Sociology
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Transcript of Sociology
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SociologyAn Introduction to Sociology
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What is sociology???Sociology is the social science that studies human society and social behavior.Social Science – Disciplines that study human social behavior or institutions and functions of human society in a scientific mannerSocial Interaction – How people relate to one another and influence each other’s behaviorSocial Phenomena – Observable facts or events that involve human society
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How is sociology different?Anthropology – Comparing past/present culturesPsychology – Behavior and thinkingEconomics – Production/Consumption of goods and servicesPolitical Science – Operation of governmentHistory – Study of past events
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What Is Culture?Culture – all the shared products of a human groupMaterial CultureNonmaterial Culture
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Material CultureAutomobiles BooksBuildingsClothingComputers
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More Material Culture!
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Nonmaterial CultureBeliefs Family PatternsIdeasLanguagePolitical SystemEconomic System
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Components of CultureTechnologySymbolsLanguageValues
Shared beliefs of good/bad and right/wrong
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NormsNorms – Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situationsWhat social norms can you think of that exist in our society?Mores – Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
Laws
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Examining CultureCultural Trait – an individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need.What are some cultural traits?Examples
Using forks, knives, and spoonsSpecific greetings (Boss, Teacher, Friend, Mom)
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Culture ComplexesIndividual cultural traits combine to form the next level…cultural complexes.Cultural complexes – a cluster of interrelated traits.Football is a culture complex that involves a variety or traits.
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Football, a Culture Complex
Material Traits:HelmetsPadsFirst Aid KitsBenches
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Football, a Culture Complex
Specific Acts:PassingCatchingRunning Tackling
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Football, a Culture Complex
Specific Beliefs:Certain Rules Should Be FollowedPenalties Should Be Given
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What Do We Have In Common?
Cultural Universals – features that are common to all culturesFamilyFuneral CeremoniesShelterDancing
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More Cultural UniversalsReligionSportsMyths and FolkloreGift GivingBody Adornment
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Variations in CulturesEthnocentrism – the tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superiorCultural Relativism – the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than applying the standards of another cultureIn other words…KEEP AN OPEN MIND!
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CounterculturesCounterculture – reject society’s norms and replaces them with their ownHippiesOrganized Crime FamiliesAnarchists
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Traditional American ValuesAlthough Americans are extremely different, for the most part we all share certain valuesSociologist Robin M. Williams analyzed American values and came up with a list of 15What do you think of when someone says “traditional American values”?
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Traditional American ValuesPersonal Achievement
Achievement often measured by power or wealthIndividualism
Individual effort is the key to personal achievementCan be negative…failure = that person is to blame
WorkAmericans value hard work
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Traditional American ValuesMorality and Humanitarianism
Helping those less fortunate (Haiti, Syria)Efficiency and Practicality
Judge new technology on its usefulnessProgress and Material Comfort
Technology + Science = A more comfortable world
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Traditional American ValuesEquality and Democracy
“We hold these truths to be self-evident…”Civil Rights Movement
FreedomFreedom of religion, speech, bear arms
PatriotismPledge of allegiance, national holidays, 9/11
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Our Changing ValuesChoose one or more of the traditional American values we covered in class on Friday.Why do you consider these values to be important?Explain how this value does or does not differ from those of your elders? (Parent, Guardian, Teacher, Coach)
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Our Changing ValuesSelf-fulfillment – a commitment to the full development of one’s personality, talents, and potential…think, self-help seminars
LeisurePhysical FitnessYouthfulness
Does television, radio, and advertisements demonstrate and reflect these values?
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More Changing ValuesNarcissism – Extreme self-centeredness Is this a bad thing?List the pros and consA rapidly changing American value
Environmental Protection
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Internalization of NormsThink back to last week…what are norms?Norms – Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situationsSocieties develop norms that reflect the cultural values its members consider importantEnforced in two ways…internalization & sanctions
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InternalizationInternalization is the process by which a norm becomes part of an individual’s personalityWhat do you do as soon as you sit down to eat at a restaurant?What do you do as soon as the traffic signal turns red?
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What are sanctions?Sanctions - Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to normsPositive SanctionsNegative SanctionsFormal SanctionsInformal Sanctions
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Positive SanctionsPositive Sanction – An action that rewards a specific type of behaviorWhat are some examples of positive sanctions?Good Grades Pay RaisesCheers
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Negative SanctionsNegative Sanction – Punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformityIs the threat usually enough to deter behavior?What are some examples of negative sanctions?Ridicule FrownsImprisonment
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Formal SanctionsFormal Sanctions – Reward or punishment given by a organization or agencyPositiveDiploma, Pay Raise, AwardNegativeLow Grades, Suspension, Job Termination
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Informal SanctionsInformal Sanction – A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval by an individual or groupPositiveStanding ovation, compliments, pat on the backNegativeFrowns, insults, exclusion from a group
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Example 1
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Example 2
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Example 3
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Example 4
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Example 5
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Example 6
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Example 7
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Example 8
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Example 9
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Example 10
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Social ControlSocial Control - the enforcing of norms through either internal or external meansInternalization is the best form of social controlSocial Control Agencies:Police & CourtsReligionFamily