SocioLing_language Maintenance and Shift
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LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE & SHIFT
LANGUAGE & SOCIETY
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WHEN ONE LANGUAGE MEETS THE OTHER
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LANGUAGE SHIFT
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Migrant minorities
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Migrant minorities
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The language shift of 2nd-generation immigrants
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If you don’t want to be part of us…
Debate Rages On Over 'English Only' Policies
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Migrant majority
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Migrant majority
Colonization The colonial powers impose their languages
on the colonies.
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Colonization
More Population
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Colonization
The Dominant Culture
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Case: The Isle of Man
The official language of the Isle of Man is English, while Manx Gaelic has also had official status since 1985. Manx has traditionally been spoken but is now considered "critically endangered".
Manx has been officially recognised as a legitimate regional language.
Manx is closely related to the Irish language and Scottish Gaelic.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man#Language)
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Case: The Isle of Man
Why is there a language shift on the island?
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Factors contributing to language shift
Economic, social, and political factors Job opportunities See no reason to maintain L1
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Migrant majority
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Non-migrant communities
Language shift due to political, economical and social changes
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LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE
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Demographic factors
Where people live Rural areas vs. urban areas.
The size of the group Spanish in the US. Chinatowns.
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Attitudes and values
Positive attitude slows down the language shift. A symbol of ethnic identity
The father in ‘My Fat Greek Wedding’ explaining the root of any word is Greek. http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=2ALrm3nDGXI
An internationally recognized language slows down the speed of shift French-Quebec
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LANGUAGE DEATH & LOSS
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Language death and loss
When all people of a language die, the language dies too. Endangered languages
Why is it an issue? A language carries the cultural heritage of its
speakers.
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Examples
'Language Death: A Problem for All' By David Crystal http://vimeo.com/6677955/
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How a minority language can be maintained
It is a symbol of group identity.The degree and frequency of contact with
the the home group.Social factor may help.
Extended family vs. nuclear familyInstitutional support
Domains: education, law, religion, government, media
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Ethnolinguistic vitality
We can predict the likelihood that a language will be maintained by measuring its ethnolinguistic vitality.
Components The status of the language The size of the group The extent of institutional support
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Language revival
Attitude How strongly the speakers want to revive the
language Their reasons for doing so
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Six factors which may help a language to progress (Crystal, 2000)
An endangered language will progress if its speakers: increase their prestige within the dominant community increase their wealth increase their legitimate power in the eyes of the
dominant community have a strong presence in the education system can write down the language can make use of electronic technology
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Examples of language revival
Puyuma Language Revival http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHh_P72_fxA
Bunun Language Revival http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZklCYG2LNwA
Hebrew http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCzEVczcZbQ
Ocitan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5IxLW39D7s
Maori http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG2Abfglzq4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbE53FKUV5g