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Dynamic Testing Techniques
Presented by E Baskaran(Testing Trainer)
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Dynamic Testing Techniques
1 Principles 2 Lifecycle
4 Dynamic testtechniques
3 Static testing
5 Management 6 Tools
Software Testing Chapter 4
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ContentsWhat is a testing technique?Black and White box testingBlack box test techniquesWhite box test techniques
Error Guessing
Dynamic Testing Techniques
1 2 3
4 5 6
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Why dynamic test techniques? Exhaustive testing (use of all possible inputs and
conditions) is impractical must use a subset of all possible test cases must have high probability of detecting faults
Need thought processes that help us select test cases more intelligently test case design techniques are such thought processes
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What is a testing technique?
a procedure for selecting or designing tests based on a structural or functional model of the
software successful at finding faults 'best' practice a way of deriving good test cases a way of objectively measuring a test effort
Testing should be rigorous, thorough and systematic
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Using techniques makes testing much more effective
Advantages of techniques
Different people: similar probability find faults gain some independence of thought
Effective testing: find more faults focus attention on specific types of fault know you're testing the right thing
Efficient testing: find faults with less effort avoid duplication systematic techniques are measurable
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Measurement
Objective assessment of thoroughness of testing (with respect to use of each technique) useful for comparison of one test effort to another
E.g.
Project A60% Equivalence
partitions50% Boundaries75% Branches
Project B40% Equivalence
partitions45% Boundaries60% Branches
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Contents
What is a testing technique?Black and White box testingBlack box test techniquesWhite box test techniques
Error Guessing
Dynamic Testing Techniques
1 2 3
4 5 6
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Three types of systematic technique
Static (non-execution)• examination of documentation,
source code listings, etc.Functional (Black Box)
• based on behaviour /functionality of software
Structural (White Box)• based on structure
of software
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Some test techniquesStatic Dynamic
Structural
Behavioural
FunctionalNon-functional
Reviews
WalkthroughsDesk-checking
DataFlow
SymbolicExecution
Definition-Use
StatementBranch/Decision
Branch ConditionBranch ConditionCombination
LCSAJ
Arcs
EquivalencePartitioning
BoundaryValue Analysis
Cause-Effect Graphing
Random
UsabilityPerformance
Static AnalysisInspection
ControlFlow
etc.
etc.
etc.
etc.
etc.
State Transition
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Black box versus white box?
Integration
Component
Acceptance
System
Black box appropriateat all levels butdominates higherlevels of testing
White box usedpredominatelyat lower levelsto complimentblack box
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ContentsWhat is a testing technique?Black and White box testingBlack box test techniquesWhite box test techniques
Error Guessing
Dynamic Testing Techniques
1 2 3
4 5 6
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Black Box test design and measurement techniques Techniques defined in BS 7925-2
Equivalence partitioning Boundary value analysis State transition testing Cause-effect graphing Syntax testing Random testing
Also defines how to specify other techniques
= Yes= No
Also a measurementtechnique?
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Equivalence partitioning (EP)
divide (partition) the inputs, outputs, etc. into areas which are the same (equivalent)
assumption: if one value works, all will work one from each partition better than all from one
1 100 1010
valid invalidinvalid
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Boundary value analysis (BVA)
faults tend to lurk near boundaries good place to look for faults test values on both sides of boundaries
1 100 1010
valid invalidinvalid
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Example: Loan application
Customer NameAccount numberLoan amount requested Term of loan Monthly repaymentTerm:Repayment:Interest rate:Total paid back:
6 digits, 1stnon-zero£500 to £90001 to 30 years
Minimum £10
2-64 chars.
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Customer nameNumber of characters:
2 64 65invalid valid invalid1
Conditions Valid Partitions
Invalid Partitions
Valid Boundaries
Invalid Boundaries
Customer name
2 to 64 chars valid chars
< 2 chars > 64 chars invalid chars
2 chars 64 chars
1 chars 65 chars 0 chars
Valid characters:Anyother
A-Za-z-’
space
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Account number
5 6 7invalid
validinvalid
number of digits:
first character:invalid: zerovalid: non-zero
Conditions Valid Partitions
Invalid Partitions
Valid Boundaries
Invalid Boundaries
Account number
6 digits 1st non-zero
< 6 digits > 6 digits 1st digit = 0 non-digit
100000 999999
5 digits 7 digits 0 digits
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Loan amount
500 9000 9001
invalid valid invalid
499
Conditions Valid Partitions
Invalid Partitions
Valid Boundaries
Invalid Boundaries
Loan amount
500 - 9000 < 500 >9000 0 non-numeric null
500 9000
499 9001
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Condition templateConditions Valid
Partitions Tag Invalid
Partitions Tag Valid
Boundaries Tag Invalid
Boundaries Tag
Customer name
2 - 64 chars valid chars
V1 V2
< 2 chars > 64 chars invalid char
X1 X2 X3
2 chars 64 chars
B1 B2
1 char 65 chars 0 chars
D1 D2 D3
Account number
6 digits 1st non-zero
V3 V4
< 6 digits > 6 digits 1st digit = 0 non-digit
X4 X5 X6 X7
100000 999999
B3 B4
5 digits 7 digits 0 digits
D4 D5 D6
Loan amount
500 - 9000 V5 < 500 >9000 0 non-integer null
X8 X9 X10 X11 X12
500 9000
B5 B6
499 9001
D7 D8
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Design test cases
TestCase
Description Expected Outcome New TagsCovered
1
2
Name: John SmithAcc no: 123456Loan: 2500Term: 3 years
Name: ABAcc no: 100000Loan: 500Term: 1 year
Term: 3 yearsRepayment: 79.86Interest rate: 10%Total paid: 2874.96Term: 1 yearRepayment: 44.80Interest rate: 7.5%Total paid: 537.60
V1, V2,V3, V4,V5 .....
B1, B3,B5, .....
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Why do both EP and BVA?
If you do boundaries only, you have covered all the partitions as well technically correct and may be OK if everything works
correctly! if the test fails, is the whole partition wrong, or is a
boundary in the wrong place - have to test mid-partition anyway
testing only extremes may not give confidence for typical use scenarios (especially for users)
boundaries may be harder (more costly) to set up
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Test objectives?
For a thorough approach: VP, IP, VB, IB Under time pressure, depends on your test objective
- minimal user-confidence: VP only?minimal user-confidence: VP only?- maximum fault finding: VB first (plus IB?)maximum fault finding: VB first (plus IB?)
Condition ValidPartition
Tag InvalidPartition
Tag ValidBoundary
Tag InvalidBoundary
Tag
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Decision tables
explore combinations of inputs, situations or events, it is very easy to overlook specific combinations of
input start by expressing the input conditions of interest so
that they are either TRUE or FALSE
– record found– file exists– code valid
– policy expired– account in credit– due date > current date
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Example: student access
A university computer system allows students an allocation of disc space depending on their projects.If they have used all their allotted space, they are only allowed restricted access, i.e. to delete files, not to create them. This is assuming they have logged on with a valid username and password.
What are the input and output conditions?
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List the input and output conditions
• list the ‘output conditions’ under the input conditions
Input Conditions Valid username Valid password Account in credit Output Conditions Login accepted Restricted access
• list the ‘input conditions’ in the first column of the table
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Determine input combinations add columns to the table for each unique combination
of input conditions. each entry in the table may be either ‘T’ for true, ‘F’
for false.
Input Conditions Valid username T T T T F F F F Valid password T T F F T T F F Account in credit T F T F T F T F
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Rationalise input combinations some combinations may be impossible or not of
interest some combinations may be ‘equivalent’ use a hyphen to denote “don’t care”
Input Conditions Valid username F T T T Valid password - F T T Account in credit - - F T
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Complete the table determine the expected output conditions for each combination of
input conditions
Input Conditions Valid username F T T T Valid password - F T T Account in credit - - F T Output Conditions Login accepted F F T T Restricted access - - T F
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Determine test case groups each column is at least one test case
Input Conditions Valid username F T T T Valid password - F T T Account in credit - - F T Output Conditions Login accepted F F T T Restricted access - - T F
Tags A B C D
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Design test cases usually one test case for each column but can be none or several
Test Description Expected Outcome Tag 1 Username BrbU Invalid username A 2 Username
usernametoolong Invalid username A
3 Username BobU Password abcd
Invalid password B
4 Valid user, no disc space
Restricted access C
5 Valid user with disc space
Unrestricted access D
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Rationalising outputs
if outputs or effects are mutually exclusive, I.e. T occurs in only one place in each column, we can combine them
for example:
X T F F
Y F T F
Z F F T Output X Y Z
is equivalent to:
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Rationalising dangers
rationalising is based on assumptions assumptions may be wrong! assumptions should be stated assumptions may change over time be aware of the dangers
filling in the full table may find errors which will be missed if you rationalise
it is possible to rationalise too far
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Extending decision tables
Entries can be more than just ‘true’ or ‘false’ completing table needs to be done carefully rationalising becomes more important
E.g.
Code = 1, 2, or 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 Exp.date < now T T F F T T F F T T F F Class A product T F T F T F T F T F T F
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Decision Tables in relation to EP and BVA
Input value Output value
FALSE
TRUE
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ContentsWhat is a testing technique?Black and White box testingBlack box test techniquesWhite box test techniques
Error Guessing
Dynamic Testing Techniques
1 2 3
4 5 6
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White Box test design and measurement techniques Techniques defined in BS 7925-2
Statement testing Branch / Decision testing Data flow testing Branch condition testing Branch condition combination testing Modified condition decision testing LCSAJ testing
Also defines how to specify other techniques
= Yes= No
Also a measurementtechnique?
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Stronger structural techniques (different structural elements)
More tests
Using structural coverage
Increasing coverage
Coverage OK?What'scovered?
Results OK?
Enoughtests?
Spec Software
Tests
More testsMore testsMore testsMore testsMore testsMore testsMore tests
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The test coverage trap
Structure exercised,insufficient function
Function exercised,insufficient structure
better testing
% Statement % Decision % Condition Combination
Structural testedness
Functionaltestedness
100% coverage doesnot mean 100% tested!
Coverage is notThoroughness
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Statement coverage
percentage of executable statements exercised by a test suite
number of statements exercised total number of statements
example: program has 100 statements tests exercise 87 statements statement coverage = 87%
=
Typical ad hoc testing achieves 60 - 75%
Statement coverageis normally measured
by a software tool.
?
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Example of statement coverage
Testcase
Input Expectedoutput
1 7 7
As all 5 statements are ‘covered’ bythis test case, we have achieved
100% statement coverage
read(a)IF a > 6 THEN b = aENDIFprint b
12345
Statementnumbers
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Decision coverage(Branch coverage) percentage of decision outcomes
exercised by a test suitenumber of decisions outcomes exercised total number of decision outcomes
example: program has 120 decision outcomes tests exercise 60 decision outcomes decision coverage = 50%
Typical ad hoc testing achieves 40 - 60%
=
Decision coverageis normally measured
by a software tool.
True
False?
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Paths through code
? ?
1 2
? ?
1 2 31 2?
?
1 2 3 4
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Paths through code with loops
?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ….
for as many times as itis possible to go roundthe loop (this can beunlimited, i.e. infinite)
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End
Selecttrans...
Yes
Example 1Wait for card to be insertedIF card is a valid card THEN
display “Enter PIN number”IF PIN is valid THEN
select transactionELSE (otherwise)
display “PIN invalid”ELSE (otherwise)
reject cardEnd
Display“Enter..
Yes
ValidPIN?
No
Rejectcard
Display“PIN in..
No
Validcard?
Wait
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Read AIF A > 0 THEN IF A = 21 THEN
Print “Key” ENDIFENDIF
IF A > 0 THEN
ENDIF
Print “Key”
IF A = 21 THEN
ENDIF
Example 2
Cyclomatic complexity: _____ Minimum tests to achieve:
Statement coverage: ______ Branch coverage: _____
3
13
Read A
YesA=21Yes
No
End
A>0
No
Read
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Example 3
Cyclomatic complexity: _____ Minimum tests to achieve:
Statement coverage: ______ Branch coverage: _____
Read ARead BIF A > 0 THEN IF B = 0 THEN
Print “No values” ELSE
Print BIF A > 21 THEN Print AENDIF
ENDIFENDIF
4
24
PrintYes
A>21
No
No
B=0
Yes
Yes
Read
A>0
End
No
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Example 4
Cyclomatic complexity: _____ Minimum tests to achieve:
Statement coverage: ______ Branch coverage: _____
Read ARead BIF A < 0 THEN Print “A negative”ELSE Print “A positive”ENDIFIF B < 0 THEN Print “B negative”ELSE Print “B positive”ENDIF
3
22
Read
End
PrintNo
PrintYesB<0
PrintNo
PrintYesA<0
Note: thereare 4 paths
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End
No
Example 5
Cyclomatic complexity: _____ Minimum tests to achieve:
Statement coverage: ______ Branch coverage: _____
Read ARead BIF A < 0 THEN Print “A negative”ENDIFIF B < 0 THEN Print “B negative”ENDIF
3
12
Read A<0 PrintYes
No
B<0 PrintYes
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Example 6
Cyclomatic complexity: _____ Minimum tests to achieve:
Statement coverage: ______ Branch coverage: _____
Read AIF A < 0 THEN Print “A negative”ENDIFIF A > 0 THEN Print “A positive”ENDIF
3
22
Read PrintYes
No
End
NoA>0 PrintYes
A<0
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Contents
What is a testing technique?Black and White box testingBlack box test techniquesWhite box test techniques
Error Guessing
Dynamic Testing Techniques
1 2 3
4 5 6
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Non-systematic test techniques Trial and error / Ad hoc Error guessing / Experience-driven User Testing Unscripted Testing
A testing approach that is onlyrigorous, thorough and systematic
is incomplete
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Error-Guessing
always worth including after systematic techniques have been used can find some faults that systematic techniques can
miss a ‘mopping up’ approach supplements systematic techniques
Not a good approach to start testing with
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Error Guessing: deriving test cases Consider:
past failures intuition experience brain storming “What is the craziest thing we can do?”
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Summary: Key Points
Test techniques are ‘best practice’: help to find faultsBlack Box techniques are based on behaviourWhite Box techniques are based on structure
Error Guessing supplements systematic techniques
Dynamic Testing Techniques
1 2 3
4 5 6