Soil Health Movement and Research in New...
Transcript of Soil Health Movement and Research in New...
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Soil Health Movement and Research in New Mexico
New Mexico Organic Farming ConferenceFebruary 15, 2019
New Mexico Organic Farming ConferenceFebruary 15, 2019
Contact Information:Extension Plant Sciences
New Mexico State University Las Cruces
Email: [email protected]: 575‐646‐2571
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WhatisSoilHealth? Ability of the soil to support crop growth … (Power & Myers, 1989)
Capacity of the soil to function in a productive and sustained manner … (NCR‐59 Madison WI, 1991)
The capability of the soil to produce safe and nutritious crop …. (Parr et al., 1992)
Fitness for use (Pierce & Larson 1993)
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% organic matter
pH
Salinity/Sodicity
Different soil Nutrients
Aggregation/Structure
Water infiltration
Water retention
Soil Compaction
Soil Erodibility
Physical Chemical
Biological
Carbon sequestration capacityMicrobial abundance and activity in the soil Nutrient cycling capacity
Soil Health Functions
A combination of soil physical, biological and chemical functions
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HowHealthy/SickisaSoil?
1. How do we measure the problem?
2. What can we do about it?
3. If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it
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Howdowestudysoilhealth
1. Potential soil health measurements that can separate between management systems
2. Measurements can vary with climate, agroecosystems and management systems – How do we handle this?
3. Selection of indicators and testing their relationships to soil performance
Objective: To Develop a Quantitative Assessment of Soil Health
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Potentialsoilhealthmeasurementsthatcanseparatebetweenmanagementsystems
Step One
Started out with a total of 40 soil measurements(Physical, Chemical & Biological)
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PotentialSoilHealthIndicators
Physical – 10 Measurements 1. Mean Weight Diameter of Dry Aggregates (mm)2. Dry Aggregates > 2mm (%)3. Dry Aggregates < 0.25mm (%)4. Sand (% )5. Clay (% )6. Silt (% )7. Available Water Capacity (cm3/cm3)8. Wet Aggregate Stability (%)9. Bulk Density (Mg/m3)10. Penetration Resistance (psi)
Start out with many measurements – Physical, Chemical Biological
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PotentialSoilHealthIndicators Chemical – 13 Measurements
1. pH2. EC (dS/m) (Salinity)3. Sodium Adsorption Ratio4. Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/Kg)5. P (mg/Kg)6. K (mg/Kg)7. Ca 8. Mg9. Na 10. Zn 11. Mn 12. Fe 13. Cu
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PotentialSoilHealthIndicators Biological – 13 Measurements
1. Permanganate Oxidizable Carbon (Active carbon in the soil)2. Soil Organic Matter3. Total Microbial Biomass4. Diversity Index5. Total Bacteria Biomass6. Actinomycetes Biomass7. Gram (‐) Biomass8. Gram (+) Biomass9. Rhizobia Biomass10. Total Fungi Biomass11. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Biomass12. Saprophytes Biomass13. Protozoa Biomass14. Undifferentiated Biomass15. Fungi:Bacteria16. Predator:Prey17. Gram(+):Gram(‐)
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Measurementscanvarywithclimate,agroecosystemsandmanagementsystems–Howdowehandlethis?
Step Two
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Soil Health Sampling Sites in NMSoil Health Sampling Sites in NM
Replicated Research Sites
Grower Site
Sampled across different agroecosystems and
management systems at both research sites and
growers’ fields
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0 ‐ 5 cm 5 ‐ 15 cm
Bacteria (%)
TFG POC ALF CTC CTS CWO
Results from Los Lunas Ag. Sci. Center
TFG: Tall fescue grass; POC: Peach orchard; ALF: Alfalfa; CTC: Conventional tillage – clay ; CTS: Conventional tillage – sand; CWO: Cottonwood orchard.
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0 ‐ 15 cm 15 ‐ 30 cm
Active Carbon (mg/kg)
TFG POC ALF CTC CTS CWO
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Microbial Biomass (ng/g)
TFG POC ALF CTC CTS CWO
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abb b
bab
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Soil Organic Matter (%)
TFG POC ALF CTC CTS CWO
AB AA
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abaa ab
bcc
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abab
ab abb
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Results from Los Lunas Ag. Sci. Center
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Mean Weight Diameter (mm)
TFG POC ALF CTC CTS CWO
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Available Water Content (cm3/cm3)
TFG POC ALF CTC CTS CWO
ABBB B
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ns
TFG: Tall fescue grass; POC: Peach orchard with clover; ALF: Alfalfa; CTC: Conventional tillage – clay ; CTS: Conventional tillage – sand; CWO: Cottonwood orchard.
AAB
ABCABC
C BC
aaa
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Selectionofindicatorsandtestingtheirrelationshipstosoilperformance
Step Three
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Selection Criteria for Soil Health Indicators
Sensitivity to land management
Precision of measurement method
Relevance to important functional soil process
Ease and cost of sampling
Cost of analysis
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Someoftheselectedindicators
• Biologically Active Carbon (POXC)• Easily decomposable portion of organic matter • Active carbon is an indicator of microbial activity of the soil
• Soil Organic Matter• Total amount of organic residue in the soil• Organic matter impacts several soil properties
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Physical root proliferation: (Bulk Density, Penetration resistance, Organic matter)
Soil Structure: (Organic matter, Dry Aggregate Distribution, Aggregate Stability)
Soil Erodibility: (Dry Aggregate Distribution, Aggregate Stability, Organic matter)
Soil Salinity/Sodicity: (Electrical Conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio)
Soil Moisture: (Aggregate Stability, Organic matter, Soil Texture, AWC)
Nutrient retention and release: (Organic matter, Soil texture, Soil Nutrients)
Biological activity: (Total microbial biomass, Organic Matter, POXC)
Indicatorsexpressingsoilperformance
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ScoringCurveforPOXCScoring functions allow us to interpret the laboratory values
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350 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510Permanganate Oxidizable Carbon (mg/kg)
Percentile
EXCELLENT = 4
LOW = 1
MEDIUM = 2
GOOD = 3
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WorkinProgress:
Visually enhanced report format
Easy to read
Easy to understand
Suggestion of management options when there are problems
Development of farmer friendly assessment framework:
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