Socio Term Paper Crosstabs and correlation

7/25/2019 Socio Term Paper Crosstabs and correlation

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This paper is about cross-tabulations and it is an attempt to distinguish whether

cross-tabulations have been understood or not. Being mere novices to this matter,

finishing this paper to be successful is the objective. To begin with, we think the paper is

best approached as an exercise of our introductory course in Sociology .

This paper is a re!uirement of our S"#$"- course instructed by %r. &avid 'ohn

(. &elos )eyes. This paper will show a deep desire in answering !uestions regarding to

some statistical tables that were respectively chosen.

This paper will show seven statistical tables. The first six tables are two-by-two

cross-tabulations while last is a three-way-table that is divided accordingly into two sub-

crosstabs. The main variable of all seven tables is the respondent*s moral opinion of

artificial birth control, that is whether or not the use of contraception is wrong or not so

wrong. The main variable is known as (-" +B#" for short. The other variables are

ender &)/, Socio-economic #lass #0+SS/, #ourse #)S1/, 2igh school type 2S

T341/, same-gender sex (-" 2( S15/, and happiness of the respondent S-) 2appy/.

6e have decided to collapse some categories to make the categories fewer and easier to

manage. 6e have decided to collapse +lways 6rong, (ost "ften 6rong and enerally

6rong into one category named 76rong8. 6e have also collapsed the other categories

namely Somewhat 6rong, + 0ittle 6rong and ot at all 6rong into one category known

as 7ot so wrong8. 6e have also collapsed the other (-" variables in the same manner.

The other variables that are not moral opinions are also collapsed, and will be shown to

you at the later part of this paper.

$n this survey there were ,9:; respondents who were all Students of +teneo de

&avao


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Table . (-" +B#" by 1&1).

+B#"&)

Total(ale %emale

6rong 296 (37.9%) 404 (44.7%) 700 (41.6%)

ot so 6rong 485 (62.1%) 499 (55.3%) 984 (58.4%)Total 781 (100.0%) 903 (100.0%) 1684 (100.0%)

amma ? =.@

The cross-tabulation above indicates three main things. %irst, exactly A== @.9/

out of 9:@ respondents answered that the use of contraceptives is wrong, while C:@

;:.@/ answered that the use of contraceptive is not so wrong. Second, A: of the

respondents are males while the other C=D respondents are females. Third and finally,

DA.C of male respondents, compared to the @@.A of female respondents, answered

that the use of contraception and birth control is wrong.

The amma for this cross-tabulation is =.@ which indicates a weak-to-moderate

correlation. Through the explanation above, we can now say that slightly more females

compared to the males tend to insist that the use of contraception is wrong. $n this

survey there was one respondent who decided not to answer.

The next table is a cross-tabulation between the main variable by the Socio-

economic class. +gain, another respondent decided not to answer this part of the survey.

Table >. (-" +B#" by #0+SS.

+B#"

#0+SSTotal

0ower 2igher

6rong 499 (43.2%) 201 (38.1%) 700 (41.6%)

ot so wrong 657 (56.8%) 327 (61.9%) 984 (58.4%)

Total 1156(100.0

%) 528

(100.0%

) 1684

(100.0

%)

amma? -=.

The cross-tabulation of Table > indicates three main things. %irst, A== @.9/ out

of 9:@ respondents answered that the use of contraception and birth control is wrong.

Second, ;9 out of 9:@ respondents are in the lower socio-economic class while the

rest ;>: of the respondents are in the higher socio-economic class.

Third and finally, @D.> of respondents that belong in the lower socio-economic

class compared to D:. of respondents that belong in the higher socio-economic class


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answered that the use of contraception and birth control is wrong. This gives us a ;.

percentage swing between the higher and lower socio-economic class. The amma

statistic of this table is -=. which indicates a weak-to-moderate correlation.

The next table is a cross-tabulation between the main variable and course of the

respondent. "ut of the 9:@ respondents one decided not to answer the survey. 6e

collapsed #ourse into > categories. 6e decided to focus on the +ccountancy #ourse and

therefore made it one category. 6e just named the other category as 7"ther #ourses8.

Table D. (-" +B#" by #"


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Table @. (-" +B#" by 2ST341.

+B#"2ST341

Total#atholic School on-#atholic School

6rong 454 (46.4%) 244 (35.6%) 698 (41.9%)

ot so 6rong 524 (53.6%) 442 (64.4%) 966 (58.1%)

Total 978(100.0%) 686 (100.0%) 1664

(100.0

%)

amma? -=.>>

$n this survey, one respondent decided not to answer the survey, which tells us

that there are now only 99@ respondents. The three main things areE %irst, 9C: @.C/

respondents answered that the use of contraception and birth control is wrong while the

rest of C99 ;:. / respondents say otherwise. Second, out of these respondents, CA:

come from the catholic schools while the rest come from the non-catholic schools.

#omparing the percentages, @9.@ of the respondents from #atholic 2igh

schools compared to the D;.9 of respondents that are from non-#atholic 2igh schools

answered that the use of contraception and birth control is wrong. This shows a

percentage swing of =.: points and a gamma of -=.>>. Therefore this table simply tells

us that students who came from #atholic 2igh schools tend to agree more compared to

the other students from the non-#atholic high schools that the use of contraception is

wrong.

The next cross-tabulation is between the main variable and same gender sex also

known as 2(S15. The collapsing of categories of 2(S15, being also a moral opinion like

+B#", is similarly collapsed like the main variable.

Table ;. (-" +B#" by (-" 2(S15.

+B#"2(S15

Totalot so 6rong 6rong

6rong 50

(21.2%) 650 (45.0%) 700 (41.6%)ot so wrong 186 (78.8%) 795 (55.0%) 981 (58.4%)

Total 236(100.0%

) 1445 (100.0%) 1681 (100.0%)

amma? - =.;


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The cross-tabulation of the previous table is answered by only ,9: respondents

where A== @.9 / of the respondents say that the use of contraception is wrong while

the rest of C: ;:.@ / respondents say otherwise. 1xactly, ,@@; respondents state

that 2(S15 is wrong while the rest >D9 respondents say that it is not so wrong. %inally,>.> of the respondents who answered that 2(S15 is not so wrong, said that the use

of contraception is wrong compared to the @;.= of respondents who answered that

2(S15 is wrong also seem to say that the use of contraception is wrong.

This gives us a very, very strong gamma of -=.; and a percentage swing of >D.:

points. This simply tells us that the respondents who agreed that +B#" is wrong also

tend to agree that 2(S15 is wrong.

The next table is between the main variable and S-) 2appy. 6e collapsed the

72appy8 variable into two categories. 6e chose Fery 2appy, %airly 2appy and +de!uately

2appy to be one category named 72appy8 and the other choices Somewhat 2appy,

Barely 2appy, and ot at all 2appy to be also one category named 7ot so happy8.

Table 9. (-" +B#" by 2+443.

+B#"2+443

Total2appy ot so 2appy

6rong 638(42.8%

) 62 (32.1%) 700 (41.6%)

ot so 6rong 852(57.2%

) 131 (67.9%) 983 (58.4%)

Total 1490(100.0

%) 193

(100.0%

) 1683

(100.0%

)

amma? -=.>D

The cross-tabulation shown above indicates three main things. %irst, A== @.9/

out of 9:D respondents answered that the use of contraception and birth control is

wrong. Second, @C= out of 9:D respondents are happy. Third and finally, @>.: of the

respondents that are happy compared to D>. of the respondents that are not so

happy answered that the use of contraception and birth control is wrong. This gives us a

gamma of -=.>D and a percentage swing of =.A points.


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6e decided to enumerate the variables down with its specific percentage swing

and gamma statistic. 6e can now clearly see the amma statistic compared to each

other without flipping the pages.

+B#" by G 4ercentage

swing

amma #orrelation

1&1) -9.: =.@ 6eak to moderate

S"#$"-1#""($# #0+SS ;. -=. 6eak to moderate

#".9 =.>; (oderately strong to strong

2S T341 =.: -=.>> (oderately strong to strong

2(S15 ->D.: -=.; Fery, very Strong

2+443 =.A -=.>D (oderately strong to strong

Thanks to the previous enumeration, the decision of what variables to use for the

three-way-table can now be made. :

respondents >= or D:. of the respondents said that the use of contraception is

wrong while the other D>A or 9.C said otherwise. 1xactly, @A= of the higher socio-

economic class said that they are happy while > out of the higher socio-economic class

said they are not so happy. The gamma in this table is only -=.=@ which is actually a

weak correlation.


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Table Ab. (-" +B#" by S-) 2appy controlled by 0ower Socio-economic #lass.

+B#"2+443

Total2appy ot so 2appy

6rong 458 (44.9%) 41 (30.4%) 499 (43.2%)

ot so 6rong 562

(55.1%) 94

(69.6%) 656

(56.8%)Total 1020 (100.0%) 135 (100.0%) 1155 (100.0%)

amma? -=.D=

$n Table Ab, considering the lower Socio-economic class, out of the ,;;

respondents, exactly @CC or @D.> answered wrong while the other 9;9 or ;9.:

answered not so wrong in relation to the use of contraceptives. 1xactly, ,=>= of the

lower socio-economic class say they are happy while the rest D; respondents said they

are not so happy. The gamma statistics in this table is -=.D= which is actually already a

strong correlation.

The connection between the variables in the tables is actually somewhat rare

having a very weak correlation and also a very strong correlation at once.

0ooking back to Table Aa, it also suggests something like Table Ab suggests. The

happier respondents of the higher socio-economic class also tend to say that the use of

contraception is wrong but in an insignificant gamma correlation of -=.=@. $n a situation

as such, we can say that the not so happy respondents from the lower socio-economic

class tend to agree that the use of contraception is not so wrong. 6e could also say that

the happier respondents of the lower class tend to agree that the use of contraception is

wrong.

This may suggest that the happier the lower socio-economic class respondents

are, the more are these respondents agreeing that the use of contraception is wrong,

whereas regardless in how happy the higher socio-economic class may be, the moral

opinion of using contraceptives is distributed almost evenly towards the 2appier and the

not so happy.

6e have successfully shown all seven tables, six being cross-tabulations and one

being a three way table. 6e may not be professional sociologist, but at least now we


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have evidence that we have learned cross-tabulations and know how to deal with them.

6e may perhaps have done them a little bit different, but we still finished it on time.

6e have come to a conclusion that studying statistical tables can actually be very

helpful. Through this survey, we now can understand our society better as well as what is

happening to it. This paper being an exercise for our introductory course in S"#$"-

has now made us realiIe that the simpler things in life could change some others life

even drastically.

JText of >,>D: words onlyK

L0osentes, #hristine

LSteinl, Marin

LTeh, (edel

+teneo de &avao =, >=>

Socio Term Paper Crosstabs and correlation

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