Society#of#Toxicology#Nanotoxicology#Specialty#Sec:on ......SES0938099# SES0531184# Mission:...

SES 0938099 SES 0531184

Society of Toxicology Nanotoxicology Specialty Sec:on Surveying the Nanomaterials Industry:

Lessons Learned & Challenges 10 March 2014

Webinar presenta:on

Barbara Herr Harthorn, PhD NSEC: Center for Nanotechnology in Society &

Department of Anthropology University of California at Santa Barbara

DBI-‐0830117

SES 0938099 SES 0531184

Mission: Nanotechnology Origins, Innovations, and Perceptions in a Global Society

CNS is dedicated to understanding the relationship between technological innovation and social change and to advancing an integrative role for the social sciences in promoting the development of equitable and sustainable technological innovation around the world.

For more informa:on: www.cns.ucsb.edu Harthorn SOT 03/10/14 slide 2

NSF: DBI-‐0830117 NSF: DBI-‐1266377

UC Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology MISSION: The mission of the University California Center f o r E n v i r o nme n t a l I m p l i c a : o n s o f Nanotechnology (UC CEIN) is to use a mul:disciplinary approach towards research, knowledge acquisi:on, educa:on and outreach to ensure the safe implementa2on of nanotechnology in the environment. This will allow the U.S. and Interna:onal Communi:es to leverage nanotechnology to the benefit of the global economy, society and the environment.

$48 Million Nanosafety Center

Terrestrial Freshwater Marine

For more info:h]p://www.cein.ucla.edu/new/

SES 0938099 SES 0531184

Why survey NM industry?

•  2 UCSB surveys: 2006 (ICON-‐funded) 2009-‐10 (UC CEIN, CNS)

•  ICON survey –  Best Prac:ces Working

Group –  2 reports

•  Collabora:on Bren: Holden/CNS: Harthorn & Appelbaum

h]p://icon.rice.edu/projects.cfm?doc_id=12201 Harthorn SOT 03/10/14 slide 4

Harthorn SOT 03/10/14 slide 5

JAPAN

SWITZERLAND U.K.

AUSTRALIA

GERMANY

UNITED STATES


Engeman, Baumgartner, Carr, Fish, Meyerhofer, Holden, Harthorn

2010 Industry Survey on Reported Prac2ces & Perceived Risks in the Nanomaterials Industry

Slide source: Holden presentaGon to Calif. DTSC 10/13/2010

SES 0938099 SES 0531184

1.  How are companies that use and/or produce engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) adap:ng prac:ces for safe development of ENMs?

Research ques2ons:

2.  What are ENM companies’ views on ENM risk and regula:on? What do they believe to be the roles of government(s) and private industry in ensuring the safe development of nanotechnology?

Journal of NanoparGcle Research (2012) 14:749-‐760 Harthorn SOT 03/10/14 slide 8

SES 0938099 SES 0531184

Company characteris:cs •  Number of employees •  Employees working with nanomaterials •  Age of company •  Type of nanopar:cles handled

EHS prac:ces •  EHS programs •  Personal Protec:ve Equipment (PPE) •  Engineered & administra:ve controls •  Waste management •  Product stewardship

Views on risk and regula:on

SURVEY: Main Sec:ons

•  Structured interviews •  Administered through a 45-‐minute phone interview

•  Or available online in English, Japanese and Chinese

•  Confiden:al par:cipa:on


Survey design

Variables and survey questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Company size Age of company █ █ Industry type █ █ █ Type of NMs handled/produced Risk perception Access to info/guidance docs Industry nano EHS practices* Cost of EHS Company location** █ Management centrality Following of guidance docs

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

█ █

█

█ █ █ █ █ █ █ █

█ █

█ █


Data characteriza2on by industry type

2. Toward which sectors are your company’s nanomaterials ac:vi:es oriented? (Check all that apply)

q  Defense q  Energy q  Aerospace q  Electronics/IT q  Automo:ve q  Construc:on materials q  Coa:ngs q  Tex:le/apparel q  Cosme:cs or other personal care products q  Food & beverage q  Medicine or other health q  Sensors q  Environment q  Recrea:on q  Other (please specify)_____________________

Challenge: Small sample requires collapsing categories for analysis (to get significant results). However, it is difficult to collapse these categories into broader categories. We ran analyses based on a company’s fit within or outside each category. For example, we asked “Was the company engaged in the energy sector?” and collapsed the response into two categories (yes/no).


Data characteriza2on by material

2. What are all the different types of nanopar:cles that your company works with?

q  Single-‐walled carbon nanotubes q  Mul:-‐walled carbon nanotubes q  Carbon black q  Fullerenes (bucky balls) q  Nano-‐silver q  Nano-‐gold q  Titanium dioxide q  Zinc oxide q  Cerium oxide q  Silica q  Quantum dots q  Clay q  Dendrimers/polymers q  Other (please specify)_____________________

Challenge: Small sample requires collapsing categories for analysis (to get significant results). Although SWCNT and MWCNT can be collapsed into CNT, it is difficult to collapse other nanomaterials into broader categories. We ran analyses based on a company’s use of each nanomaterial. For example, we asked “Did the company use quantum dots?” and collapsed the response into two categories (yes/no).


Scope

Universe: Private companies that use and/or produce manufactured nanomaterials •  Companies self-‐iden:fied •  Excluded universi:es and na:onal labs To populate our company database, we consulted: •  The survey universe from the 2006 study •  Online resources

•  A-‐to-‐Z Nano •  VDI Nanomap •  Nanowerk

•  Industry Reports •  2006 & 2007 Lux Reports •  “Nanotechnology & MEMS Industry Almanac 2008,” Plunke] Research, Ltd

Resulted in a database of 7,472 companies worldwide.


Sampling frame

Aimed for oversample of North American companies with goals for Asia and Europe based on their rela:ve investment in nanotechnology (Lux Research, Inc. 2007).

Goal to invite 500 companies: •  50% North America •  31% Asia •  19% Europe

Invited companies selected based on: •  Country loca:on •  Par:cipa:on in 2006 study •  Comprehensiveness of contact informa:on (email address, phone number, and

mailing address)

Invited 419 companies: •  55% North America •  20% Asia •  21% Europe •  4% Australia


Solicita2on

Aided by announcement of survey study from: •  The Interna:onal Council on Nanotechnology (ICON) •  Singapore’s Ins:tute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE A*Star) •  Japan’s working group on strategic area of nanotechnology, public research

ins:tute (AIST) •  American Industrial Hygiene Associa:on (AIHA) •  The Asia Nano Forum (ANF)

One researcher a]ended a nanotechnology exposi:on in Tokyo in February 2010 to solicit par:cipa:on in-‐person. •  Collected business cards •  Discussed survey & answered ques:ons in-‐person •  Followed up via email within a week

This personal contact really helped improve the survey response rate for Japan.


ナノ素材産業における環境と安全性に関するリスク認知の現行調査

カサンドラ･イングマン, プロジェクト･コーディネーター

バーバラ･ヘル･ハーソーン, Ph.D., 主査パトリシア･ホールデン, Ph.D., 共同主査

UCSB 研究チーム:リン･ボウムガートナー,ベン･カー, アリソン･フィッシュ,ジョン･メイヤーホファー

カリフォルニア大学サンタバーバラ校(UCSB)における国際産業調査米国国立科学財団(NSF)と米国環境保護庁(EPA)によって設立されたナノテクノロジーの環境への影響を調査する研究所(UC CEIN)と NSFによって設立されたナノテクノロジーの社会的な影響研究所（CNS)が提供 Harthorn SOT 03/10/14 slide 16

Solicita2on Protocol

Mail invita:on le]er and project fact sheet (North America) Email invita:on le]er and project fact sheet (Europe, Asia, other) Follow-‐up via email 3-‐4 :mes At least once/week


Solicita2on Protocol

Tip: Keep email brief •  Open with request for

par:cipa:on, descrip:on of project.

•  A]ach le]er and fact sheet for more in-‐depth informa:on.

•  Offer appointment :mes for interview.

Last steps: •  Follow-‐up from the PIs •  Phone calls •  Both


SES 0938099 SES 0531184

Other 1.3%

Europe 15.4%

Asia 24.4% North America

59%

Response Rate: 19% N = 78

Survey Sample


DBI-‐0830117 Engeman et al. Journal of NanoparGcle Research (2012) 14:749-‐760

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Par2cipants

Num

ber o

f Par:cipants

EHS/Safety Officer

Chief Technical Officer

CEO/Pres. Exec. Dir.

Scien:st Marke:ng PR

21% 21%

35%

17%

6%

N=77


Challenges

Gesng responses

Solu2ons

•  Keep survey brief •  Drat ques:ons based on variables to measure

•  Use email as follow-‐up, not ini:al contact (if possible) •  As much personal contact as possible

•  A]end nanotech exposi:ons (resources-‐permisng)

•  Frequent, consistent contact (at least once/week) •  Start calling ater 3-‐4 emails •  If possible, offer confiden:ality (required for univ. IRB)

For analysis: Small sample size

Other than increasing your responses, be prepared to collapse response categories in analysis or construct your survey to have only a small number of response categories.

Iden:fying companies Consult mul:ple sources to build database of companies (but moving target…)


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Percen

t of com

panies

DBI-‐0830117 Journal of NanoparGcle Research (2012) 14:749-‐760

37 36 35 31 30 30

23 21

18 18 17 17 14

12 10

Types of ENMs handled by surveyed companies

Data characteriza2on by material: RESULTS


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

What methods are used for cleaning areas in which nanomaterials are handled?

Percen

t of C

ompanies

86%

42% 34% 32% 30%

24% 17% 13%

Wet wiping

HEPA vacuum

Absorbent materials

Soaps/ cleaning oils

House-‐ hold/shop vacuum

Sweeping Liquid traps

Compressed air


Journal of NanoparGcle Research (2012) 14:749-‐760

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Metal Oxides Other carbonaceous materials

Quantum dots Dry powders Heavy metals Carbon nanotubes

Moderate -‐ high risk Don't know Almost no risk -‐ slight risk

Percen

t of

companies



1. It is reasonable to assume that industries working with nanomaterials will adapt or alter their safe-‐

handling prac:ces when new hazards are discovered.

2. Businesses are be]er informed about their own workplace safety needs than are government agencies.

3. Industries working with nanomaterials can be trusted to regulate the safe-‐handling of these materials.

4. Voluntary repor:ng approaches for risk management are effec:ve for protec:ng human

health and the environment.

5. Employees are ul:mately responsible for their own safety at work.

Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Don’t know

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%



0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Lack of Informa:on Lack of Regula:on Budget Constraints Internal Enforcement

Percen

t of C

ompanies 48%

36%

14%

Reported impediments to implemen:ng nano-‐specific health and safety prac:ces

61%


“Where did you find the informa:on used to guide the development of your nano-‐specific EH&S program?”

1) Governmental organiza2ons (19 :mes): •  NIOSH (8) •  EPA (6) •  OSHA (2) •  NIH (1) •  NNI (1) •  Na:onal Ins:tute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

(1) •  Non-‐US governments (4)

•  Japan (1) •  Germany (1) •  EU (1) •  Quebec (1)

2) Sources internal to the company (7 :mes): •  EHS engineer (1) •  Experience informs program (2)

•  The experience of their own workers (1) •  In-‐house research (3)

•  Risk assessment (1) •  Monitoring (1) •  Penetra:on tes:ng on masks and gloves (1)

•  Treat all nanomaterials as fully dangerous (1)

3) Industrial peers (6 :mes): •  Vendors (3) •  Industrial hygiene professionals (1)

4) Non-‐governmental organiza2ons (5 :mes): •  ICON (3)

•  Goodnanoguide.org (1) •  ICON database (1)

•  American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1)

•  American Industrial Hygiene Associa:on (AIHA) nanotechnology working group (1)

4) Academic (5) •  Research (4) •  Industrial hygiene professionals (1) 5) Interna2onal standards organiza2ons (2 :mes) •  ISO (1) •  ASTM (1) 5) Consumers (2) 6) Industrial standards for hazardous materials (1)


SES 0938099 SES 0531184

U.S. Sample:

How are companies that use and/or produce engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) adap:ng prac:ces for safe development of ENMs?


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Reported use of Personal Protec:ve Equipment

U.S. Sample

100% 88% 85%

72% 69% 61%

45% 43% 34%

19%

Percen

t of C

ompanies


Nano-‐specific health and safety program Monitoring the workplace for nanopar:cles Use of respiratory protec:on

Nano-‐specific waste program Disposes nanomaterials as hazardous waste Uses separate disposal containers for nanomaterials Lists nanomaterials separately on waste manifests

41% YES (n = 18)

59% NO (n = 26)

U.S. Sample

Monitoring the workplace for nanopar:cles


Nanomaterials Waste Management

Separate disposal containers for nanomaterials?

Dispose nanomaterials as hazardous waste?

Nanomaterials listed separately in waste manifests?

Yes 26%

No 74%

Yes 38% No

62%

No 36% Yes

64%

U.S. Sample Harthorn SOT 03/10/14 slide 31

SES 0938099 SES 0531184

Implica2ons for nanotechnology policy and governance:

•  Narrow conceptualiza:on of nano-‐specific health and safety programs •  Cau:on regarding efficacy of further guidance and informa:on alone to

protect environment and workers

•  Diminished a]en:on to safety measures toward product end-‐of-‐life •  Workers as stewards of their own safety


SES 0938099 SES 0531184 Thank you!

Thanks also to our survey par2cipants.

This work is supported by the NSF and the EPA under Coop. Agreement DBI0830117 to the UC CEIN and from NSF in Coop. Agreements SES 0531184 & SES 093809 to the CNS at UCSB. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommenda:ons expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Na:onal Science Founda:on or the Environmental Protec:on Agency. This work has not been subjected to EPA review and no official endorsement should be inferred.

Lead collaborators: Cassandra Engeman, University of California-‐Santa Barbara (UCSB), Dr. Patricia Holden, UCSB, Dr. Terre Sa]erfield (UBC)

Support from our colleagues: Dr. Richard Appelbaum, Dr. Sarah Anderson, Dr. Yasuyuki Motoyama, (UCSB); Dr. Magali Delmas, University of California-‐Los Angeles; Dr. Joseph Con:, Univ of Wisc-‐Madison; Dr. Stacey Frederick, Duke University.

Advice from governments and industry: Dr. Kris:n Kulinowski (ICON), Dr. Charles Geraci (NIOSH), Dr. Fred

Klaessig (Degussa of North America), Dr. Ma]hew Hull (Nanosafe, Inc.), and Dr. Masafumi Ata and Mizuki Sekiya (nanotechnology working group, AIST, Japan); Dr. Khiang Wan Lee (A*STAR, Singapore)

Transla2on services: Silke Werth and Qian Yang with addi:onal support from Yuan Ge. Financial support: UC CEIN and the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at UCSB


Society#of#Toxicology#Nanotoxicology#Specialty#Sec:on ......SES0938099# SES0531184# Mission:...

Documents

Transcript of Society#of#Toxicology#Nanotoxicology#Specialty#Sec:on ......SES0938099# SES0531184# Mission:...