“SODIUM POLYACRYLATE IN DIAPER GEL AS STAND-IN ORGANIC FERTILIZER”
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Transcript of “SODIUM POLYACRYLATE IN DIAPER GEL AS STAND-IN ORGANIC FERTILIZER”
Antipolo Immaculate Conception School
“SODIUM POLYACRYLATE IN DIAPER GEL AS STAND-IN ORGANIC FERTILIZER”
An Investigatory Project Proposal
Presented to Mr. Rene s. Ferrer
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the
Fourth Grading Period in Science X
Academic Year 2015-2016
STEPHEN JUSTINE S. DELIMA
CRISTINA M. LEGASPINA
CLAIRE F. PEREZ
JAMES EDWARD E. ZERRUDO
2016
1
ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT
The researchers were indebted to and would like to extend their
warmest and heart-felt gratitude and appreciation to the following
individuals who helped them in making this study successful:
Classmates, for sharing their expertise, invaluable support, and
generosity in helping the researchers pursue this investigative paper.
Mr. Rene Ferrer, for his guidance, encouragement, and for unselfishly
sharing her professional expertise, patience and dedication in giving inputs
in turning this paper into a worthwhile one and to pursue this study.
Family & Friends, for their generous guide to the researchers in
creating a very significant study and patience in the culmination of genuine
values and discipline in making this paper.
Among all, to the Almighty Heavenly God, for providing the
researchers the knowledge, strength, wisdom and clarity which made
this study successful.
2
DEDICATION
To our loving parents, for their patience when we became
“impossible” as we write this paper, and inspiring us when things seem to
reach the point of being “impossible”.
Above all, to the Almighty God, for giving us Strength of Mind,
Courage and Perseverance.
To you we give all what we are, and what we will be!
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Fly leaf.............................................................................................................................1
Acknowldegement..........................................................................................................2
Dedication.......................................................................................................................3
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................4
Abstract...........................................................................................................................5
Chapter I
Introduction..........................................................................................................6
Background of the study.....................................................................................9
Conceptual Framework of the Study...............................................................10
Research Paradigm...........................................................................................11
Significance of the Study..................................................................................13
Hypotheses of the Study...................................................................................14
Chapter II
Conceptual Literature........................................................................................15
Related Study.....................................................................................................18
Chapter III
Methodology.......................................................................................................23
Chapter IV
Documentation...................................................................................................29
Chapter V
Conclusion and Recommendation...................................................................36
Chapter VI
Bibliography.......................................................................................................38
4
ABSTRACT
The increasing impacts on the environment due to agricultural
practices in the country have gradually affected the quality of the soil in
terms of structure and biological equilibrium, which has required the
development of alternative practices to minimize and mitigate those
impacts, parallel to the improvement on the yield per cultivated area and
economical benefits for producers and farmers. In addition, the amount of
food that society of today require for processing and supply of the industry
has encouraged the creation of new options for agricultural practices,
tending to be:
i) less invasive to the environment
ii) cheaper than conventional techniques
iii) able to increase efficiency at low costs
iv) able to obtain better characteristics on harvests and
v) ease of use and implementation with no excessive technical
requirements.
As a result, technologies such as bio fertilization have emerged in
order to minimize environmental impacts and take advantage of the
5
resources available in the field. The main scope of this paper is to assess
researches performed with the use of bio fertilization, mentioning their
advantages and limitations, reviewing some results on efficiency and
benefits acquired in recent years and highlighting their potential for better
agricultural practices community-wide.
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
The growing need for supply of agronomic products for food and
consumer goods processing by the modern society has caused substantial
increases in agrarian activities in recent decades. As a result, the need for
implementation of methods that allow, among other things, to improve the
efficiency of crops, mitigate adverse impacts on the soil, reduce the use of
chemical fertilizers, and increase revenues per cultivated area, have been
addressed. For this reason, the implementation of conservative agriculture
(CA) models has been a cornerstone of farming practices globally (Benitez
et al 2002; Morte et al 2003). The CA focuses on reducing adverse impacts
6
on the environment, increasing crop yields and inputs, and implementing
sustainable techniques for development of agriculture.
Biological fertilization is based on the use of natural inputs including
fertilizers, decaying remains of organic matter, crops excess, domestic
sewage, animal manure, and microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria
(Chirinos et al 2006). They are used to improve fixation of nutrients in the
rhizosphere, produce growth stimulants for plants, improve soil stability,
provide biological control, biodegrade substances, recycle nutrients,
promote mycorrhiza symbiosis, and develop bioremediation processes in
soils contaminated with toxic, xenobiotic and recalcitrant substances (Morte
et al 2003; Corpoica 2007; Rivera-Cruz et al 2008; Alvarez et al 2007).
Additionally, the use of bio-fertilizers can improve productivity per
area in a relatively short time, consume smaller amounts of energy, mitigate
contamination of soil and water, increase soil fertility, and promote
antagonism and biological control of phytopathogenic organisms (Chirinos
et al 2006; Corpoica 2007; Porcuna et al 2002). The aforementioned aspects
are translated into profitable benefits for farmers as a result of lower costs
associated with the process of fertilization and higher crop yields (Fundases
2005; Gonzalez et al 2002). In this sense, biologic fertilizers application can
bring benefits from an economic, social, and environmental point of view.
However, the implementation of fertilization techniques requires feasibility
studies, monitoring of environment variables involved in metabolic
processes, acquisition of biological inputs, capital investment, time, and
7
trained personnel (Plaster 2000; Vanegas 2003; Alegre 2000; Fresco 2003).
In order to achieve a sustainable agriculture is necessary the
implementation of plans, programs, projects and initiatives directed toward
the minimization of environmental impacts and consequent benefits for
farmers and producers.
As a result of recent investigations performed to effectively assess the
implementation of biological fertilizers under varying conditions, a review
on their benefits and limitations is required to provide a valid background
for academics, farmers and producers to perform future research
complementing current work that deeply assess economical, environmental
and social aspects related to the agricultural expansion worldwide. This
paper focuses on the review of current research resulting from the use of
biological fertilizers in different regions of the world to obtain a framework
that facilitates the development of future investigations in the agricultural
sector and, consequently, promote the reduction of environmental impacts
associated to the permanent use of chemical fertilization. Firstly in this
article, an introduction to bio fertilization techniques is addressed to
understand the fundamentals that explain their functioning. Next in the
paper, benefits and limitations of bio fertilizers are mentioned followed by
current researches’ results from the use of the techniques in various
geographical backgrounds. Finally, conclusions and recommendations
complete the paper.
8
Background of the Study
Many are of sure cognizance that fertilizers are used for proper and
healthy growth of plants, but are they really healthy? What exactly are
fertilizers? Well, a fertilizer is a substance, be it synthetic or organic, which
is added to the soil in order to increase the supply of essential nutrients that
boost the growth of plants and vegetation in that soil. With the rapid
increase in population globally, the demand of food and agricultural yield
9
has been rising tremendously. This is the reason why statistics show that
almost 40-60% of agricultural crops mainly from lowlands and highly
urbanized areas such as Metro Manila are grown with the use of different
types of fertilizers. Not only this, more than 50% people feed on crops that
are grown as a result of using synthetic fertilizers. On the other hand, there
are organic fertilizers that consist of manures and animal wastes.
Conceptual Framework of the Study
10
Research Paradigm
11
The study intends to get the level of satisfaction while using the
diaper gel polymer as a substitute organic fertilizer purposive for crops and
certain fruit-bearing plants standing mostly on household backyards.
Specifically, it tries to seek answers the following sub-problems:
1. What are the components present in diaper gels being responsible for
massive absorption of nutrients in soil?
2. What is the level of satisfaction of using the diaper gel as stand-in
organic fertilizer in the following variables:
1.1 speedy growth
1.2 plant potency
1.3 yielded crops or fruit
1.4 congeniality to other soil types
1.5 affordability
1.6 hypo-allergenic
1.7 environment-friendly
1.8 economical
12
3. What is the Antipolo City Sanitation and Health Services Officer’s level
of satisfaction on the use of diaper gel polymer as a substitute organic
fertilizer.
4. Is there a significant difference between the level of satisfaction of
the consumers, as to City Sanitation and Health Services Office in
utilizing stand-in polymer based organic fertilizer?
13
Significance of the Study
The use of organic fertilizer in sustainable gardens and farms will
quickly gain its popularity which is evident in the number of increased acres
of organic agriculture, chiefly in Cordillera Administrative Region and urban
Manila as well, having 59 million in 2015 to nearly 81 million in 2016,
especially as their mitigating effects on the environment are demonstrated
through more and more studies. While the use of synthetics amendments is
both dangerous and expensive and might as well be not considered
sustainable.
14
Hypotheses of the Study
NULL HYPOTHESIS
There is no significant difference on the level of satisfaction of
the consumers, as to Antipolo City Sanitation and Health Services Office
in utilizing stand-in polymer based organic fertilizer.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
There is a significant difference on the level of satisfaction of
the consumers, as to Antipolo City Sanitation and Health Services Office
in utilizing stand-in polymer based organic fertilizer.
15
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE AND
RELATED STUDY
Conceptual Literature
Mother nature has always taught us to balance out everything, and
still continues to do so. If you eat a lot, your body naturally bloats up and
tells you to exercise and come back to shape. When you exercise too much,
your body tells you to slow down and relax. If there is rain, you also get the
Sun, each and everything works fine till a balance is maintained. And we all
know the consequences of imbalance. A classic example for the same would
be the rise in global warming due to various reasons, including
deforestation. Same is the case with fertilizers. The problem is that humans
tend to use too much of fertilizers in the soil because they have to cater to
the global demand of food. As mentioned already, more than half of the total
yield production is out of synthetic or inorganic fertilizers which contains
components like nitrogen, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and so
16
on. These chemicals and minerals, although help in boosting the growth of
plants, they also have their drastic side effects in the long run. Mentioned
below are some key points defining the effects of using fertilizers on the
environment.
Depletes the Quality of the Soil
Though this may sound ironic to you, the fact is that using too much of
fertilizers in the soil can alter the fertility of the soil by increasing the acid
levels in the soil. Which is why it is recommended to get a soil test done at
least once in every 3 years so that you can keep a track whether or not you
are using the right amount of fertilizers. The levels of soil pH varies from 0-
14, wherein 0 is considered to be the most acidic and 14 being the most
basic. 7 is considered to be neutral. The ideal soil pH varies from plant to
plant and can be altered by bringing in some changes. Bottom line for using
too much of fertilizers in the soil is that, though it may seem to work
currently, there are high chances that you may not use it for plant yielding
in the long run. Alters the Biology of Water Bodies
When you use too much of fertilizers in the soil, it leads to
eutrophication. Fertilizers contain substances like nitrates and phosphates
that are flooded into lakes and oceans through rains and sewage. These
substances prove to become toxic for the aquatic life, thereby, increasing
17
the excessive growth of algae in the water bodies and decreasing the levels
of oxygen. This leads to a toxic environment and leads to death of fish and
other aquatic fauna and flora. Indirectly, it contributes to an imbalance in
the food chain as the different kinds of fishes in the water bodies tend to be
the main food source of various birds and animals in the environment. You
would be surprised to know that more than 50% of the lakes in the United
States are eutrophic!
Effects on Human Health
The nitrogen and other chemicals present in the fertilizers can also
affect the ground waters and waters that are used for the purpose of
drinking. One of the most common result for this can be the development of
blue baby syndrome which occurs in infants whose incapable enough of
standing through sensitive air conditions.
18
Related study
With the advent of the so-called Green Revolution in the second half of
the 20th century—when farmers began to use technological advances to
boost yields—synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides became
commonplace around the world not only on farms, but in backyard gardens
and on front lawns as well.
These chemicals, many of which were developed in the lab and are
petroleum-based, have allowed farmers and gardeners of every stripe to
exercise greater control over the plants they want to grow by enriching the
immediate environment and warding off pests. But such benefits haven’t
come without environmental costs—namely the wholesale pollution of most
19
of our streams, rivers, ponds, lakes and even coastal areas, as these
synthetic chemicals run-off into the nearby waterways.
When the excess nutrients from all the fertilizer we use runs off into
our waterways, they cause algae blooms sometimes big enough to make
waterways impassable. When the algae die, they sink to the bottom and
decompose in a process that removes oxygen from the water. Fish and other
aquatic species can’t survive in these so-called “dead zones” and so they die
or move on to greener underwater pastures.
A related issue is the poisoning of aquatic life. According to the U.S.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Americans alone churn through 75
million pounds of pesticides each year to keep the bugs off their peapods
and petunias. When those chemicals get into waterways, fish ingest them
and become diseased. Humans who eat diseased fish can themselves
become ill, completing the circle wrought by pollution.
A 2007 study of pollution in rivers around Portland, Oregon found that
wild salmon there are swimming around with dozens of synthetic chemicals
in their systems. Another recent study from Indiana found that a variety of
corn genetically engineered to produce the insecticide Bt is having toxic
effects on non-target aquatic insects, including caddis flies, a major food
source for fish and frogs.
The solution, of course, is to go organic, both at home and on the
farm. According to the Organic Trade Association, organic farmers and
20
gardeners use composted manure and other natural materials, as well as
crop rotation, to help improve soil fertility, rather than synthetic fertilizers
that can result in an overabundance of nutrients. As a result, these
practices protect ground water supplies and avoid runoff of chemicals that
can cause dead zones and poisoned aquatic life.
There is now a large variety of organic fertilizer available
commercially, as well as many ways to keep pests at bay without resorting
to harsh synthetic chemicals. A wealth of information on growing greener
can be found online: Check out OrganicGardeningGuru.com and the U.S.
Department of Agriculture’s Alternative Farming System Information
Center, for starters. Those interested in face-to-face advice should consult
with a master gardener at a local nursery that specializes in organic
gardening.
Chemical Fertilizer vs Organic Fertilizer
Nitrogen fertilizers break down into nitrates upon application.
Nitrates are necessary for the plants growth but an excess will leach into
groundwater supplies and can contaminate sources miles away. Because
21
nitrogen leaches through the soil more quickly, over-application is
abundant. These chemical fertilizers have a hugely negative effect on plant
and aquatic life, as well as human health.
Numerous studies have shown the negative effects chemical fertilizers
have on our environment and health. One study from Stanford University is
a great example of the difference between the use of chemical and organic
fertilizers.
According to its findings, soil fertilized with organic fertilizer
contained naturally occurring microbes that turned any excess nitrogen into
a benign gas, dinitrogen. These microbes are found less frequently and
were less active in soil fertilized with chemicals. The more leaching of
nitrogen, the greater application is applied, the fewer microbes and the
more poisoning of land and water.
And when comparing chemical fertilizers vs organic fertilizers it's
important to mention one study from the University of California, Berkeley
that states sustainable farming can indeed "feed the world", despite what
proponents and manufacturers of chemical fertilizers would have us believe.
It produces as high harvest rates, using less inputs and virtually eliminates
the pollution or contamination that leads to health and environmental
issues.
22
Most Sustainable Organic Fertilizer
There are many kinds of organic fertilizer and the options can be
overwhelming. But as mentioned before, organic doesn't always mean
sustainable. The best tip to keep in mind for home gardening is to avoid
purchasing your amendments from the store. Purchasing a garden
amendment still contributes to waste, instead of eliminating it.
Alternatively, creating a closed-cycle within your home or community
accomplishes two tasks at once.
Compost: You really can't get enough of this. Made from your own
yard and kitchen scraps, compost creates a fully closed-cycled system
within your home. Little is wasted and its benefits are unsurpassed as both
a soil amendment and mulch. Compost in greater amounts can also be
acquired from local farmers or for free from communities with a composting
program.
It contains a lower nitrogen level, so use it in conjunction with the
techniques below. It can be applied as frequently and as thickly as you'd
like or feel you need, but twice a year (spring and fall) and one inch thick is
generally preferred. Read more about home composting here.
23
Grass clippings: They decompose quickly and provide the soil with
nitrogen and other nutrients (between 2-5% depending on the season). They
also diminish weeds and act as mulch, conserving water. They can be
acquired for free from neighbor's lawns but avoid clippings from weedless
lawns, as they likely contain herbicides that can damage your soil's
microbial activity.
Add approximately a two inch layer of grass clippings in the spring,
when the nitrogen levels are at their highest and slightly more in the fall
when levels are lower. For fertilizing lawns, simply remove the bag from
your mower (or use a push mower) to leave the clippings on the ground.
Manures: High in nitrogen, animal waste from cows, horses,
chickens, or pigs are a great amendment to the soil and give sustainable use
to an otherwise smelly by-product. Trust me when I say many animal
owners will be more than happy to have you shovel out their pens or
corrals, making manures readily available and practically free. Horse
manures are used less frequently as they are more likely to contain seeds
from alfalfa or hay, which may sprout and take over your yard. However,
I've used them without issue and since alfalfa can act as a cover crop, it can
be beneficial in small amounts.
24
CHAPTER III
METHODDOLOGY
25
Procedure
DIAPER GEL
1. For this project you’ll need one of these disposable diapers. New
or gently used, it doesn't really matter.
2. Now most people know that a diaper can hold quite a bit of liquid,
but you might be surprised to see how much.
3. We tried putting over 4 cups of water in this thing, and you can see
that in just a few seconds, all the fluid is completely absorbed,
without a drop left in the bowl.
4. To see what's inside, let's go ahead and rip it open, and dump the
contents into a bowl.
5. We can see that if we add a bit more water and mix it together,
we've got ourselves an amazing, fiber rich hydrogel.
6. We tried packing some of this stuff into an airtight bag and
freezing it overnight, to make an improvised ice pack that won't
leak.
26
HYDRO SOIL
1. Now, we used food coloring to change the color of the gels, but when
working with plants it's best to leave it clear. This way, the plants
won't turn funny colors as they grow.
2. One adult sized diaper makes over 12 cups of hydrogel, and the small
pieces of cotton wadding break apart and mix right in.
3. Now we're going to need some all purpose potting soil that you can
get at any home improvement store, and a large mixing bowl to dump
it in.
4. Add equal parts of dirt and gel, then begin working the two together
until they're thoroughly mixed.
5. Now we’ve got a super absorbent, super soil that's light and fluffy,
and perfect for your potted plants.
27
POTTED PLANTS
1. In the event of an extreme overwatering like this, you might expect
that the plants would drown, or begin to rot.
2. But with the hydrogels infused in the soil, we can see how the excess
water is quickly absorbed, keeping the soil damp and fluffy, and
possibly saving the plants as a result.
3. Now the reason this mixture will hold so much liquid is because of
these super-absorbent water crystals.
4. They'll hold over 500 times their weight in water, and if you want to
separate them out, try ripping apart the wadding in the diaper, and
shaking it upside down over a piece of paper. The cotton fluff should
blow away, and you'll be left with just the crystals.
5. Go ahead and throw a little soil into the pot first, then help the plant
get comfortable.
28
6. To hold it firm in place, just keep packing more soil until everything
sits tight.
7. We can finish up by giving the plant a bit more water, and now with
the super crystals in your soil, your plant can go twice as long
between waterings, saving you time, and resources.
8. This diaper gel can work on your existing plants as well. As the gel
expands and contracts, it will naturally aerate the soil as it does.
9. Just grab a knife and a spoon, and gently nestle them down between
the roots, and spread them apart to form a gap.
10. Now we dropped some gel down to the roots, work the soil back
together, and continue around the pot until all your water-gel is used
up.
SEED STARTERS
1. If you're looking for a lazy way to get your seeds started, just dump
them into a batch of the grow dough, and give it all a good mix, or you
could even just sprinkle the seeds on top.
2. Fill a container of your choice, add a bit of water, and find a place that
you can set it and forget it.
3. Over the course of a week, the seeds will automatically sprout and
begin to grow, without any extra effort, or any extra water.
29
4. For one final idea, you can help preserve your fresh cut flowers, by
adding sugar, vinegar, and a bit of bleach to some warm water.
5. This will create a homemade flower food, and when you add your
slush powder, you'll see it absorbs the solution and slowly grows up to
60 times its size.
6. By agitating the gel you can create an awesome effect that looks like
crushed ice.
7. Not only does it look cool, but it's slowly releasing water as the
flowers need it, and feeding them at the same time. The gel is
completely non-toxic.
GARDENING
It's biodegradable, and environmentally friendly, so it's a great option
for working into your garden.
Not only will this save you on watering costs, but it will also last quite
a few seasons before it needs to be replaced.
30
Well now you know how to take an ordinary diaper, and convert it into
an extraordinary super soil, that will help keep your plants happy, and
hopefully keep you happy as well.
CHAPTER IV
DOCUMENTATION
31
DIAPER GEL
32
HYDRO SOIL
33
34
POTTED PLANTS
35
SEED STARTERS
36
GARDENING
37
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Biological fertilization techniques are pertinent strategies for an
efficient and rational use of agricultural resources with minimal
generation of adverse environmental impacts that may affect water
resources, ecosystems or the quality of human life. In addition,
biological fertilizers provide a wide range of possibilities for the
development of conservative agriculture in different geographic,
economic, and cultural backgrounds.
B. Current researches clearly show that bio fertilization techniques
require less chemical inputs on the soil and facilitate the
incorporation of residues that would otherwise go to dumping sites
and landfills, which represents relevant reductions on the
environmental impacts associated to agriculture activities nationally.
C. Limitations of biological fertilization require future research focused
on identifying the options available to tackle the issues and offer valid
frameworks for development of environmentally friendly practices
around the world that allows improvements on the efficiency and
consequent supply of product for the industry in the global economies.
38
D. Although several options for application of bio fertilizers are available,
feasibility studies should be carried out by producers and farmers to
effectively select the best option that offers better results and allows
minimizing environmental impacts.
E. Bio solids, animal manures, green manures, composting, microbial
inoculants and seaweeds extracts are techniques widely used in
today’s agriculture, however, their implementation still requires
research, investment, and technological development to fully
understand their impacts on the soil, flora, fauna and, ultimately, on
human health.
39
CHAPTER VI
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We kiss the soil as if we placed a kiss on the hands of a mother, for the homeland is our earthly mother. We consider it our duty to be with
our compatriots in this sublime and difficult moment.
Delima, SJ.Legaspina, C.
Perez, MC.Zerrudo, JE.
20!6researchers
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