Sociology An Invitation to Sociology An Invitation to Sociology Chapter 01 01.

Sociology Sociology

An Invitation to Sociology An Invitation to Sociology Chapter 01

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Sociology Sociology


Lesson Plan Objectives:Lesson Plan Objectives: Identify the “Social Sciences” Identify and define the scope and meaning of

sociology Identify and define the two uses of the sociological perspective Identify and recall the contributions of the major

pioneers of sociology Identify and describe the three (3) major theoretical perspectives in sociology today.

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THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVETHE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Social Science is a branch of learning that deals with human society.

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History – examines the past events in human societies.

Anthropology – investigates culture, the beliefs and major traits of groups.

Political Science – investigates the organization, administration, history and theory of government.

Economics – the study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Psychology – investigates human

mental and emotional processes.

Sociology – investigates human social behavior from a group perspective.

Sociology Sociology


Terms:Terms: SociologySociology – The scientific study of social (group) structures. The patterns of behavior shared by members of a group or society. Sociological PerspectiveSociological Perspective – a “view” that studies and examines the behaviors of groups (cultures) and not of the individuals within the group/culture.

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Intro to Sociology, the “S” files

Sociology Sociology


Terms:Terms: Social StructureSocial Structure – the patterned interactions of

people in social relationships. The difference between individual & group behaviors:

Behaviors displayed by the group would not normally be displayed by individuals “external” of the group.

Social ImaginationSocial Imagination – the ability to “see and understand” the link between self and society

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Activity – Handout: VocabularyActivity – Handout: Vocabulary Match each of the terms in the three (3) sections

to the definitions listed on the right side of the paper.

Some of these terms will be on the Chapter Quiz.

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THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGYTHE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY Sociology is a relatively “new” science, It had its

origins in Europe in the late 19th century (1800s).

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An Invitation to SociologyAn Invitation to Sociology Chapter 01

Auguste ComteAuguste Comte (1798 – 1857) (ill as a child)

Frenchman, recognized as the father of sociology Main concern was the improvement of society Used “scientific observation” as the method of study,

coined the term “sociology” Positivism – sociology should be based on

what is positive (sure) Social statics – the study of social order & stability Social dynamics – the study of social change Published his theories in a work, “Positive Philosophy”

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Harriet MartineauHarriet Martineau (1802 – 1876) (poor health, deaf)

English, popular writer of the period Translated Comte’s Positive Philosophy Emphasized sociology as a science Pioneer feminist theorist Wrote Society in America that illustrated the link between slavery & the oppression of women

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Karl MarxKarl Marx (1818 – 1883) German scholar – proponent of social science. Belief that

social scientists should change the world rather than merely studying it. Great concern for the poverty and inequality suffered by the “working class”

Identified several 19th Century class groups: Farmers, Servants, Factory Workers, Craftsmen, Small business Owners &

Moneyed Capitalists Industrial societies will eventually contain two (2) classes

Bourgeoisie – those who own the means of producing wealth Proletariat – the workers who will earn just enough to stay alive.

The key to unfolding history is class conflict between the bourgeoisie & the proletariat, which will eventually result in a classless society (communism). Capitalism will eventually self-destruct.

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Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer (1820 – 1903) (sole survivor of 9 children) Taught by Father & Uncle (math & science) Explained “social stability” by comparing societies to the

human body. (Parts = Families. Religion, Governments & Economies) Developed theory of social change – “Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism”.

Evolutionary social change will lead to progress, people should not interfere.

Natural social selection would lead to the survival of the fittest (strongest) societies.

Opposed social reform because it interfered with the “natural selection process”. The poor deserve to be poor & the rich deserve

to be rich.

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Emile DurkheimEmile Durkheim (1858 – 1917) Son of a French Rabbi Society exists due to a broad consensus of its members

PreindustrialPreindustrial – widespread consensus of values, beliefs & strong social pressure for conformity (mechanical solidaritymechanical solidarity)

Post-industrialPost-industrial – social interdependency based upon web of highly specialized roles (organic solidarityorganic solidarity)

First to teach sociology at the university level First to use statistical methods in sociological

research (study of suicide).

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Max WeberMax Weber (1864 – 1920) (mental breakdown) Affected psychologically due to conflicts between his

Calvinist Mother & well-to-do German Father University professor (law & economics) Believed that humans will act upon the basis or their

understanding of a situation. Sociologists need to discover the personal meanings,

values, beliefs and attitudes underlying human social behavior.

VerstehenVerstehen – understanding social behavior of others by putting yourself mentally in their places. RationalizationRationalization – the mindset that emphasizes

the use of knowledge, reason & planning.

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1892 – University of Chicago established the first Department of Sociology.

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Jane AdamsJane Adams (1860 – 1935) (Dropped out of medical college due to illness)

Witnessed government corruption and business practices that harmed workers. Co-founded “Hull House” in Chicago where immigrants,

the sick, poor & elderly could find refuge. Focused on the problems caused by the imbalance of

power among the social classes. Active in woman suffrage and peace movements. Awarded the Nobel Peace prize in 1931.

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W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois (1868 – 1963) African-American educator Attended an integrated H.S. in Massachusetts First black male to be awarded a Ph.D. from Harvard Sociological efforts directed towards the “Negro problem”,

defining solutions to racial issues in America. Co-founder of the NAACP & Alpha-Pi-Alpha, one of the first black fraternities Active in the Pan-African movement on

a multi-national scale.

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Activity Worksheet: Modern Wisdom – Urban Activity Worksheet: Modern Wisdom – Urban LegendsLegends

Read the narrative. Answer fully and completely questions #1 - #4 Answer the section, “Use your Sociological Imagination” Skip The “Topic for Research section”

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THEORITICAL PERSPECTIVESTHEORITICAL PERSPECTIVES A set of assumptions about a specific area of

study which is viewed as true by its supporters. PerspectivePerspective – the way in which the brain interprets an event.

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How many Legs?? How can he keep going up? How many black dots are there?

Sociology Sociology


FunctionalismFunctionalism – a sociological view that emphasizes the contributions made by each “part” of society (religion, family, economy…) Functionalists see a basic agreement on values within society. They emphasize the ways that people cooperate to reach common goals. Functionalism assumes that societies will return to a state of stability following some upheaval”.

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A fish story

Sociology Sociology


Conflict PerspectiveConflict Perspective – emphasizes conflict, competition, change and constraint within a society. General focus upon the disagreements among

various groups within society. Groups and societies compete as they attempt to preserve and promote their own special values & interests. Supporters of the conflict perspective see social

living as a contest, “Who gets what?”

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Symbolic InteractionSymbolic Interaction – focuses upon the interactions among people based upon mutually understood symbols People learn the meaning of symbols from the way we see

others react to it. One the meaning of a symbol is understood, behaviors

(interactions) are based on them. People use the meanings of symbols to imagine (via internal conversations) how others will respond to our

behaviors. These “internal” conversations enable individuals to visualize how others will respond to them before they act.

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Activity – Worksheet: Reading ComprehensionActivity – Worksheet: Reading Comprehension Read the passage Identify and list the correct letter for each of the

10 questions.

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Quiz Quiz

1.1. What is Social Science?What is Social Science?

2.2. When did Sociology get its origins in When did Sociology get its origins in Europe?Europe?

3.3. Who is the “father of sociology”?Who is the “father of sociology”?

4.4. When and what college established the When and what college established the first department of sociology?first department of sociology?

5.5. What is perspective?What is perspective?

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ENDEND

Sociology An Invitation to Sociology An Invitation to Sociology Chapter 01 01.

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