SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
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Transcript of SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
![Page 1: SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/555dcb2dd8b42ab56b8b4d30/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What is a social structure?
1.1 Studying Society
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• All societies are built up of different parts and all are organised in some way.
• There are patterns of relationships and a set of organisations that act as the scaffolding that keeps society stable.
• All of the essential parts of society have a job to perform and they all fit with each other to hold society together.– What theoretical perspective is this explanation
from?
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Social Stratification
• Most societies have a system of social stratification as a basic element of their structure.
• Having different layers in a society highlights the differences between the groups but it also means that those in the same group have a feeling of togetherness.
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Social Class
• Sociologists see social class as a powerful form of stratification but other layers can be drawn depending on such features as age, ethnicity, gender, etc.
• Placing people within these layers or strata means that some will be in higher or lower positions and some will have power, whereas others will be relatively powerless.
Theoretical perspective?
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Social class in modern Britain
• Social class can be measured in a number of ways but most social class scales use your occupation to decide where to place you.
• The scale introduced in 2001, which is now used in all official reports, is shown in Table A on the next slide (follow on your Nelson Thornes handout).
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National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC)
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Data Analysis
1. What percentage of those employed occupy semi-routine and routine occupations?
• 31.3%2. What types of employment occupy lower
managerial and professional occupations?• Nurses, journalists, actors, musicians, police
and armed forces
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Past Classifications
• The NS-SEC replaced a set of groupings known as the Registrar General’s Classification that had been used since 1911.
• Some of the research you might come across could have used this classification and this can be seen in Table B on the next slide (again follow on your Nelson Thornes handout)
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Registrar General’s Classification
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Social Grades
Market researchers and advertisers use the social grade classification shown in Table C.
• Market researchers and advertisers use the social grade classification shown in Table C.
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Task
1. Identify 1 difference and 1 similarity between the Registrar General’s and the NS-SEC scales.
2. Can you identify any problems with the NS-SEC scale?
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NS-SEC scale Vs Registrar
• Registrar’s was based on occupation and does not accommodate those who do not work (students, retired, unemployed etc.)
• Registrar’s was based upon head of household, whereas NC-SEC is based upon whole population.
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Problems with all scales
• Scales do not tell about an individual’s wealth and property.
• It is not clear where the wealthy upper class or National Lottery winners should be placed
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Task
• Where do you place yourself on the scales in tables, A, B and C?
• Why do you think there is no mention of ‘upper’ class in these scales?
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Is social class important?
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Task• Calculate roughly the difference between higher
professionals and the routine occupations taking A Levels
• It’s around 28% difference
• Calculate roughly the difference between higher professionals and the routine occupations obtaining 8 or more A* to C grades in their GCSEs
• It’s around 45% difference
What does this tell us?
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What does this tell us about class?
• That we have different ‘life chances’:– Infant mortality– Life expectancy– Educational outcomes– Employment prospects etc etc
... are a result or consequence of belonging to a particular class.
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Other forms of social division and stratification
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Gender, Race and Age
• Gender, race and age are other forms of stratification.
• Feminists approaches would see gender as a more important cause of inequality than social
class – why?
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Families• Families structure our lives.
• They mould and shape us into individuals who can take an active part in our society, and are responsible for teaching us the basic values and norms of our society.
• The structure of the family involves a complicated set of roles and relationships that are affected by such things as social class, income, age and gender.
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Education
• Between one fifth and one quarter of your lives will be structured by the education process.
• Many babies have their days structured by care assistants in nurseries and crèches and we are all affected by schools, from the age of 4 or 5 through to 16.
• Most of you will choose to stay in full-time education until you are 18 and many will go on to higher education, leaving only when you reach 21 or 22 .
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Work• Many of you will have part-time jobs and most of
you will find full-time employment after you gain skills and qualifications.
• Work is a really structured and important part of life as it provides income, status, rivals and friends.
• It also organises most of our waking hours by, and full-time employment could be seen as working a 5:2 shift with weekends being their two days off.
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Comparing Forms of Stratification
Achieved and AscribedOpen and Closed
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Different forms of stratification
• Stratification systems differ according to whether status is ascribed or achieved
• Ascribed – social positions are fixed at birth and unchanging over time
• Achieved – social positions are earned on the basis of personal talents or merit.
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Open or closed
• Open society – individuals can move up or down between the strata
• Closed society – movement between strata is much less likely to occur.
• Social mobility – is where people can move between the strata
• In which type of society is social mobility most likely to occur?
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Ascribed Stratification
• Caste system in traditional India linked to the Hindu religion – Brahmin Higher status– Kshatriyas– Vaishyas– Shudras– Dalits (untoucables) Lower
status
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Ascribed Stratification
• Apartheid in South Africa (1948-1994) was based upon a government policy of racial segregation – ethnicity was used as the basis for stratification.– White Higher status– Coloured– Black Lower status
• Black people denied citizenship rights and opportunities available to white people = life chances much lower / little scope for social mobility
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Theoretical Perspectives
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Marxist• Karl Marx identified 2 main classes:– Bourgeoisie (ruling class)– Proletariat (working class)
• Membership of these classes is based upon economic factors: ownership and non-ownership.
• The B owns the means of production and the P does not and has to sell their labour to the B in order to survive
• System is viewed as being unfair = conflict
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Marxist
• Marx believed the rich would get richer and the poor poorer and this would lead to revolution.
• The class system would disappear leading to an equal society.
• This hasn’t happened yet so perhaps society needs a class system to function?
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Functionalist
• The functionalist approach argues that some positions are vital to society, but not everyone has the talent to fill these posts.
• A system of inequality and unequal rewards is functional in all societies to attract the most talented people to the most important occupations.