Soil Class 3

8/12/2019 Soil Class 3

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Soil Classification

Dr. Attaullah Shah


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1. Purpose

Main soil types are; Clay, Silt, Sand, Gravels, Boulders

etc.

Above types seldom exist separately in nature

Natural soil deposits comprise mixture of above typesin varyin proportions

Soil classification means to arrane soil in roups and

label t!em based on t!eir properties and be!aviour.

Soil Classification Systems !ave been developed by

different orani"ations


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3

Basis for Classification

# Classification is based on t!e follo$in

p!ysical properties

Grain Si"e %istribution &GS%'(i)uid limit &(('

*lasticity +ndex &*+'

Classification ives some idea about t!e eneral be!aviour of soil

o$ever to predict true be!aviour additional information based

on eotec!nical properties are yet re)uired


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4

Classifyin soils into roups $it! similar

be!avior, in terms of simple indices, canprovide eotec!nical enineers a eneral

uidance about enineerin properties of

t!e soils t!rou! t!e accumulated

experience.

Simple indices

GSD, LL, PI

Classificationsystem

(Language)

Estimateengineeing

popeties

!c"ie#eengineeing

puposesUse the

accumulated

experience

Communicate

between

engineers


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$

Soil Classification Systems (SCS)# Classification systems developed by different orani"ations

1. %nified soil classification system&

2& !!S' (!meican !ssociation of state 'ig"*ay

and anspotation fficials) soil classification system&

3& +!! (+edeal !#iation !dministation) soil

classification system&

4& etual soil classification system&

$& %SD! (%&S& Depatment of !gicultue) soil

classification system&


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. ass ca onSystemsTwo commonly used systems:

-nified Soil Classification System

&-SCS'.

American Association of State

i!$ay and ransportation/fficials &AAS/' System

.ost *idely used to classify soil fo use in foundation / dam

engineeing&

.ost *idely and eclusi#ely used fo "ig"*ays and aifields


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3. Unified Soil Classification System(USCS)

Origin of USCS:

"is system *as fist de#eloped 0y Pofesso !& Casagande

(14) fo t"e pupose of aifield constuction duing old

a II& !fte*ads, it *as modified 0y Pofesso Casagande,

t"e %&S& 5ueau of 6eclamation, and t"e %&S& !my Cops of

Enginees to ena0le t"e system to 0e applica0le to dams,

foundations, and ot"e constuction ('olt7 and 8o#acs, 11)&

+ou ma9o di#isions:(1) Coase;gained

(2) +ine;gained

(3) ganic soils

(4) Peat


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# ests re)uired for classification of soil are;

1. Liquid and plastic limit tests.2. Particle size analysis test.

5oad Classification includes t"e follo*ing t*o types50

LL


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3.3 Symols

Soil sym*ols:

G Gravel

S Sand

M Silt C Clay

/ /ranic

*t *eat

Liquid limit

sym*ols:

i! ((

&((234' ( (o$ ((

&((534'

Gradation

sym*ols: 6 6ell7raded

* *oorly7raded

Eample: S, ell;gaded Sand

SC, Clayey Sand

S., Silty Sand,

.', 'ig"ly Plastic Silt

)sandsfo(

-Cand3C1

)ga#elsfo(

4Cand3C1

soilgadedell

uc

uc


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1-

3.! Plasticity C"art

('olt7 and 8o#acs, 11)

P

(

= "e !;line geneally

sepaates t"e moe

clayliBe mateials

fom silty mateials,

and t"e oganics

fom t"e inoganics&= "e %;line indicates

t"e uppe 0ound fo

geneal soils&

Note:If t"e measuedlimits of soils ae on

t"e left of %;line,

t"ey s"ould 0e

ec"ecBed&

3 # P d f


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3.# Procedures forClassification

Coase;gained

mateial

Gain si7e

disti0ution

+ine;gained

mateial

LL, PI

(Santamaina et al&, 2>>1)

'ig"ly


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3.$ %r&anic Soils

)i#hly or#anic soils Peat Group sym*ol PT3

A sample composed primarily of veetable tissue in

various staes of decomposition and !as a fibrous to

amorp!ous texture, a dar87bro$n to blac8 color, and an

oranic odor s!ould be desinated as a !i!ly oranicsoil and s!all be classified as peat, *.

&r#anic clay or silt #roup sym*ol &L or &)3:

9!e soil:s li)uid limit &((' after oven dryin is less t!an03 of its li)uid limit before oven dryin.< +f t!e above

statement is true, t!en t!e first symbol is /.

!e second symbol is obtained by locatin t!e values of

*+ and (( &not oven dried' in t!e plasticity c!art.


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3.' Borderline Cases (Dual Symols)=or t!e follo$in t!ree conditions, a dual symbol s!ould be used.

Coarse7rained soils $it! 3 7 1> fines. A*out 4 0 +ines can chan#e the hydraulic conducti!ity o+ the

coarse#rained media *y orders o+ ma#nitude.

!e first symbol indicates $!et!er t!e coarse fraction is $ell or poorly

raded. !e second symbol describe t!e contained fines. =or

example S*7SM, poorly raded sand $it! silt.=ine7rained soils $it! limits $it!in t!e s!aded "one. &*+ bet$een ? and

0 and (( bet$een about 1> and >3'.

+t is !ard to distinuis! bet$een t!e silty and more clayli8e materials.

C(7M( Silty clay, SC7SM Silty, clayey sand.

Soil contain similar fines and coarse7rained fractions.

possible dual symbols GM7M(

3 ' B d li C


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3.' Borderline Cases(Summary)

('olt7 and 8o#acs, 11)


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Group Sym*ols +or Gra!elly Soil

$a5or Di!ision La*oratory "lassi+ication"riteria

GroupSym*ol

Typical 6ames

1 2 7 8

"oarsesoil$orethan hal+o+ soil isretainedon 6o.2//sie!e.

Gra!el$ore thanhal+ o+coarse soilis retainedon 6o.8sie!e

6o.2// - 09 "u 8 and 1 ; "

c

; 7

G, ,ell#raded #ra!els( #ra!el

sand mi


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.able: roup Sy#bols for Sandy Soil

$a5or Di!ision "riteria +or "lassi+icationGroup

Sym*olTypical 6ames

1 2 7 8

"oarse soil

$ore thanhal+ o+ soil isretained on

6o.2//sie!e.

Sand

$ore thanhal+ o+coarse

soilpasses

6o.8sie!e.

6o.2// - 09 "u (and 1 ;

"c; 7S,

,ell#raded sands( #ra!elly

sands with little or no +ines.

6o.2// - 09 and notmeetin# *oth criteria +or S,.

SPPoorly#raded sands( #ra!ellysands with little or no +ines.

6o.2// 1209 Atter*er#=slimits plot *elow >A? line inthe plasticity chart orplasticity inde< less than 8.

S$Silty sands( sandsiltmiA? line inthe plasticity chart orplasticity inde< #reater than4.

S""layey sands( sandclaymi


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.able: roup Sy#bols for Silty and Clayey Soil

$a5or Di!ision "riteria +or "lassi+icationGroup

Sym*olTypical 6ames

1 2 7 8

'ine #rained soil$ore than hal+ o+the soil passes6o.2// sie!e.

Silt B"lay( LL

-/

%nor#anic9 LL - /9 P% 49 andplots on or a*o!e >A? line see"L zone in plasticity chart3

"L

%nor#anic clays o+ low to

medium plasticity( #ra!ellyclay( sandy clay( silty clay(lean clays.

%nor#anic9 LL - /9 P% - 8( orplots *elow >A? line

see $L zone in plasticity chart3$L

%nor#anic silts and !ery +inesands( roc@ +lour( silty orclayey +ine sands or clayeysilts with sli#ht plasticity.

%nor#anic9 LL +or o!en dried

sample3CLL +or non driedsample3 - /.49 and LL - /

see &L zone in plasticity chart3

&L &r#anic silts and or#anicsilty clays o+ low plasticity.

%nor#anic9 plot in the hatchedzone in the plasticity chart.

"L$L Silty clay o+ low plasticity

Silt B"lay( LL

/

%nor#anic9 LL /9 and P% plotsa*o!e >A? linesee ") zone in plasticity chart3

")%nor#anic clays o+ hi#hplasticity( +at clays.

%nor#anic9 LL /9 and P% plots*elow >A? linesee $) zone in plasticity chart3

$)%nor#anic silts( micaceous ordiatomaceous +ine sandy orsilty soils( elastic silts.

&r#anic9LLo!endried3CLLnotdried3 - .4And LL / see &) zone inplasticity chart3

&)&r#anic clays o+ medium tohi#h plasticity( or#anic silts.

)i#hly &r#anic Soils Peat( muc@( and other hi#hlyor#anic soils

Pt Peat and other hi#hly or#anicsoils.


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;ange of #aterial 4 for coarse grained soil !9S.-2


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;ange of #aterial 4-age for coarse grained soil !9S.-2


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;ange of plasticity > #aterial 4 for low plastic inorganic silty > clayey soil !9S.-2


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;ange of plasticity > #aterial 4-age for highly plastic silty > clayey soil !9S.-2 #aterial 4-age for organic soil !9S.-2


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a ge o p ast c ty > ate a 4 age o o ga c so ! S


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roup sy#bols > their characteristics related to ;oads > 9irfields

Sym*ol

alue as

Su*#rade ,hen6ot Su*5ect to'rost Action

alue asSu**ase,hen 6otSu*5ect to'rost Action

alue as Hase

,hen 6otSu*5ect to'rost Action

Potential'rost Action

"ompressi*ility andI


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roup sy#bols > their characteristics related to ;oads > 9irfields

Sym*ol

alue as

Su*#rade,hen 6otSu*5ect to'rost Action

alue as

Su**ase,hen 6otSu*5ect to'rost Action

alue as

Hase ,hen6ot Su*5ectto 'rostAction

Potential'rostAction

"ompressi*ilityandI


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?@SC;P.O7 OF USC-;OUPS

2+ W and SW groups:

= Well-graded gravelly and sandy soils with little or no fines !A %4'+

= Fines #ust not change the strength > free-draining characteristics= n areas prone to frost action, they should not contain 54 of grains s#aller

than &+&0 ##+

0+ P and SP groups:

= Poorly graded gravels and sands with little or no fines+= Poorly or ap-graded #aterials are non-unifor# #i/tures of very

coarse #aterial and very fine sands with inter#ediate si3es lac*ing+

CO9;S@ ;97@? SO

5+ and S groups:= Silty gravel > silty sand with fines !204' of low or no plasticity+= .hese lie below the B9 line on the plasticity chart+

= Doth well and poorly-graded #aterials are included in these groups+d and Su groups:

Suffices Bd and Bu #ean desirable and undesirable base #aterials

= .his subdivision applies to roads and airfields only= Subdivision is based on the li"uid li#it and plasticity inde/= Suffi/ Bd is used when is 0% or less and the P is % or lessE

= Suffi/ Bu is used otherwise+


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8+ C and SC groups:

= ravelly or sandy soils with fines ! 20 4' that are #ore clay-li*e+= .he fines range in plasticity fro# low to high+= .he and P of these groups plot above B9 line on plasticity chart+

= Doth, well and poorly-graded soils are included in these groups+

F7@-;97@? SO

2+ and ( groups:

= Sandy silts, clayey silts, or inorganic silts with relatively low plasticity+= oess-type soils, roc* flours, #icaceous and diato#aceous soils are also

included+= So#e types of *aolinite and illite clays also fall under these groups+= Suffices > #eans low and high

= icaceous and diato#aceous soils generally fall within the ( group but #ay

e/tend into the group when their is less than %&+

0+ C and C( groups:= .he C and C( groups include clays with low and high li"uid li#its= .hey are pri#arily inorganic clays+= .he #ediu# and high plasticity clays are classified as C( and include fat clays,

gu#bo clays, bentonite, and so#e volcanic clays+

= .he low plasticity clays are classified as C and usually include lean clays,

sandy clays, or silty clays+


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5+ O and O( groups:

= .hese groups are characteri3ed by the presence of organic #atter+= Organic silts and clays are included in these two groups, and they

have a plasticity range corresponding to the , and ( groups+

(ighly Organic Soils

= .hese soils are designated by group sy#bol !Pt'+

= .hey are usually very co#pressible and have undesirable engineering

characteristics+= .hese includes peat, hu#us, and swa#p soils with a high organic te/ture+

= Co##on co#ponents of these soils are particles of leaves, grass, branches, or

other fibrous vegetable #atter+


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.able: @ngineering use chart

TKP%"AL 6A$IS &' S&%LG&JPS

G&JPSK$H&LS

%$P&TA6T P&PIT%IS

PI$IAH%L%TK,)I6

"&$PA"TID

S)IA%6GSTI6GT) ,)I6"&$PA"TID A6D

SATJATID

"&$PISS%H%L%TK,)I6 "&$PA"TID

A6DSATJATID

,&AH%L%TK AS A"&6STJ"T%&6 $ATI%AL

,ILLGADID GAILS(GAILSA6D $%MTJIS(L%TTLI & 6& '%6IS

G, PI%&JS IM"ILLI6T 6IGL%G%HLI IM"ILLI6T

P&&LK GADID GAILS(GAILSA6D $%MTJIS(L%TTLI & 6& '%6IS

GP IK PI%&JS G&&D 6IGL%G%HLI G&&D

S%LTK GAILS( P&&LKGADID GAILSA6DS%LT$%MTJIS

G$ SI$%PI%&JS T&%$PI%&JS

G&&D 6IGL%G%HLI G&&D

"LAKIK GAILS( P&&LKGADID GAILSA6D "LAK$%MTJIS

G" %$PI%&JS G&&D T& 'A% IK L&, G&&D

,ILLGADID SA6DS(

GAILLK SA6DS( L%TTLI &6& '%6IS

S, PI%&JS IM"ILLI6T 6IGL%G%HLI IM"ILLI6T

P&&LK GADID SA6DS(GAILLK SA6DS( L%TTLI &6& '%6IS.

SP PI%&JS G&&D IK L&, 'A%

S%LTK SA6DS( P&&LKGADID SA6DS%LT $%MTJIS

S$ SI$%PI%&JS T&%$PI%&JS

G&&D L&, 'A%



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@3


"LAKIK SA6DS(P&&LK GADIDSA6D"LAK $%MTJIS

S" %$PI%&JS G&&D T& 'A% L&, G&&D

%6&GA6%" S%LTS A6DIK '%6I SA6DS(&" 'L&J( S%LTK &

"LAKIK '%6I SA6DS,%T) SL%G)TPLAST%"%TK

$L SI$%PI%&JS T&

%$PI%&JS

'A% $ID%J$ 'A%

%6&GA6%" "LAKS &'L&, T& $ID%J$"LAKS( SA6DK "LAKSS%LTK "LAKS( LIA6"LAKS

"L %$PI%&JS 'A% $ID%J$ G&&D T& 'A%

&GA6%" S%LTS A6D&GA6%" S%LT"LAK &'L&, PLAST%"%TK

&L SI$%PI%&JS T&%$PI%&JS

P&& $ID%J$ 'A%

%6&GA6%" S%LTS($%"A"I&JS &D%AT&$A"I&JS '%6ISA6DK & S%LTK S&%LS(ILAST%" S%LTS

$) SI$PI%&JS T&

%$PI%&JS

'A% T& P&& )%G) P&&

%6&GA6%" "LAKS &'

)%G) PLAST%"%TK( 'AT"LAKS

") %$PI%&JS P&& )%G) P&&

&GA6%" "LAKS &'$ID%J$ T& )%G)PLAST%"%TK

&) %$PI%&JS P&& )%G) P&&

PIAT A6D &T)I)%G)LK &GA6%"S&%LS

PT


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ILAT%I DIS%AH%L%TK '& A%&JS JSIS

G&JPSK$H&L

S&LLID IAT) DA$S "A6AL SI"T%&6S '&J6DAT%&6S &AD,AKS

)&$&GI6I&JS

I$HA6$I6T

"&I S)ILL I&S%&6IS%STA

6"I

"&$PA"TID

IAT)L%6%6G

SIIPAGI%$P&TA6

T

SIIPAGI 6&T%$P&T

A6T

'&ST)IAI 6&TP&SS%HLI

'&ST)IAI

P&SS%HLI

SJ'A"%6G

G, 1 1 1 1 1 7

GP 2 2 7 7 7

G$ 2 8 8 8 1 8 8 F

G" 1 1 7 1 2 1

S, 7%'

GAILLK

2 2 2 8

SP 8%'

GAILLK

4%'

GAILLK

8


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@0


S$ 8 N%'GAILLK

I&S%&6"%T%"AL

7 4 N 1/

S" 7 2 2 8 N 4 2

$L I&S%&6"%T%"AL

F 1/ 11

"L 7 F 7 1/ F 4 4

&L N N 4I&S%&6"%T%"AL

4 11 11 12

$) F F N 12 12 17

") 4 4 1/ N&LJ$I")A6GI"%T%"AL

F 17 17 N

&) 1/ 1/ 1/ 18 18 18

PT


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!. merican ssociation of State i&"*ayand +ransportation %fficials system

(S+%)

Origin of 99S(.O: !For road construction'

"is system *as oiginally de#eloped 0y 'ogentogle ande7ag"i in 12 as t"e Pu0lic 6oads Classification System&

!fte*ads, t"ee ae se#eal e#isions& "e pesent !!S'

(1?) system is pimaily 0ased on t"e #esion in 14$& ('olt7and 8o#acs, 11)

! 1 Definition of Grain


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!.1 Definition of GrainSize

5ouldes Ga#el Sand Silt;Clay

Coase +ine

?$ mm 7o+2&

0+&& ##

@o&4>

>&42$ mm

7o+0&&

&+&6%

##

@o specificgain si7e

use !tte0eg

limits

2 G l G id


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!.2 General Guidance maDor roups A1E A0 &$it! several subroups' and

oranic soils A!e re)uired tests are sieve analysis and Atterber limits.!e roup index, an empirical formula, is used to furt!er

evaluate soils $it!in a roup &subroups'.

!e oriinal purpose of t!is classification system is used forroad construction &subrade ratin'.

!4 !?!1 !3

Ganula .ateials

3$ pass @o& 2>> sie#e

Silt;clay .ateials

3- pass @o& 2>> sie#e

%sing LL and PI sepaates silty mateials

fom clayey mateials

%sing LL and PI sepaates silty mateials

fom clayey mateials (only fo !2 goup)


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Following are so#e rules for deter#ination of group inde/:

a+ f the e"uation for group inde/ gives a negative value for , it ista*en as 3ero+

b+ .he group inde/ calculated fro# the e"uation is rounded off to the

nearest whole nu#ber !for e/a#ple, 8+8 is rounded off to 8E

and 8+% is rounded off to %'+

c+ .here is no upper li#it for the group inde/+

d+ .he group inde/ of soils belonging to groups 9-2-a, 9-2-b, 9-0-8,

9-0-%, and 9-5 will always be 3ero+

e+ When calculating the group inde/ for soils belonging to groups 9-

0-1, and 9-0-6, the partial group inde/ e"uation related to

plasticity inde/ !as given below' should be used+

&+&2!F0&&G 2%'!P G 2&'

! ! Classification


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.able: Classification of Soil-9ggregate i/tures !with Suggested Subgroups'

General"lassi+icatio

n

Granular $aterials70 or less passin# 6o. 2//3

Silt"lay $aterials$ore than 70 passin# 6o. 2//3

Group"lassi+icatio

n

A1 A7 A2 A8 A A A4

A1a A1* A28 A2 A2 A24A49A4

Sie!eAnalysis:

0 Passin#:

6o. 1/6o. 8/6o.2//

/$a


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43

!.! Classification

! ! Cl ifi ti (C t )


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44

!.! Classification (Cont.)

Das, 1

@ote:

"e fist goup fom t"e leftto fit t"e test data is t"e

coect !!S' classification&


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?3

Fig: i"uid li#it and plasticity inde/ ranges for silt-clay #aterial

! ! ,-ample Passing @o 2>> -


46/59

4-

!.! ,-ample

Passing @o&2>> -

LL?>, PI32

LL;3>4> F PI32

[ ]

334?&33

)1>PI)(1$+(>1&>

)4>LL(>>$&>2&>)3$+(GI

2>>

2>>

=

+

+=

Round off A-7-5(33)

Passing @o&2>> -

LL?>, PI32

LL;3>4> F PI32


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.able: Co#parison of the 99S(.O and unified soil classification syste#s

AAS)T& system Jni+ied system

1.%t is *ased on te


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COP9;SO7 OF .(@ 99S(.O 97? U7F@? SO C9SSFC9.O7 ;OUPS

Soil #roup inAAS)T& system

$ost Pro*a*leGroup in JS"S

A1a G,( GP

A1* S,( SP( G$(S$

A7 SP

A28 G$( S$A2 G$( S$

A2 G"( S"

A24 G$( G"( S$( S"

A8 $L( &L

A &)( $)( $L( &L

A "L

A4 &)( $)

A4 ")( "L

.able Co#parison of the syste#s

.able Co#parison of the syste#s


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?

p y

Soil #roup inJni+ied system

$ost Pro*a*le #roups inAAS)T& system

G, A1a

GP A1aG$ A1*( A28( A2( A24

G" A2( A24

S, A1*

SP A7( A1*

S$ A1*( A28( A2( A24 A2( A24

S" A2( A24

$L A8( A

"L A( A4

&L A8( A

$) A4( A

") A4

&) A4( A

Pt

I l 1


50/59

$>

I.0. Calculate its voids ratio,

dry density, saturated density and submered density.

Solution


51/59

$1

I.0>, determine t!e voids

ratio $it! assumption t!at t!e sample is perfectly dry.

6!at $ould be t!e voids ratio if t!e sample is assumed to

!ave a $ater content of 14. Solution


52/59

$2

I.> and

1.?3 Fcubic cm respectively, determine t!e density

index. Assume specific ravity of sand particles as>.3.

Solution

+o maimum dy density

+o minimum density


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$3

I Fcubic

cm !as a $ater content of 13. 6!at are its dry density and

deree of saturation Assume GH>.3. +f t!e sample is

allo$ed to et fully saturated $it!out an increase in its

volume, $!at $ould be its bul8 density

"en fully satuated


54/59

$4

!ltenati#ely.03

I


56/59

$-

I.0, $!at $ere t!e $ater content and deree of

saturation of t!e undistributed sample Solution

!ltenati#ely1&! satuated soil sample "a#ing a #olume of 3>>cm

3pesents a mass of

423g& !fte 0eing fully died in an o#en at 1>$ >C, its mass deceasedto 32>g&consideing Gs2&-$, o0tain t"e *ate content *, t"e initial#oid atio and t"e total dy and su0meged unit *eig"tJ

32,e>&$

yd14&3B@Km3

ysat1&B@Km3

ysu0& B@Km3

>2&6epeat pe#ious eecise consideing t"at soil sample is o0tained foman ion oe mining egion and "as a "ig" pecentage of "ematite, in*"ic" Gs$& J

32,e1&-yd1&2B@Km

3

ysat2$&4B@Km3

ysu01$&4B@Km3

>3& ! ocB fill is 0eing constucted *it" ganite ocB 0locBs (Gs2&?),pesenting a #oid atio of >&$ afte placement& E#aluate t"e appaenttotal, dy and su0meged unit *eig"tJ

yd1B@Km3

ysu011&3B@Km

3

>4&Consideing t"at t"e 6io de aneio clay pesents $$ of paticles *it"diamete unde 2M1>

;-m, o0tain a plot of acti#ity of t"is clay against

dept"& Classify t"e esults accoding to sBempton&J

>$&! sand em0anBment is to 0e constucted and design specifications

eAuie a minimum elati#e density of ?>& If e min>&$-$ andema>&? fo t"e sand, *"at s"ould t"e #oid atio 0e afte placementJ

yd14&-B@Km3

e>&4

>-&! sample of satuated clay *eig"ed 1$2-g in its natual state, and1>$3g afte dying& Detemine t"e natual eate content& If t"e specific

ga#ity of t"e solid constituents *as 2&?>&*"at *as t"e #oid atioJ "epoosityJ "e total unit *eig"tJ

44&e1&21

@>&$$N1?&3-B@Km

3

Group 21 /e& !


58/59

$

Group021 /e&. !

>?& ! sample of "adpan "ad a *eig"t of 12&1g and a #olume of $-&4cm3in its

natual state& Its dy *eig"t *as 121&$g& "e specific ga#ity of t"e solid

constituents *as 2&?>&compute t"e *ate content, t"e #oid atio, and degeeof satuation&

E-&3

eE>&2$

SE-?

>&"e density of sand 0acBfill *as detemined 0y field measuement to 0e

1&?$.gKm3&t"e *ate content at t"e time of test *as &-, and t"e specific

ga#ity of solid constituents *as 2&->& In t"e la0oatoy #oid atios in t"e

loosest and densest states *ee found to 0e >&-42 and >&4-2 especti#ely&

"at *ee t"e #oid atio and elati#e density if t"e fillJ

eE>&-1-

DE14

>&! dy Auat7 and sample *eig"s 1&$4.gKm

3

&*"at is its density *"ensatuatedJ

PE1&- .gKm3

1>&! sample of silty clay "ad a #olume of 14& cm

3& its *eig"t at natual

*ate content *as 2&1g and afte o#en dying *as 24&3g& "e specific

ga#ity of solid constituents *as 2&?>& Calculate t"e #oid atio and degee

of satuation of t"e sample& J

eE>&-1?

SE?>

11&"e natual *ate content of soft satuated clay is 4$& If t"e specificga#ity of soil solids is 2&?2, find e,n and psat&J

eE1&224,nE$$,

psat&E1&??4gKcm3

12&"e in;situ #oids atio of a 0ed of sand is >&-&if t"e density of sand paticles

is 2&-$GKcm3, calculate pd and psat& f sand& If sand gets completely

su0meged, *"at *ould 0e effecti#e densityJ

pdE1&-$$gKcm3

psat&E2&>3 gKcm3

Peff&E1&>3

gKcm3

Group 3 /e& !1 and on*ards


59/59

Group03 /e&. !1 and on*ards13&

! satuated sample of soil "as a *ate content of 33& If G2&-,find pd, psat& !nd p

K& J

pd1&421gKcm3

psat&1&2 gKcm3

p

K

>&2 gKcm

3

14&

! soil sample *eig"ing 1&-gKcm3 "as a *ate content of 32&t"e

specific ga#ity of soil paticles is 2&-$& Detemine e, n and S&J

e1&12,

n$4&1,

S?1&?

1$&("e natual *ate content and in situ density of a sample of sanda0o#e *ate ta0le ae 14 and 1&gKcm3especti#ely& ("e emaand

emin coesponding to t"e loosest and densest states as detemined0y la0oatoy tests on died samples ae especti#ely >&> and

>&4&if t"e paticles specific ga#ity is 2&-$, calculate S and ID& J

S-2&

ID&>&-$-

1-&!n eat" em0anBment is compacted at *1 to a 0ulB density of1&2gKcm

3& if G2&?, find e and Sof compacted em0anBment&J

E>&--S?3&-

1?& ("e *et mass of a soil sample "a#ing a #olume of 44&cm3is $&4g&

afte o#en;dying, t"e mass educes to ?-&4g& find S , if G2&--&*"at *ill 0e t"e *ate content as full satuation&J

S$-,

21

1&! satuated sample of soil "as a *ate content of 3$& !dopting

G2&?>, calculate Nd, Nsat& and NK J

Nd1&3gKcm3,

Nsat1&gKcm3

NK >& gKcm3

Soil Class 3

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Transcript of Soil Class 3