16 Soybean NA* 60 60 56 50
RSSI in 2013
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Downloading Data Online
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Soil Moisture Data From WSN
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Soil Moisture Data From WSN
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• WSN collected data for 3 years• Data have been used for
irrigation scheduling• Performed well in general• Thunderstorms could interrupt
data transmission• Animals (wild dog, pig, turtles)
might chew cables
Variable Rate Irrigation in Soybeans Corn Research Field
Irrigation Research in Cotton
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SUMMARY
• Wireless sensor network was built and deployed for monitoring soil moisture and collecting weather data for 3 years. The WSN is capable of automatically measuring and wirelessly transferring soil moisture and weather data online, enabling remote access of the data;
• An antenna mount was developed for field use with wireless data loggers;
• Evaluated for 3 years; The WSN performed well;
• Soil moisture data and weather data collected by the WSN has been used for irrigation research.
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Acknowledgements This project was partially supported by
Cotton Inc.Thank Mr. Jonnie Baggard for his assistance in this project.
Disclaimer Mention of a commercial product is solely for the
purpose of providing specific information and should not be construed as a product endorsement by the authors or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated.
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Ruixiu Sui, Ph.D.Research Agricultural Engineer, Lead ScientistUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA)Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit141 Experiment Station RoadStoneville, MS 38776Email: [email protected]://www.ars.usda.gov/msa/jwdsrc/cpsru/sui