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Soil Fertility Resources for
Extension Agents
National Association of County Agricultural Agents Annual Meeting and Professional Improvement Conference
24 July 2006
Cincinnati, OH
Tom Bruulsema, PhDNortheast Director
Potash & Phosphate Institute
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PPI/PPIC Member Companies
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PPI’s Northeast
Region
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Why Educate on Soil Fertility?
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Nutrients: Benefits & Risks
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Atmosphere
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Aquatic Ecosystems
Human Activities Groundwater Effects
Stream & River Effects
Coastal Effects
Stratospheric Effects
Greenhouse Effects
Energy Production
PM & Visibility
Effects
Ozone Effects
Agroecosystem EffectsNHx
Food Production
NOx
NOx
Crop Animal
People (Food; Fiber)
Soil
NO3
The Nitrogen Cascade
NH3
N2O
N2O--Indicates denitrification potential
Norg
Forests & Grassland
Soil
Galloway & Cowling, 2002
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Hypoxic Area in Gulf of Mexico
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
No
Da
ta
15
Hypoxia data by N. Rabalais, LUMCON
Squ
are
mile
s
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European Project for Ice Coring in AntarcticaScience 25 November 2005Vol. 310. no. 5752, pp. 1285 - 1287
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Greenhouse Gases
N2O
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Phosphorus & eutrophication
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Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency
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Nutrient Removal to Fertilizer Use Ratio for US Grain Corn
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
1964 1974 1984 1994 2004
NP
K
P: 108%
K: 90%
Improvement: %
Corn Yield: 55%
N: 43%
Source: USDA-NASS; PPI
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Galloway and Cowling, 2002
2885
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Ending Poverty Requires
Fertilizer…
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Best Management
Practices
Right rate
Right time
Right place
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Who Needs to Know?
• Everyone!• Soil Fertility Specialists• Producers• Policymakers and Regulators• Public – young & old
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PPI Publications
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• A complete course in soil fertility
• All 17 essential elements
• Color slides• Nutrient deficiency
symptoms
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How Potassium Moves in Soil
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Elementary Education
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Powerpoint Presentations
• Phosphorus Nutrition– Alfalfa– Canola– Corn– Cotton– Wheat
• Potassium Nutrition– Alfalfa– Cotton– Northern Great Plains
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Quality for Health
• Agriculture’s connection to food– Take a Closer Look– Fertilizer and Tofu– Functional Foods
research– Fertilizer Impacts on
Quality
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005PPI/PPIC/FAR Technical Bulletin 2005-1
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
Private Laboratories
A&L Analytical Labs, Inc. – Memphis, TNA&L Great Lakes Labs, Inc. – Fort Wayne, INA&L Canada Laboratories, Inc. – London, ONA&L Plains, Ag Lab – Lubbock, TXAgri Analysis, Inc. – Leola, PAAgri-Food Laboratories – Guelph, ONAGVISE Laboratories – Northwood, NDAgriQuanta – St-Ours, QCAgro-Enviro-Sol – La Pocatière, QCAlvey Lab – Belleville, ILBradford Agri Lab – Yazoo City, MSBrookside Lab, Inc. – New Knoxville, OHCooperative Federee de Quebec – Longueuil, QCDairyland Laboratories, Inc. – Arcadia, WIDellavalle Lab, Inc. – Fresno, CAEnviro-Test Labs – Calgary, ABLGI – Ellsworth, IALitchfield Analytical Services – Litchfield, MI
MDS Harris – Lincoln, NEMidwest Laboratories, Inc. – Omaha, NEMowers Soil Testing Plus, Inc. – Toulon, ILNorwest Labs – Edmonton, ABOlsen’s Ag Lab – McCook, NEPrecision Agri-lab – Madera, CARock River Lab – Watertown, WIServi-Tech, Inc. – Amarillo, TXServi-Tech, Inc. – Dodge City, KSServi-Tech, Inc. – Hastings, NESpectrum Analytic, Inc. – Washington Court House, OHStratford Agri Analysis – Stratford, ONStukenholtz Laboratory – Twin Falls, IDSynAgri – St-Hilaire, QCUnited Soils, Inc. – Fairbury, ILWard Laboratories, Inc. – Kearney, NEWaters Agricultural Labs – Camilla, GAWilliam Houde, Ltd. – St-Simon, QC
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
Public Laboratories
Auburn UniversityClemson UniversityColorado State UniversityCornell UniversityDepartment of Natural Resources – Corner Brook, NLIowa State UniversityKansas State UniversityKentucky Division of Regulatory ServicesLouisiana State UniversityMississippi State UniversityNew Brunswick Department of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentNew Mexico State UniversityNorth Carolina Department of AgNorth Dakota State UniversityOklahoma State UniversityPEI Soil & Feed Testing LaboratoryRutgers UniversitySouth Dakota State University
Texas A&M UniversityThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity of ArkansasUniversity of ConnecticutUniversity of DelawareUniversity of FloridaUniversity of GeorgiaUniversity of GuelphUniversity of MaineUniversity of MissouriUniversity of NebraskaUniversity of TennesseeUniversity of VermontUniversity of West VirginiaUniversity of Wisconsin, MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin, MarshfieldUtah State UniversityVirginia Tech
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
Figure 1. Fraction of Samples Analyzed by Specific P and K Soil Tests
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
Figure 4. Soil test P frequency distribution for North America in 2005.
North America
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 >50Bray P1 equivalent, ppm
Rel
ativ
e,%
2001 2,067,517
2005 3,367,515
2005, %
69.2
12.9
6.0
5.8
2.5
2.1
1.1
0.4
<50
75
100
150
200
300
500
>500
Bra
y P
1 e
qu
iv.,
pp
m North America
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
Figure 7. Soil test K frequency distribution in 2001 and 2005.
North America
0
5
10
15
20
25
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 >320Ammonium Ac Equivalent K, ppm
Rel
ativ
e,%
2001 1,976,035
2005 3,332,226
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
Soil Test Interpretation
• Why not one recommendation for a given soil test level?
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
96 site-years
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
Figure 8. Median soil pH levels, 2005.
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
Figure 11. Percent of soils testing less than 75 ppm Mg.
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
Figure 12. Percent of soils testing less than 3 ppm S.
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Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005
Potash & Phosphate Institute / Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada Foundation for Agronomic Research
Summary
• Approximately 3.4 million samples from 70 laboratories are included in the summary
• Results indicate the importance of regular soil testing because a large number of samples test in or near critical soil test ranges where nutrient recommendations vary greatly
• Median P level is 31 ppm, with 41% of samples for 2005 crop year testing less than 25 ppm
• Median K level is 154 ppm, with 33% of samples testing less than 120 ppm, and 53% less than 160 ppm
• Median pH for U.S. and Canada is 6.3, with 31% of samples testing < 6.0
• Need for soil testing is important to determine fertility status of specific fields
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BMPs for
Efficient Fertilizer Use
12 basic tips
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Fertilizer BMPs
1. Measure what the soil can provide2. Consider crop removal3. Set realistic yield goals4. Use all nutrient sources available
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Fertilizer BMPs
5. Keep the proper balance of nutrients6. Manage soil pH7. Manage for maximum economic yield8. Time applications
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Fertilizer BMPs
9. Control release10. Band in the right place11. Test on-farm 12. Consult a credible adviser
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PPI Tools on the Web
• www.ppi-ppic.org• Crop Nutrient Response Tool• PKalc• Hybrid Maize• Fertilizer Chooser
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Thank You