Software Quality and Testing SCSJ3343 · reported that the U.S. was under missile attack. –First...

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Software Quality and Testing (SCSJ3343)

Transcript of Software Quality and Testing SCSJ3343 · reported that the U.S. was under missile attack. –First...

Page 1: Software Quality and Testing SCSJ3343 · reported that the U.S. was under missile attack. –First operational launch attempt of the space shuttle, whose real-time operating software

Software Quality and Testing (SCSJ3343)

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Lecturer’s Details

Dr. Rohayanti Hassan(Sec. 03)

Webpage: http://comp.utm.my/rohayanti

Phone: 07-5538719

Email: [email protected]

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Course Schedule

• Sec. 3 - Perdana

– Thursday (8.30 am – 11.00 am) @ BK4, N28.

• UTMSPACE

– Refer schedule @ BK4, B11, FAB.

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Attendance Policies

• 42 hours of lectures over 14 weeks

• 80% of attendance is compulsory – W4 (16 hrs), W7 (28hrs), W9 (36hrs)

• Warning letter(s) will be issued

• If less than 80% - not allowed to sit for final!

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Course Policy

• Be PUNCTUAL !

– Will not be allowed to enter the class after 10 minutes!

• 80% attendance rule applies.

• NO Plagiarism for assignments and project

– 0 mark will be given.

• Etiquette. Please keep all cell phones, pagers, and other electronic devices (including laptops) turned OFF during class. If your activities during class are deemed disruptive, you will be asked to leave. And please dress appropriately.

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Course Learning Outcomes

i. Apply established software quality and testing concepts, the fundamental test process, test approaches, and principles to support test objectives.

ii. Design tests by using established techniques

iii. Execute test cases according to test design, and analyze and report on the results of tests.

iv. Ability to do work effectively in a team and lead the team in organising and illustrating the test activities throughout the software testing life cycle

• Please fill in the entry survey at the end of this lecture. URL available on the e-learning

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Assessment

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Mid-Semester Exam

– Date & Day: Friday ( 3/11/17 )

– Time: 9 am

– Venue

• Sec 01 – BK1

• Sec 02 – BK 2

• Sec 03 (UNSRI) – BK3

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SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE

INTRODUCTION

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Basic Questions

• What is the point of SQA?

• How necessary is SQA? • How good is software?

• Is software production different from producing other products? If so, how and why?

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Objectives

• What is Software Quality?

• Why is Software Quality important?

• What is Software Quality Assurance ?

• Software Quality factors

• Elements of Software Quality Assurance

• Development and quality plans

• Process Maturity models

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What is Software?

• Software is:

– Computer programs, procedures, and possibly associated documentation and data pertaining to the operation of a computer system.

[IEEE]

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Differences between Software and Other Products

1. Product Complexity

2. Product Visibility

3. Product Development Process

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"Software Crisis"

• term coined by DoD years ago

• Problem Today: complexity of problems addressed by software has outpaced improvements in software creation process

Time

supply

demandP

rogr

amm

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Quality Products

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Software vs. Quality

• Software is:

– Computer programs, procedures, and possibly associated documentation and data pertaining to the operation of a computer system.

• Quality:

– The combination of all 4 components is needed to assure the quality of the development process as well as the ensuing long years of maintenance.

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Software: Good & Bad

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The Big Question

• Q: How do we assure quality?

• A: We have a good process.

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What is Quality?

• Popular Views about Quality:– quality related to luxury, class and taste

– quality is related to quality of life.

– I know about quality when I see the product.

• Professional Views about Quality:– Conformance to requirements.

– Fitness for use.

© Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited 21

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Two aspects of Software Quality

• “q” – Intrinsic product quality, often limited to defect rate and reliability.

• “Q” – Customer Satisfaction, often includes product quality and process quality.

© Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited 22

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Pressman's definition of"Software Quality"

Conformance to explicitly stated functional and performance requirements, explicitly documented development standards, and implicit characteristicsthat are expected of all professionally developed software.

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IEEE Definition of "Software Quality"

1. The degree to which a system, component, or process meets specified requirements.

2. The degree to which a system, component, or process meets customer or user needs or expectations.

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Role of Customer

• Customers don’t buy products, they buy assurances that their expectations with the products would met.

• You also, can only sell assurances – in other words, Quality.

• Customer is in absolute position to judge the quality.

© Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited 25

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Quality Assurance

• Quality assurance is a system of activities designed to ensure production that meets pre-established requirements and standards.

© Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited 26

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IEEE Definition of"Software Quality Assurance"

1. A planned and systematic pattern of all actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that an item or product conforms to established technical requirements.

2. A set of activities designed to evaluate the process by which the products are developed or manufactured. Contrast with quality control.

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SQ vs SQA

• SQ: The degree to which a component, system or process meets specified requirements and/or user/customer needs and expectations. [IEEE]

• SQA: Part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled. [ISO 9000]

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Quality Assurance vs. Quality Control

• Quality control and quality assurance activities serve different objectives

• Quality control activities are only a part of the total range of quality control assurance activities

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More Definitions

• "software error"

• "software fault"

• "software failure"

• types of errors1. code error

2. procedure error

3. documentation error

4. software data error

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Nine causes of Software Errors

• Faulty requirements definition.

• Client-developer communication failures.

• Deliberate deviations from software requirements.

• Logical design errors.

• Coding errors.

• Non-compliance with documentation and coding instructions.

• Shortcomings of the testing process.

• User interface and procedure errors.

• Documentation errors.

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When are defects introduced?

• The majority of defects are introduced in earlier phases.

– Requirements are the top factor in a project’s success or failure.

Phase % of defects

% effort to fix

Requirements 56 82

Design 27 13

Code 7 1

Other 10 4

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Cost of fixing defects

• Relative cost of fixing defects

– benchmark: cost at requirements phase = 1

Phase found Cost ratio

Requirements 1

Design 3 – 5

Coding 10

Unit / integration testing 15 - 40

System / acceptance testing 30 – 70

Production 40 - 1000

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Importance of Software Quality

• Software is a major component of computer systems (about 80% of the cost) – used for

– Communication (e.g. phone system, email system).

– Health monitoring.

– Transportation (e.g. automobile, aeronautics).

– Economic exchanges (e.g. e-commerce).

– Entertainment.

– etc.

• Software defects are extremely costly in term of

– money

– reputation

– loss of life

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Importance of Software Quality

• Notable consequences of software errors:

– 1988 shooting down of Airbus 320 by the USS Vincennes - cryptic and misleading output displayed by tracking software.

– 1991 patriot missile failure - inaccurate calculation of time due to computer arithmetic errors.

– London Ambulance Service Computer Aided Dispatch System – several deaths.

– On June 3, 1980, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) reported that the U.S. was under missile attack.

– First operational launch attempt of the space shuttle, whose real-time operating software consists of about 500,000 lines of code, failed -synchronization problem among its flight-control computers.

– 9 hour breakdown of AT&T's long-distance telephone network - caused by an untested code patch.

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Importance of Software Quality

• Ariane 5 explosion June 4, 1996

– First flight of the European Ariane 5 launcher crashed about 40 seconds after takeoff.

– Cost was about half a billion dollars.

– Explosion was the result of a software error:

• Uncaught exception due to floating-point error: conversion from a 64-bit integer to a 16-bit signed integer applied to a larger than expected number.

• Module was re-used without proper testing from Ariane 4 .

– Error was not supposed to happen with Ariane 4.

– No exception handler.

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Importance of Software Quality

• Mars Climate Orbiter - September 23, 1999

– Mars Climate Orbiter, disappeared as it began to orbit Mars.

– Cost about $US 125-million.

– Failure due to error in a transfer of information between a team in Colorado and a team in California.• One team used imperial units (e.g., inches, feet and pounds) while

the other used metric units for a key spacecraft operation.

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Importance of Software Quality

• Mars Polar Lander - December, 1999

– Mars Polar Lander, disappeared during landing on Mars.

– Failure most likely due to unexpected setting of a single data bit.• Defect not caught by testing.

• Independent teams tested separate aspects.

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Importance of Software Quality

• Internet viruses and worms– Blaster worm (US$ 525 million)– Sobig.F (US$ 500 million – 1 billion)

• Exploit well known software vulnerabilities– Software developers do not devote enough effort to

applying lessons learned about the causes of vulnerabilities.

– Same types of vulnerabilities continue to be seen in newer versions of products that were in earlier versions.

• Usability problems

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Importance of Software Quality

• Monetary impact of poor software quality (Standish group - 1995)

• 175,000 software projects/year - Average Cost per project– Large companies - $US 2,322,000

– Medium companies - $US 1,331,000

– Small companies - $US 434,000

• 31.1% of projects canceled before completed.– cost $81 billion

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Importance of Software Quality

• 52.7% of projects exceed their budget - costing 189% of original estimates.– cost $59 billion

• 16.2% of software projects completed on-time and on-budget (9% for larger companies).

• Large companies - delivered systems have approximately only 42% of originally-proposed features and functions.

• 78.4% of smaller companies projects get deployed with at least 74.2% of their original features and functions.

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Software Quality Assurance

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SQA Activities

• Assuring, with acceptable levels of confidence, conformance to functional technical requirements.

• Assuring, with acceptable levels of confidence, conformance to manageria requirements of scheduling and budgets.

• Initiating and managing activities for the improvement and greater efficiency of software development and SQA activities.

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SQA Responsibilities for a Project

• Review of documents developed by development team.

• Track the compliance with standards.

• Development of QA Plan (test plan + test cases).

• Implementation of test cases (Black Box or Glass Box Testing).

• Management of bug repository.

• Participating in code and design reviews.

© Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited 44

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SQA Across the Life Cycle

© Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited 45

Requirements Collection

Analysis

Architecture & Design

Development

Testing

Deployment

Requirement Specs

Functional Specs

Design Specs

Code & Executables

Deployment Docs

Typical SDLC phases and relevant Artifacts

Reviews

Reviews

Reviews

Implement Test Cases

Review

SQA Responsibilities

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SQA Artifacts for a Project

© Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited 46

Requirement Specs

Functional Specs

Design Specs

Code & Executables

Deployment Docs

Dev. Artifacts SQA Artifacts

RS Reviews

FS Reviews

DS Reviews

Bug Reports

DD Reviews

Test Plan

Test Cases

More Test Cases

SQA Artifacts (more)

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Software Quality Factor

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Question

• To know that quality has improved, it would be helpful to be able to measure quality.

• How can we measure quality?

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Requirements

• SoftwareRequirements

– A condition or capability needed by a user to solve a problem or achieve an objective that must be met or possessed by a system or system component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed document. (IEEE)

• RequirementEngineering

– The development and use of cost‐effective technology for the elicitation, specification and analysis of the stakeholder requirements which are to be met by software intensive systems (Berry and Ryan, 1999)

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Comprehensive Requirements

• Comprehensive definition of requirements that will cover all aspects of software use throughout all stages of the software life cycle.

• Factor models define the broad spectrum of software requirements.

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Software Quality Factors

Different Models:

• McCall’s Factor Model (11 Factors)

• Evans and Marciniak factor model (12 Factors)

• Deutsch and Willis factor model (15 Factors)

• ISO/IEC 9126 (10 Factors)

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McCall’s Factor Model

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Deutsch & Willis Factor Model

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Deutsch & Willis Factor Model (cont.)

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ISO/IEC 9126: Internal and External Quality

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ISO/IEC9126 Sub-characteristicsQuality Sub-characteristics

Functionality SuitabilityAccuracyInteroperabilitySecurity

Portability InstallabilityCoexistenceAdaptabilityReplaceability

Efficiency Resource UtilizationPerformance

Reliability MaturityFault tolerance (robustness)Recoverability

Usability UnderstandabilityLearnabilityOperabilityAttractiveness

Maintainability AnalyzabilityChangeabilityStabilityTestability

Page 55: Software Quality and Testing SCSJ3343 · reported that the U.S. was under missile attack. –First operational launch attempt of the space shuttle, whose real-time operating software

In-class Exercise

• What quality characteristic and its relevant sub-characteristic that best fits the following requirements:

– If the customer provides a “How Did You Hear About Us” identifier code during the application process, retrieve customer information from GloboRainBQW.

– In case of a disconnection of the Telephone Banker’s workstation from the system while dealing with a customer, the system shall restore the work to the same state when connected.

– All pages shall be self contained with all control information built into the page such as that the user does not have to leave the screen to get help.

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Summary

• Relationship of software, software quality & SQA

• The need of software quality factor

• Different software quality factors

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Formation of Group

• Refer to your e-learning

• Ice breaking session

• Problem Solving 1


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