Socials Midterm Review Ch1-4

7/26/2019 Socials Midterm Review Ch1-4

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Socials Midterm Review:

Chapter 1:

Orographic Precipitation:is produced when warm moist air is lifted as it moves over amountain (Ex: in Vancouver)

Frontal Precipitation:occurs when two air masses meet. The warm air is forced to rise

over the cold air, causing it to cool and form clouds, eventually forming rain.

Convectional Precipitation:When land warms up, it heats the air above it causing it

to rise and then condense, as this process continues, rain will fall. (Ex: in the Prairies)

Know diagram for all 3 precipitations! (in reviewer)

Push Factors:Factors that drive people to leave their homes. (Ex: Lack of

employment, Many others are leaving)

Pull Factors:Factors that attract people to a new area. (Ex: More hope for

employment, Friends are there)

Urbanization:the process of becoming an area with a large concentrated population

Boom / Bust town:Aboom townis a town that undergoes rapid population due to a

sudden discovery of valuable resources, such as gold or oil, and it becomes abust

townwhen the resource runs out and the population decreases.

Biomes> smaller ecosystems > habitats

Ecosystem:an ecological community of plants and animals

All parts of a system are interrelated, altering one part will affect the whole system.TheEuropeansgreatly altered Canada. (Ex: Alberta is no longer a place of wild

grassland)

European beliefs requireda taming of the land

First Nation beliefs requiredstewardship

Back then, people would settle where they were most comfortable

LandformsandClimateplay a key role in settlement - but -economic issuesoverrules

all factors

Where we live affects our beliefsMost of Canada)has only been altered in the last 100 years

The Rebellion in Manitoba was influenced by the fact that the English and French

settled land differently.

The Aboriginal People did not establish boundaries (the lines on a map)

Political boundaries only focused on control over areas and people, not environment


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The inhabitants of Toronto had refused to move to the frozen prairies

British Columbia separated itself from the rest of Canada

Saskatchewan searched for wide open spaces

French Settlement:The French settled in long narrow strips by the St.Lawrence

River. Transportation was by boat (canoe). They used the French Feudal System.

English Settlement:The English settled in towns and streets by the Great Lakes.

Transportation was by horse and buggy. They used the English Feudal System.

Settlement in the Prairies:People in the prairies settled by the railway tracks.

Transportation was by train.

Know diagram for all 3 settlements! (in test)

Seismic:relating to Earthquakes

Canadas West Coast(BC) is the mostseismicbecause it is where two tectonic plates

collidePlate Tectonics:the study of how the Earths plates move and create seismic activity

Subduction Zone:a long region with a trench, where a tectonic plate is pushed down

into earth

Richter Scale:a measure of the power of earthqukes

5 Themes of Geography:

Movement of people, ideas, objects

Regions - formal, functional, perceptual

Human/

Environmental interaction

Location- absolute and relative

Place - physical and cultural characteristics

Absolute Location:position on the globe (latitude and longitude)

Relative Location:how far or how long one place is from another

Vancouvers significance:seaport

Kelownas significance:gateway to Okanagan Valley / transportation and service hub

Calgarys significance:business centre

Landforms:Bodies of waste, soil and mineral deposits. Brings both advantages anddisadvantages to locations.

Cultural Landscape:visible results of human activity

Regions:areas with common characteristics

Regional issues:climate change, changing economy, building of communities

Geography:


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Death of distance- resulted from the speed of communication (Ex: modern

technology).

Globalizationmakes it difficult for us to understand the slowness of communication in

the past.

Protecting the environment is now a global issue. Cyberspace helps.Humans depend on the environment and adapt it. They also change it to suit their

needs and desires.

Geographers want to know how people change the environment and how this will affect

the future.

Sustainability:is the concept that aims to meet the needs of our generation while

preserving the environment, so that future generations can meet their needs too.

All maps provide a visual representation of an area!

Scale:used by maps to indicate distanceSatellites:gather info on land use, pollution and weather

Geographic Information System (GIS):information system that stores geographic

data

4 Types of Maps:Political maps, Physical/Topographic maps, Historical maps,

Thematic maps (pg 15 in txtbook)

Geology:the study of the Earths crust

Topography:shape and structure of a place or region

Regions are based mostly on: type of rock found in that region and topography

How did ice and snow shape Canada?A million years ago, snow turned into ice which

began to spread out covering more land. As the ice sheets moved, it shaped the land.

The creation of the Canadian Shield:ice sheets scraped away a large area down to

bare rock - forming the Canadian Shield

Moraines:ridges formed as a result of rocks and debris

Glacial Erratics:large boulder found throughout Canada

Sedimentary Rock:rock made up of layered deposits

Igneous Rock:rock formed from molten material

Metamorphic Rock:rock changed from its original form through heat and pressure

3 Types of RegionsFormal, Functional and Perceptual Regions

Formal Regions:Based on official boundaries (cities, provinces).Ex: St. Lawrence

Lowlands.

Functional Regions:Based on connections created by an activity (such as

communication).Ex: Distribution area of a newspaper.


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Perceptual Regions:Based on peoples attitudes and feelings.Ex: Up north.

Globalization:is the process of political, cultural and technological forces creating a

global society

6 Physical Regions of Canada (MAP):pg.16 in txtbook / look at pictures too!

Appalachian Region:was once an ancient, now eroded mountain range

Fjords:older mountains worn down by glaciers and erosions

Canadian Shield Region:half of Canadas area, no soil for growing, many valuable

minerals

Arctic Region:extremely fragile environment, few people, plains/ mountains

St.Lawrence Lowlands:small but has half of Canadas population, well drained soils

ideal for agriculture

The Interior Plains:was once covered with water, most flat grassland, large deposits of

fossil fuels and potashThe Cordillera:has a rugged landscape with parallel mountains (youngest landforms in

Canada), rich mineral deposits (copper, gold)

Weather:changing conditions from day to day(Ex: windy, cloudy, rainy)

Climate:the temperature and precipitation of a region over long periods of time

Continental Climate:climate of Canadas Interior that experiences temperature

extremes and low precipitation

Maritime Climate:climate of Coastal Areas that generally have mild temperatures and

high precipitation

Precipitation Climate:rain, snow, hail, fog

Cold Front:the type of weather system that occurs most often in the Winter

Warm Front:the type of weather system that occurs most often in the Summer

5 Factors that affect climate:LatitudeOcean currentsAltitudeDistance from sea

Wind direction

Latitude:As, latitude increases = seasonal climatic variation increase

Ocean Currents:warm the air which is blown onto land, can be warm or cold

Altitude:higher altitude = colder temperature (Ex: mountains)

Distance from the sea:the closer a place is to a large body of water, the smaller the

variation of temperature; the farther a place is from a large body of water, the larger

the variation of temperature

Wind Directions:In Canada, winds come from the West or the North. The West Coast

of Canada has mild winter temperatures because of warm winds coming off the

ocean.


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Distance from the seaandprevailing Windslargely determines the amount of

perception received by an area

Whats thegreenhouse affect and whats responsible for it?The greenhouse

affect seen as the overall warming of Earths climate. Industrialization is responsible.

The world burns massive amounts of fossil fuels that traps greenhouses gases in theatmosphere.

Negative effects of climate change in the Arctic Region:Melting permafrost = homes

being damaged; Ice roads melting early = polar bears starving

Natural Regions of Canada (MAP): pg.29 in txtbook

Subarctic:coldest climate, arctic wildlife

Tundra:treeless landscape with permafrost

Open woodland:scattered trees and grass

Coniferous Forest:evergreens, soil is not very fertileCoast and Interior Forest:found in BC, taller trees due to wet climate, abundant

wildlife

Mixed Forest:softwood trees and hard wood trees

Parkland:long grasses

Grassland:short grasses with not enough moisture for trees, most fertile soils

Water pollution in the Alberta Oil Sands is mutating the number of fish

The Capitals and Provinces of Canada:*look online*

YourNotNice

BillyAndSallyMadeOurQueenNervous,PlayingNearNeedles

Climograph:

Shows average monthly temperature = line graph (red)

Shows monthly precipitation = bar graph (blue)

(Latitude:N or S , Longitude: E or W)

Population Density:how many people live in a certain place

Population Distribution:where people live in that place

Factors that affect population density and distribution:flat land, transportation,

favourable temperature, resource availability, good soilElevation:height above sea level or ground level

Contour interval:difference in elevation between contour lines

Scale:


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305601:

Chapter 2After the war of 1812:

Colonists starting settling in Upper Canada, while Lower Canada was still building its

economy. In the Maritimes, fishing and shipbuilding prospered. Fur was a major reason

for expanding. The aboriginal people were very important to the fur trade, but they lost

out. They suffered from disease brought by the Europeans, were forced to give up their

land and starved as food sources declined.

Hudson Bay Company (HBC) vs North West Company (NWC)

The HBC controlled all the land draining into the Hudson Bay. The NWC began in

Montreal and competed for fur trade in the West.

Land for the Fur Trade or for the Colonies?

Fur traders wanted the land to stay wild and disorganized, whereas colonists wanted

fixed boundaries, roads and land that they could own. The Aboriginal people and the Fur

traders became allies.

UPPER CANADA

Upper Canada = Canada West = Ontario. Most colonists lived near the Great Lakes.

The land in Upper Canada was densely forested and took a long time to clear. There

were few roads so most people walked. Most immigrants were Loyalists, who soonbecame the leaders of the communities along with retired British officers and members

of the British gentry.

Daily Life for the Colonists (1820s)

People needed each other and formed close communities. They helped build their own

schools. Farming was hard, since most people went in dept trying to grow their first

crop, forcing them to mortgage their next years crop. Colonists used the barter system

in which they payed with goods instead of cash.

The Importance of Social Class

In Upper Canada, Family background was very important. People had wanted to keepthe same privileges they had in Britain, but were disappointed to find that cheap labour

was not as available and the middle class could now own land in the colonies. Many

people still saw Britain as their home and even sent their kids back to England to be

educated. The poor colonists had wanted an American-style democracy which scared

Britain, who then tried to enforce the same British Society onto the colonies - with the


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gentry controlling large estates and tenant farmers. This angered immigrants who had

left England to escape that same class system.

The Problem of Land

In Upper Canada, everyone wanted to own land! Those who didnt farm, worked as

seed sellers or black smiths. Unfortunately for the colonists, much of the good land wasalready owned by absentee landlords, land speculators, and members of the Family

Compact :( Aside to that, advertisement had also deceived immigrants, leading them to

believe that they could own good, cheap land when really there was no good land for

the poor immigrants. *Theproblem of the landwas the key reason why people were

angry towards the government and family compact*

Crown and Clergy Reserves

2/7 of all the land in Upper Canada was set aside for the Crown and Clergy to provide

income for the government and Anglican Church. Often, this land remain unoccupied,

blocking the building of roads and raising the price of available land. This made manycolonists angry >:(

The Role of the British Government (Upper Canada)

The British government had wanted the same model of land ownership that was used in

England to be used in Upper Canada. This involved dividing the land into large estates

controlled by aristocrats - who the British Government believed would be the best rulers

of the colonies. Most immigrants were against this and saw the British policy as

discriminatory. The First Nations were also worried and tried to secure their land by

signing treaties.

The Immigrant ExperienceMost immigrants came from Britain, America and Europe. In Upper Canada, they kept

close to York and in Lower Canada, they moved to the Eastern Townships where French

culture and the seigneurial system prevailed. They faced expensive and deadly journeys

to get there (North America).

Deadly Journeys

Most Irish and Scottish immigrants had to travel in steerage in filthy overcrowded

vessels calledcoffin ships. There were no bathrooms, poor food and bad hygiene

which made disease inevitable. Ships were quarantined upon arrival and half of all

travellers would either end up sick or dead.

Cultural Diversity in Canada

Canadas history was written by the British, but they were not the majority. In Upper

Canada, many colonists were American, Irish or Scottish and Lower Canada had

previously been a French colony with a francophone culture.

Black Canadians


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Many loyalists brought their slaves with them into Canada. In 1793, Upper Canada

decided to abolish slavery since most blacks living in Canada were already free. They

were promised land but not the ability to vote.

The Underground Railway

The underground railway was a network of secret routes and safe houses used byBlack American slaves to reach Canada and escape slavery. Those who came during

the Loyalist migration tended to settle in the Maritimes. The Quakers and Methodists

helped them. Yay, this meant freedom! BUTthere was still a lot of racial discrimination

in Upper Canada towards the blacks :(

Harriet Tubman:a black activist who helped hundreds of slaves escape to Canada

James Douglas:the governor of BC who invited the blacks to settle on Salt Spring

Island

Josiah Henson:a black American who was freed by the underground railway, fought in

the rebellions and after, became an educator and church ministerMary Ann Shadd:thefirst women editor of an any Canadian newspaper; she escaped

the U.S and became an advocate of education, womens rights and the abolition of

slavery.

Immigrant women in Upper Canada

Married women saw their status through their marriages. Unmarried women depended

on their relatives for support. Divorce didnt exist so choosing the right partner was very

important! This led to socials events like matchmaking. A man could marry-down but a

women could not because she would lose socials status if she did. Women worked hard

to run the household with no help from the men. This was totally unfair because womenoften helped the men with planting and harvesting. Aside to this injustice, women were

also believed to live short lives since childbirth was risky, medical care was expensive

and their homes were overcrowded and unsanitary.

Colonial Government and the Need for Reform

The government in the colonies (British North America) was neitherrepresentativenor

responsible. The people were run by a few wealthy men known as thefamily compact,

with Britain in control from afar. The Constitution Act of 1791 created Upper and Lower

Canada giving it: an elected, law making Legislative Assembly, a governor and two

councils. Only male landowners could vote and the governor and his two councils had

the real power and could veto any move made by the Legislative Assembly.

A list of Grievances

As mentioned before, land speculators and crown & clergy reserves, blocked the

building of roads and raised the price of land which angered the colonists >:((!!!


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Thats why,Robert Gourlaydrew up a list of these Grievances to demand change. Soon

after, he was arrest and kicked out of the colony which angered the colonists even more,

so they got a new leader: William Lyon Mackenzie.

William Lyon Mackenzie:started the Colonial Advocate, a newspaper that strongly

criticized the government. His newspaper office was later ransacked by the FamilyCompact which got him elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1828.

The Situation in Lower Canada

Lower Canada = Canada East = Quebec. Here, the political situation was BAD.The

French majority was controlled by the English minority who ruled without democracy and

as you can imagine, the French found this intolerable. For instance, the French had no

representation and were unfairly forced to pay taxes. The Chteau Clique (led byJohn

Molson)controlled business and government in Lower Canada. It was supported by the

Catholic Church and wealthy french landowners aka Seigneurs.

Economic Difficulties

The agricultural economy was failing. Arable land was limited and Lower Canada was

not able to produce enough wheat to feed itselfsowheat was imported from Upper

Canada which created an economic deficit. As a result, seigneurs quickly turned to

forestry and did not share the wealth.

Nationalism

The French had mistrusted the English, needing to protect their language and religion.

They also feared English migration for it weakened their population. In 1832, there was

a cholera epidemic which the French thought was purposely spread by the English to kill

them off.

Three Issues for Reform

1. Discrimination against the French

2. Lack of representation in government

3. Taxes

Louis Joseph Papineau:leader of the protests in Lower Canada, member of the

Legislative assembly and leader of the Parti Canadien

Wolfred Nelson:mayor of Montreal and leader of the Patriotes

James Craig:governor of Lower Canada, openly anti-french and arrested those who

criticized the government

After British soldiers shot protestors in Montreal, Papineau submitted 92 resolutions to

the governor which were responded to three years later with 10 resolutions. This led

Papineau and the Patriotes to rebel against the government.

The Rebellions of 1837


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It became clear that the government was not willing to reform, so Mackenzie and

Papineau prepared for an armed rebellion.

Rebellion in Lower Canada

In 1837, Rebellion broke out when a group of patriots resisted arrest. Protestors were

joined by the Fils de la Libert sons of liberty.FULL rebellion, however, didnt beginuntilthe British had tried to arrest Papineau who

fled to the U.S. The Catholic Church was unsupportive and advised people to stay loyal

to Britain. In less than a month, the rebellion was over.

One year later, in 1838, some Patriotes tried to rebel again which quickly failed.

Rebellion in Upper Canada

Mackenzie had wanted an American-style democracy.

When Sir Francis Bond Head dissolved the Assembly for opposing him, Mackenzie saw

this as a cause for FULL rebellion. Hearing that Head sent troops to Lower Canada,

Mackenzie decided to attack York. The rebels lost and Mackenzie had little support sohe had to flee to the United States :( poor mackenzie!

Sir Francis Bond Head:governor of Upper Canada who abused his power

Punishing the Rebels

Many rebels were pardoned - Mackenzie and Papineau. Few were hanged - Samuel

Lount. Others were sent to Tasmania (off of Australia) where they would work as slaves

on plantations.

The Aftermath

The Union Act of 1841 ended hopes for a free Lower Canada, as English became the

language of the government.

Lord Durhams Report

After the rebellions, the British realized things needed to change so they sent Durham to

determine appropriate action. Essentially, Durham was a dictator. He was a hero to the

English in Canada but was considered a racist to the French. He was lenient towards

rebels but having no support in his decisions, he resigned and returned to England to

finish his report.

Durhams Report suggested that:

-Upper and Lower Canada be joined

-Both colonies be given responsible government

-All colonies be brought together

The problem: the French would be forced to assimilate into English Canada

Union and Beyond


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Durham stated that even though peace could not be achieved without democracy,

Canada should still be controlled by England.

A United Canada

Durhams successor, Lord Sydenham, united the two colonies in the Act of Union (184)

which created theprovinceof Canada with Montreal as its capital. The French had nosay in this.

Terms

Colony:the overseas possession of another country

Upper Canada: British colonyup the St.Lawrence, Canada West = Ontario, mostly

English speaking

Lower Canada:Britishdown the St.Lawrence, Canada East = Quebec, mostly

French speaking

Royal Proclamation of 1763:A British declaration confirming Aboriginal title to lands

west of the Mississippi River

Implicit:Something that is implied, not openly expressed

Metis:A person of both Aboriginal and European descent

Loyalist:Americans who did not support the American Revolution, many moved to the

British Colonies

Gentry:The upper class in Britain

Clergy:People ordained for religious service

Mortgage:to use something as security for a loan

Barter Economy:an economy based on trading products and services, instead ofusing money

Blight:a disease caused by fungus, or bacteria that can kill plants

Estate:a tract of land, owned by one person

Tenant farmer:someone who farms land owned by someone else

Class system:a society in which those born into privileged families have advantages

that others do not

Family Compact:the small group of wealthy elite who controlled government in Upper

Canada

Chateau Clique:the wealthy elite who controlled Lower Canada, mostly made up ofEnglish speaking merchants

Absentee Landlords:a person who owns and rents property, but does not live in the

region

Land speculators:those who buy property at a low price and sell it at a higher price

Seigneurial System:the system of landholding in New France, seigneurs were given


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estates and responsibilities to settle the land

Coffin Ship:a death ship

Steerage:the area below decks on a ship, used to store cargo

Francophone:a French-speaking person

Representative government:a government made up of officials elected by the peopleResponsible government:a government subject to the votes of the people

Oligarchy:rule by a small, select group of people

Veto:to stop with authority

Deficit:a situation where there is more spending than income

Nationalism:devotion to the support of ones culture and nation, may result in the

promotion of independence

Insurrection: taking up arms against the government

Pioneer:early colonists

Dictator:a ruler with unrestricted power, without any democratic restrictions

Dates

1791:Constitutional Act creates Upper and Lower Canada

1814:Louis-Joseph Papineau is elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada

1817:Robert Gourlay is arrested for criticizing land policies in Upper Canada

1824:William Lyon Mackenzie establishes the Colonial Advocate

1826:Papineau becomes leader of the Patriotes

1828:Mackenzie is elected to the Legislative Assembly

1837:November - Battle of St.Charles / December - Battle of Montgomerys Tavern1838:Lord Durham arrives in Quebec

1840:Act of Union is passed

Diagrams

Fig 2-25 (pg.66)

People/Faces

Chapter 3:

The Colonies in the Reign of Queen VictoriaOnce the rebellions of 1837 came to an end, many English speaking immigrants moved

to the colonies and outnumbered the French Canadians. In the 1800s, Britain was the

worlds superpower.

Victorians Rich and Poor

During the victorian era, a persons social class determined their wealth, education and

social standing. Social standing was determined by a persons family background. The


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Middle Class consisted of very wealthy people who were not aristocrats by birth. Most

people lived in poverty. Workers were paid poorly and had to work long hours, with no

vacations, welfare or health care. They had no support from the government, only

Churches and relatives helped out. Most of the new English, Scottish and Irish

immigrants were poor and uneducated. Religion was an important part of life: English -Anglican, Scots - Presbyterian, Irish - Catholic. Church leaders made decisions

regarding education and told people who to vote for.

Victorian Attitudes and Values

Morals, hard work and personal success were important to the Victorians. They were

materialistic and loved to spend money $$$! New, advanced technology and medicine

were discovered regularly. A

New Age of Science and Medicine

Vaccinations against terrible diseases, such as small pox, were made.

Doctors knew little about hygiene; they often smoked during operations, operatinginstruments were not sterilized and people had free access to the operating room.

Louis Pasteurwas the first person to theorize that bacteria caused illnesses. He used

Carbolic Acid as an antiseptic.

Emily Stowe:one of the first female doctors in the British Empire and an activist for

womens rights

Leisure and Technology

Victorian Canadians liked to be entertained. They often attended concerts and sporting

events and read books and magazines. People also socialized while playing cards

(whist), checkers and chess. Lacrosse became Canadas national sport. Leisure travelbecame possible thanks to better roads and technology.

Changing Technology

The discovery of thesteam locomotivewas a huge deal. Having a railway stimulated

wealth for the colonies for it granted access to new markets and more industries,

increasing trade. Train tickets were cheap, so even the poor could afford a ticket. A rail

connection to Halifax made the transport of goods and people easier and quicker for

Canada East and West. A railway also helped defend Canada from American Invasion,

by allowing more people to be sent to the West in order to defend Canada.

Victorian Media: the newspaper

In 1752,The Halifax Gazette, Canadas first newspaper, was born. The Newspaper was

the media and source of information in Victorian Canada. It was also used by politicians

to promote ideas, and businesses to sell products. Victorian newspapers were usually

biased not that truthful, their focus was on local news.

Victorian Times and Aboriginal People


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Aboriginal people were pushed aside and forced to live on small reserves. They

suffered from disease, poverty and discrimination, and were no longer treated as allies.

The government wanted all Aboriginals to becomes farmers. The Mohawks had an

easier time adapting. In 1857, the Gradual Civilization Act was passed to assimilate the

Aboriginal people so that once they became English citizens, they would lose theirtreaty rights to land. In 1876, this act was replaced with the Indian Act. To the Victorians,

the aboriginals wereuncivilized and childlike.

Toward Confederation

Britain feared that Durhams suggestion of a responsible government would affect its

trade with North American colonies. They still favoured Mercantilism.

Economic Pressures

Thecorn lawsmade it so that Canadian grain would enter Britain with low import

charges. This made bread in Britain expensive. In 1846, Britain repealed the corn laws

which caused an economic depression in Canada. At this point, influenced by John AMacdonalds proposal, Canadians began to look at the union of all colonies as a way of

helping their economy. A united British North America could improve trade,

transportation and economic policies.

Lord Elgin and Responsible Government

Lord Elginwas Lord Durhams son-in-law and Governor General of Canada. His job

was to establish a responsible government in order to relieve Britain of its economic

responsibilities to the colonies, while still keeping them in the British Empire. His goal

was to make Canada semi-independent and democratic. In 1849, Lord Elgin signed the

Rebellion Loses Bill because it was passed by the new democratic government. This

angered many English citizens who violently protested, eventually setting fire to the

parliament buildings.

Building a Nation

Canadian View

Many were unsure of the Confederation (union of all colonies) because a joined Canada

might mean they would lose some of their independence, there was little in common

between the people in the colonies and a confederation would cost money which meant

increased taxes.

Political Factors

Benefits of having a confederation (united British North America):

Canadian View

trade and transportation between colonies would be easier, better economic policies,

better system for getting bills passed and political independence from Britain. A united

British North America would also stand a better chance at defending itself from


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American Invasion.

British View

Britain would no longer be economically responsible for the colonies, but the colonies

would still be part of the British Empire.

The West and The American ThreatA confederation could allow Canada to annex the Western territories before America

did. TheManifest destinyclaimed that the United States was destined to own all of

North America. In the American Civil war, Britain angered the North by allowing the

South to attack the North through Canadian colonies.

The Promise of Better Government

The province of Canada was full of independent politicians who answered to no one -

creating crisis in the government. The government was made up of a coalition of

political parties.

Party PoliticsPolitical parties were created to attract people with similar goals and ideas. Aboriginal

people had no party and no representation :( In Canada East: theParti Rouge,led by

Papineau, and theParti Bleu,led byCartierand supported by the Catholic Church, both

represented French Canadian interests. In Canada West: theClear Grits, led byBrown,

pushed for representation by population which meant that each representative should

represent the same number of people.Brownwas a radical who ran theGlobe, a

Toronto newspaper that attacked government corruption. TheTorieswas led by John A.

Macdonald, who formed an alliance with theParti Bleu.Double Majoritymeant that a

majority was needed in both Canada East and Canada West to pass a law.

Confederation Achieved:

Negotiating the terms of the Confederation was tricky because the Maritime colonies

had more trade with the United States than they did with Canada.

New Brunswick and Nova Scotia: A Maritime View

New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were prosperous colonies that already had a

responsible government and did not see the benefit of being governed by a federal

government based in England. Reciprocity (free trade between US and British Colonies)

ended, weakening the economy. Technology was hurting forestry (wooden ships were

being replaced by steel). Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island did not join the

Confederation immediately because they thought that the development of a railway

would hurt their economy.

The Fenian Raids

After the American Civil War, an Irish organization of rebels named theFenian

Brotherhoodset out to get revenge on England for destroying Ireland. They were not


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successful in their attacks on Canada East and West, but managed to convince many

colonists that the threat of the Manifest Destiny was real.

The Conferences

Charlottetown Conference (Sept. 1864):The premiers of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick

and PEI met to discuss a union of the Maritime colonies. Leaders of thegreat coalition(Macdonald, Cartier and Brown) joined the conference and got them to agree to the

confederation.

Quebec Conference (Oct. 1864): All the colonies met again to discuss how much power

the Provincial and Federal government should have. In the end, there was a

compromise. The Provincial Government would have power over internal affairs such as

schooling, and the Federal Government would have power over eternal affairs such as

trade.

July 1st, 1867:with British approval, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia

became the Dominion of Canada (officially becoming a country).British Columbia and Union

BC did not officially participate in the confederation, but was still interested in the idea of

a railway linking the colony to Eastern Canada. They believed that a railway link would

create growth and development in the West.Amor de Cosmoswas BCs 2nd premier.

The British North American Act

The British North American Act was passed by Britain and created a democratic

Canada, while maintaining the Monarchy at the head.

Canadas Federal Government

Canadas Federal government has been divided into 3 branches: Executive, Legislative

and Judicial.

Federal Responsibility

coinage and currency, fisheries, postal service, banking, unemployment insurance,

defence

Provincial Responsibility

timber, administration of justice, education, business licenses, education, incorporation

of companies

Responsibility Shared by the Federal and Provincial governments

taxation

- Queen Victorias reign lasted 60 years.

- MacDonald had to give up his idea for a strong federal government because it was

decided that the provincial government should keep many powers.

- Confederation is the union of colonies under one central government.

-Pasteurization,named afterLouisPasteur,is the process of heating food or liquid to


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kill bacteria.

- In order to extend to the West, Canada bought Ruperts Land from the Hudsons Bay

Company.

-Annexation Manifestowas a plan made by English merchants in Montreal to allow the

United States to take over Canada.Dates

1837- Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada

1838- Lord Durham writes his report on the causes of the rebellions and his

recommendation

1841- Act of Union unites Upper and Lower Canada with two provinces, Canada west

and East

1846- Potato famine devastates Ireland

1849- Lord Elgin sign Rebellion Losses Bill

1854- Reciprocity Treaty with the United States

1856- Grand Trunk railway is completed

1857- Gradual Civilization Act introduced to assimilate Aboriginal Peoples into English

culture

1864- Charlottetown and Quebec conferences discuss the terms of confederation

1865- American Civil War ends

1867- July 1, Canada officially becomes a country (British North American Act is

passed)

Hudsons Bay Company North West Company Effect

Managed from London Managed from Montreal New employees took longer

to arrive from London

Would not bargain; would

not trade alcohol

Open to bargaining; would

trade alcohol

NWC was often seen as

the more popular company

to deal with

Held to a stay by the bay

policy

Set up forts along major

rivers in the Northwest

It was easier for First

Nation trappers to reach

NWC trading forts

Discouraged partnerships

with First Nations women

Encouraged partnerships

with First Nations women

NWC traders had a social

and economic advantage

due to their connections

with Frist Nations


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Terms

Victorian- a person who lived during the reign of Queen Victoria

Antiseptic- something that kills and prevents the spread of bacteria

Infrastructure- roads, canals, sewers and transportation networks

Reserves- land set aside by governments for the use of First NationsBand- an Aboriginal community recognized by the government as an administrative

unit

Assimilate- to join another culture and to give up ones own language and traditions

Enfranchisement- granting someone the rights and protection of a citizen of a

particular country

Cultural genocide- the act of completely destroying the culture of a people

Mercantilism- an economic system based on colonialism

Corn laws- laws which protected agriculture in the British Empire by limiting foreign

imports

Tariff- A duty, or charge, that must be paid on an imported item

Economic depression- a period of low economic activity marked by high

unemployment

Federation- a union of provinces, who give up power to a federal government

Annex- to take over territory

Manifest destiny- an American idea that it was the fate of the United States to control

all of North America

Whip- person who is responsible for ensuring discipline in a political party

Coalition- when political parties work together to achieve a common goal

Corruption- taking bribes or using ones influence to gain an unfair advantage

Reciprocity- free trade agreement between the United states and the British Colonies

Rebellion Losses Bill - gave compensation to people whose property was damaged

Senate - theUpper House whose members are chosen by Prime Minister

Important People

George Brown

George E. Cartier

John A. MacDonaldDiagrams

Fig 3-24: Colonies of British North America

Fig 3-33 : Map of Canada

People / Faces

Chapter 4


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The Fur Trade

The fur trade was the driving force behind European settlement in the Northwest.

The Hudsons Bay Company

The HBC company was founded in 1670. Charles II claimed the land surrounding the

Hudson Bay for England and gave the HBC exclusive trading rights in Ruperts land for200 years. The HBC built trading posts at the mouths of rivers, so first nations trappers

had to bring fur to them (stay by the bay policy). They were mostly after beaver. Each

year, a supply ship would send goods and new employees to York Factory on Hudson

Bay in return for fur.

The Northwest Company

For nearly 100 years the HBC had no competition.. until fur traders from new France

started opening trading posts along rivers in the Northwest. First nations preferred trade

with the French because they came to them. In 1763, English merchants living in

Montreal took over the French fur trade but continued employing the French. In 1783,the NWC was formed. Supplies moved from England to Montreal to the newly formed

Fort William to inland posts. Transportation from Fort William could take up to 120 days.

Differences between the HBC and NWC

Getting Around the Northwest

Travelling in the Northwest meant using the regions rivers. Waterfalls forced voyageurs

to carry both cargo and boat on land. On the rivers the NWC used canoes. To travel

between Fort William and Montreal, thecanot du maitrewas used and for journeys

within the Northwest, thecanot du nordwas used. The HBC usedYork boats(based on

small fishing boats developed in Scotland). York boats were sturdy and could withstandlake storms and accidents. They were also good in ice and lasted longer than canoes.

The First Nations of the Northwest

The 4 major First Nations: Cree, Anishinab, Nakoda and Dene. They all had members

who were involved in the fur trade.

The Impact of the Fur Trade

Supplying furs provided a more immediate reward SO many First Nation gave up on

their traditional ways of economy. But when the animal population went down, the

lifestyle for the First Nations died :( The families facing starvation were forced to move to

new areas. The First Nations were also nearly wiped out by epidemics, brought by the

Europeans.

First Nations Women: Vital to the Fur Trade

First nations women helped collect furs. Provided food, shelter, medicine and clothing

for labourers. Gathered pine gum to fix canoes. And worked as guides and negotiators.

Many married European fur traders, creating the Mtis. The Mtis women took on the


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roles that Native Women had.

The Northwest from 1800 to 1860

Competition between NWC and HBC was intense. Fur resources decreased. By 1820,

both companies were almost bankrupt.

The MtisIt became common for French-Canadian fur traders living in the Northwest to marry

Native women. Through these marriages, traders secured ties with the First Nations

they worked with. Marriage was hard for First Nations women - they had to leave their

families and live in fur trading posts. The HBC tried to stop these marriages, but was not

able to enforce itspolicy of celibacy.HBC felt that kids would be a drain on its finances.

Children of the Fur Trade

The children of the fur trade were referred to as the Mtis (half French-Canadian half

First Nation). They spoke Michif made up of French and Cree. Other Mtis had either a

Scottish or English (Anglo-Mtis) background and spoke Bungee (now extinct).Settling at Red River

Many Mtis settled in theRed River Valleywhich consisted of some of the best farm

land in the Prairies. Farms were set up in long narrow lots starting at the riverbank

(French-Canadian style). Behind the river lots washay privilege, where farmers could

grow hay. The Bison hunt had become a central part of Mtis life.

The Bison Hunt

Most of the bison meat was dried to make pemmican and the hides were used to make

buffalo robes - these items were sold to the NWC. Pemmican was high in protein and

could be stored for years, this was important for the long voyages of the fur traders. Thebuffalo hunt involved the whole community and fostered a strong sense of pride.

The Selkirk Settlement

In 1812, European colonists settled in the Red River.

The Earl of Selkirk

Thomas Douglas, a wealthy Earl ofSelkirk, was troubled by the difficult situation of poor

Scottish farmers and wanted to help. He established colonies in PEI and Upper Canada

where displaced tenants could migrate to. He also planned on establishing colonies in

the Northwest, even though the Mtis already lived there >:(!

Choosing the Red River Valley

Selkirk felt that he could benefit both tenant farmers and the HBC by creating a farming

colonythe Selkirk settlement in the Red River Valley. Farmers would maintain their

way of live and HBC would have the farm products necessary for its operations.

In 1811, the HBC gave Selkirk 300,00sq.km of Ruperts land, not caring about the

Mtis.


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The Pemmican Proclamation

In 1814, Miles Macdonell issued thePemmican Proclamationwhichbanned the sale of

pemmican from the Red River Valley for one year. It was intended to protect colonists

from starvation but ended up angering the Mtis, who made a living from the pemmican

trade as well as the NWC, who relied on pemmican to supply its fur traders. Mcdonelleven tried to kick out NWC employees from the Red River Valley.

The North West Company Strikes Back

Culbert Grant, leader of the Mtis, joined with the NWC to drive the British colonists

away! The NWC and Mtis harassed the colonists, burning down buildings and

destroying their crops. Soon, many colonists left for Norway House and Miles Macdonell

was arrested.

The Battle of Seven Oaks

Colin Robertson, an HBC factor, led British colonists back to the Red River Valley in

order to make peace with the NWC. This was until Robert Semple, the new governor ofthe colony, angered the Mtis by burning down Fort Gibraltar (empty post). The Mtis

saw this as an act of war and attacked several HBC York Boats - taking a large amount

of pemmican with them! When Semple went to confront the Mtis, the Mtis split into

two groups and surrounded Semple and his men. Grant attempted aparlay, which failed

and turned into a gunfight. This became known as the Battle of Seven Oaks and is

referred to as theVictory at Frog Plainby the Mtis. Grant allowed the remaining

colonists to leave for Norway House. Hearing about the battle, Selkirk quickly seized

Fort William (NWC post) and gave the land to colonists. When he returned to England,

he faced many lawsuits filed by the NWC.The Merger of the HBC and NWC

In 1821, the British government feared losing control of the Northwest and forced the

HBC and the NWC to merge. The new company (HBC) was given control over Ruperts

Land and full monopoly over all lands west of the Rockies as well as the Arctic Ocean.

Changes in Organization

York boats were used for transportation. The Mtis and First nations were essential to

the new HBC. The Mtis supplied pemmican, while the First Nations worked as

trappers and guides.George Simpsonran the HBC for 40 years and visited many

trading posts in order to get first-hand information about the operations.

The Red River Valley: 1821 - 1860

By 1821, there was finally peace in the Red River Valley. The population was evenly

divided between the Mtis and the European colonist. The economy was based on the

needs of the HBC. The Scottish settlers sold crops to the HBC. The Mtis provided

pemmican through the Bison hunt.


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Race and Social Class in Red River

George Simpson left his Mtis wife and children for his English cousin, Frances, who he

brought with him to Red River. He set out to improve the society in the Red River Valley

by introducing European women. Frances declared that she would not interact with the

Mtis, so the Simpsons soon found themselves isolated. Later on, they left the RedRiver for Montreal.

A Self-Sufficient Community

The Red River settlement was isolated from the other colonies. Pemmican was the

staple food and most tasks were done by hand: women worked in fields as well as at

home. Bannock was a nice treat!

The Red River Colony began to expand and at this point, the Mtis believed that that

the had the right to trade despite the HBC trade monopoly. In 1849, 4 mtis were

charged with illegal trading. The judge found one of the defendants guilty, but the jury

called for mercy since there was a large crowd of angry Mtis surrounding the trail. No

punishment was given. The HBC could no longer enforce its monopoly.

SUCK IT HBC - the Mtis.

Changes: The Red River Settlement from 1860-1870

By 1860, the influence of the HBC had declined and more people began to move into

the area.

Rising Tensions

Most of the new arrivals were Protestant and members of the Orange Order ( an anti-

French / anti-Catholic movement). They were extremely biased towards the Mtis living

in the area. Economic problems also caused tension at Red River.

Doctor John Christian Schultz: not a doctor, ran the NorWester newspaper,

organized theCanadian party in hopes of gaining political control in the colony

Canada Purchases Ruperts Land

The HBC realized that running Ruperts Land was too expensive and began

negotiations to transfer its control over Ruperts Land. Ruperts land became part of the

Northwest Territories.

The Red River Resistance

Louis Riel led theRed River Resistanceand formed theNational Mtis committeein

order to fight for Mtis rights.

The Provisional Government

William McDougall was lieutenant governor of the North-West Territories. He was

disliked by Riel and the Mtis who were ready to fight for their rights but had no

intention of rebelling against the government. Riel set up a provincial government to

maintain order and give the Mtis people a voice. His government became the legal


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government of the area withsovereign rights, thanks to a mistake made by

McDougall.

Riel Takes Action

Riel set out to control the Red River Settlement, first arresting John Schultz and his

supporters. Hearing this, John MacDonald sent Donald Smith (HBC negotiator) tonegotiate with Riel. They both agreed on sending delates to Ottawa to negotiate the

creation of Manitoba.

The execution of Thomas Scott marked the end of the threat of war between the Mtis

and the Canadian party.

Socials Midterm Review Ch1-4

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Transcript of Socials Midterm Review Ch1-4