SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

1

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY JURIAAN CALIS

Social Sustainability Juriaan Calis Studio Explore Lab TU Delft, April 2010 [email protected]

Architecture tutorsThorsten Schuetze and Anne Loes Nillesen Technical tutor Ann Karina Lassen

Title text subjectSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITYSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Inhabitants4

InhabitantsSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY6

InhabitantsSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY8

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY10 Contents

“Architecture’s primary task, more than anything, is to enable and facilitate change in a changing world” Cedric Prize, ´Sustainability`

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Contents

IntroductionSocial Potentials

Living is IdentificationLocation

Concept of Growth Construction and Installations

Private vs. Public Design

Epilogue

13 21 35 41 59 91 107 113 161

IntroductonSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY12

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INTRODUCTION

This book documents most of the development and process of my graduation project ‘Social sustainability’at the Faculty of Architecture at the TU Delft in 2009 – 2010. The project is conducted in the Climate Adaptation Lab of the Explore Studio.

Graduating within Explore Lab means that you have the possibility to formulate and de-fine your own graduation project. Therefore the project can be split up into a research part and design part. A few years ago the government of Holland came up with a list of 40 problem neighbourhoods. These neighbourhoods are all facing large social and economical problems. These problems and the negative attention by the media has resulted that the inhabitants of these area are getting more and more isolated from the society. I am highly interested in finding opportunities to solve the social problems, improve the quality of living and the people’s participation in our society. Especially the readings of John Habraken were very inspiring and helpfull to find

Finally the research part is translated into a methodology to design a building. This building proposal is in the Afrikaanderwijk, Rotterdam.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Introduction14

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AFRIKAANDERWIJK

This neighbourhood is built in the late nineteenth century on the Southside of Rot-terdam to house the dockworkers of the nearby harbour. From the moment harbour activities moved seawards and out of town, unemployment and dilapidation of the neighborhood has set in. The neighborhood has since been subject to all kinds of social projects, urban renewal projects and cultural projects with very little result so far.

Currently the Afrikaanderwijk is one of the most infamous neighbourhoods of Rotter-dam, with 24% unemployment and 27% of the population has les then the minimum level of income. 85% of the population has a ethnic cultural background, most of them (34%) Turkish. The economical and social struggling of the people resulted in a high rate of violence, vandalism and crime in the area.A few years ago former minister Vogelaar stated the Afrikaanderwijk as one of the 40 most problematic neighbourhoods of the Netherlands. The lack of a strong population of middle income families in the area is part of the rea-son that the neighbourhood dysfunctions. The Middle class is vital for a strong social and economical situation in the neighbourhood. These people have a descent and secure income and a solid family life.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY16 Introduction

AFRIKAANDERWIJK 1900

AFRIKAANDERWIJK 1970

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TURKISH RIOTS 1972

PAUL KRUGERSTRAAT 1972

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY18 Introduction

16 % SOCIAL

POTENTIALS

Sociale stijgers: dit zijn mensen in de leeftijdscategorie 25 tot 45 jaar met een gezinsinkomen van minimaal €2770 netto per maand (boven modaal inkomen).

27% BELOW LEVEL OF MINIMUM

INCOME

83 % FOREIGNERS

Als de�nitie voor allochtonen is in dit rapport gebruik gemaakt van de ruime de�nitie van het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS), waarbij allochtonen worden gede�nieerd als personen die zelf in het buitenland geboren zijn óf personen waarvan ten minste één ouder in het buitenland geboren is. Met allochtonen wordt in dit rapport bedoeld de niet-westerse minderheidsgroepen in Nederland zoals Antillianen, Surinamers, Marokkanen en Turken.


24% UNEMPLOY

MENT

“MIDDLE CLASS IS VITAL FOR A STRONG SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL POSITION OF A

NEIGHBORHOOD“

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87 %SOCIAL

RENT-HOUSING

6 % OWNER7 % PRIVATE RENT

64% ABOVE

150.000 €

Title text subjectSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY20

SOCIAL POTENTIALS

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SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY22 Social potentials

16 % SOCIAL

POTENTIALS

DESIGN STATEMENT

KEEP SOCIAL POTENTIALS IN THE AFRIKAANDERWIJK BY DESIGNING A BUILDING THAT ENABLES AND FACILITATES THE CHANGE OF ITS INHABITANT’S ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL POSITION.

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SOCIAL POTENTIALS

In 2009 Juta Chorus published her book ‘Afri’. This book gives a good review of the social and economical struggling of the people in the Afrikaanderwijk. For about two years Juta Chorus followed the daily life of these people. She visited the people at their homes, attended the meetings between teacher and parents, hanged around with youngster in the neighbourhoods communal centre and joined policemen on their daily walk in the area. Through this intensive research she succeeds in revealing the real sto-rey and background of thes people. People that fail to participate in our society.

While Juta Chorus shows us a lot of misery, she also reveals some glance of hope. She shows examples of young people that have achieved economical and social suc-cesses.

Like Mehem and his brother Mohammed and friend Moes. Three young Turkish man that all went to college in Rotterdam. They bought a house in the nearby neighbour-hood Katendrecht.” It gives me such a satisfying feeling that I self can determine the way my house will look. My father immigrated to Holland when he was old I’m now, and I´m currently building my own house.”

Mehem is part of a group we can identify as the group social potentials, which covers 16% of the population. Social potential means that, you have the prospect that in the future you social and economical situation will be improving. This could be a job pro-motion, a marriage or children. Most times these people have had a descent level of education. The prospect this social potential will become part of the middle class.

While this process of social and economical improving is characterized by small steps, the housing stock in the Afrikaanderwijk is dominated by one type, social housing. This has resulted in a situation in which these highly needed social potentials leave the neighbourhood as soon as their social and economical position is improving. The existing housing cannot supply in their demands. Social potentials require the quality of their housing to improve when their economical and social position improves. This can be stated as a housing career. Regarding the roots of the people in the neighbourhood and therefore their strong will to stay, it is an unwanted development. To keep these social potentials in the Afrikaanderwijk, I propose a building that enables and facilitates the change of the social and economical position of its inhabitants. This is based on Cedric Prize´s idea of sustainability. When the construction of the building has been finished people can buy relatively cheap apartments. After they have moved in the apartment the owners have the possibility to extent and modify their apartment. The habitants can extent their own house for example when they will have a baby. But they can also choose to use part of the house as small office space.


AFRI - JUTA CHORUS

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AFRI - JUTA CHORUS

MEHEM snd SANDRA GHELALI

LEMIA ASSEGAU RANA KIRDERE


SARHAN HACENE REZE HALILI

CHARIF HALYO

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+ LIVE TOGETHER

/ MOVE IN

+ CHILDREN

+ ECONOMIC UPGRADE

+ WORK AT HOME

+ SHELTERED ACCOMODATION

- ECONOMIC DOWNGRADE

- CHILD MOVES OUT

-DEATH PARTNER

- CLOSE WORKPLACE

- DIVORCE

x MOVE OUT APARTMENT

HOUSING CAREER UPGRADES

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+ LIVE TOGETHER

/ MOVE IN

+ CHILDREN

+ ECONOMIC UPGRADE

+ WORK AT HOME

+ SHELTERED ACCOMODATION


- CHILD MOVES OUT

-DEATH PARTNER

- CLOSE WORKPLACE

- DIVORCE


HOUSING CAREER DOWNGRADES


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m2

SIZE APARTMENT

DESIRED SIZE APARTMENT

Charif HalyoDivorcedwith child 8 yearAge: 27yearEducation: ModeJob: own clothing shopStart Apartment : 65 mz2, 78.000e

27 jaar 32 jaar 37 jaar 42 jaar

+ LIVE TOGETHER

/ MOVE IN

+ CHILDREN

+ ECONOMIC UPGRADE

+ WORK AT HOME


- CHILD MOVES OUT

-DEATH PARTNER


- DIVORCE

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Mehem Ghelaligetrouwd: Sandra GhelaliLeeftijd: 33 jaarOpleiding: HTS BouwkundeWerk: Projectleider in de bouwStart woning : 104m2, 156.000e


HOUSING CAREERS

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+ LIVE TOGETHER

/ MOVE IN

+ CHILDREN

+ ECONOMIC UPGRADE

+ WORK AT HOME


- CHILD MOVES OUT

-DEATH PARTNER


- DIVORCE

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Sarhan HaceneSingleLeeftijd: 22 jaarOpleiding: BestuurskundeWerk: managerStart woning : 52 mz2, 78.000e


RENT TO STUDENT

+ LIVE TOGETHER

/ MOVE IN

+ CHILDREN

+ ECONOMIC UPGRADE

+ WORK AT HOME


- CHILD MOVES OUT

-DEATH PARTNER


- DIVORCE

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RENT TO STUDENT

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+ LIVE TOGETHER

/ MOVE IN

+ CHILDREN

+ ECONOMIC UPGRADE

+ WORK AT HOME


- CHILD MOVES OUT

-DEATH PARTNER


- DIVORCE

2010 2015 2020 2025

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RENT TO STUDENT

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HOUSING CAREERS

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+ LIVE TOGETHER

/ MOVE IN

+ CHILDREN

+ ECONOMIC UPGRADE

+ WORK AT HOME


- CHILD MOVES OUT

-DEATH PARTNER


- DIVORCE

2010 2015 2020 2025

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RENT TO STUDENT

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SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Title text subject34

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LIVING IS IDENTIFICATION

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY36 Living is identification

LIVNG IS THE IDENTIFICATION WITH YOUR NEIGBOURHOOD. TO IDENTIFY WITH THIS NEIGHBOURHOOD, IT REQUIRES YOU TO TAKE POSSESION OF THIS NEIGHBOURHOOD. YOU

HAVE TO CONTROL IT.

INDIVIDUAL

CONTROL

INFILL

NEIGHBORHOOD

SUPPORT

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LIVING IS IDENTIFICATION

If we look to this idea where the inhabitants design its own house, in an his-toric perspective, we should look to ideas about this topic generated by John Habraken. As a counteraction to the mass housing after WOII he promotes a housing policy in which no longer the society determine the living environment of people, but people their selves. For this ideology he makes a clear distinc-tion between the responsibility of people and society. For what he uses the terms support and infill. This should make a stop to the situation where people live anonymous in a sort nobodies land, created by the society. To make pleasant environments for people to live, people should become part again of this environment. People have to identify themselves with their neighbour-hoods. Living is the identification with your neighbourhood. This requires you to take possession of this neighbourhood. You have to control it.

Creative Maintenance already brought this idea in practice. On different places in southern Rotterdam they initiated projects for temporary communal gar-dening on wasteland. Area´s that like the Afrikaanderwijk are facing big social problems, like crime and vandalism. Ground that is intended to be built in the future is transformed to temporary communal gardens. This is a very basic strategy, but also a very effective one. Creative Maintenance invites people to do some gardening and provides equipment as well seeds or plants. Rapidly it got picked up by the neighbourhood. Gardening clubs were founded, and the gardening got intensified. But it is not only about gardening; the space is also used for picnics shows or just drinking coffee or spontaneous meetings. The gardens become a social hub. Because the people in the in the neigh-bourhood have to take care about the place, it got identified with the neigh-bourhood. It belongs to the neighbourhood, which has a positive effect on the crime and vandalism rate in the surroundings.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY38 Living is identificaition

COMMUNAL GARDEN AS A SOCIAL HUB

GARDENENING CLUB, FOR EVERYONE

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COMMUNAL GARDEN AS A SOCIAL HUB

GARDENENING CLUB, FOR EVERYONE

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Location40

LOCATION

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LocationSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY42

LocationSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY44

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY46 Location

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EXISTING BUILDINGS

FUTURE PARKCITY

TO BE DEMOLISHED


Swimming Pool 2000m2Sauna 150 m2

Dwellings 30 - 40 new

Parking structure 2000 m2 80 cars

Sport Facilities 1000m2

Communual Space

Water Storage 35.000 ltrs

BUILDING PROGRAMME

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Swimming Pool 2000m2Sauna 150 m2

Dwellings 30 - 40 new

Parking structure 2000 m2 80 cars

Sport Facilities 1000m2

Communual Space

Water Storage 35.000 ltrs


CURRENT SITUATION

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NEW SITUATION

LOCATION

Regarding the location there can be addressed several topics. First programmatic issues; next to the already demolished housing block there is an outdated swimming pool situated. The municipality has planned to replace it with a 2000 m2 new building. This new building should also contain a sauna and other sport facilities.

Second is the overkill of pavement and cars. This has resulted that the capacity of the sewer system is not large enough during heavy rainfall. During these heavy rainfall streets got flooded. It requires a enlargement of green and a reduction of pavement to solve this rainwater problem. But the large amount of pavement and cars are also partly the reasons of the bad social interaction between the housing and public space in front. The layout and size of the streets have isolated the park from its surroundings. The distance between the dwellings and the public space is too big to have a intensive social interaction. As well there are too many cars in between. In the building pro-posal the park will be closed off for cars, leaving it only accessible for pedestrians and bicycles. This will mean that people can sit in front of their house and have a direct and undisturbed view at the park. This will improve the interaction between the semi-private and public domain.

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CONCEPT of GROWTH

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY60 Concept of growth

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HABITAT ’67, MOSHE SAFDIE 1962 – 1967 The project was constructed entirely of interlocking modules, and each unit, clad in concrete panels, had small yet comfortable private quarters with access to a spacious private garden and harbour and city view exposure on at least three sides. Unlike the work of the Metabolists, Safdie pro-posed a very different system in which no megastructure was necessary. Rather than “plugged-in”prefrabicated units, modules were interlocked and woven primarily in a horizontal direction. With the exception of necessary vertical circulation cores, the project’s foucus was entirely upon the unit rather than the global structure. Serpentine vehicular and pedestrian avenues weave their way between the structure, rendering an amoeba-like circulation far different from that of the megastructure proposed by the Metabolists.

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METASTADT-BAUSYSTEM, RICHARD J. DIETRICH, 1965- 1972

The structural system developed-for the project was an orthogonal steel framework with flex-resistant joints. The small dimensions of the structural elements meant that the structure could be precisely adapt-ed to specific spatial needs. The space-space defining elements and technical infrastructure were inserted into the frame, suspended from steel pylons.The execution of the structural details meant that the building and ground-floor plan could be altered or enlarged at any time, or that the structure could be completely dismantled.

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LØVETANN, LØVETANN GROUP AS, 2006 Løvetann Group has recently done intensive research to modular building system. The system generate very spacious and flexible dwellings. The floor to ceiling glazing system provides the dwelling with much daylight and great views outwards.

Concept of growthSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY66

MASS STUDY


CONCEPT of GRWOTH

In the same period that Habraken formed his theories against the monotonous mass housing, several architects proposed buildings that could be further developed after the buildings realisation. For example the wonderfull concrete structure of Habitat 67’by Mosh Safdie.This design resulted in dwellings with wonderful views daylighting and exterior space within a high density. In this building the inhabitants had the possibility to change the amount of modules they own.

There are 3 key issues regarding the concept of a growing building.

1. The inhabitants should have the possibility to extend whenever the feel like and do this by themselves. This requires a technical approach with the simplicity of the IKEA concept. But it also means that building regulations set up by the municipality has influence. Those regulations can normally slow down the building process a lot. 2. The investment cost, for construction, facade, installations, etcetera.3. The point address by John Habraken, how to make the building a pleas-ant place to live. Like with the communal gardens the building should become of the inhabitants.

So the building functions as a small neighbourhood. People’s dwellings grow inwards, towards the communal space. Consequently the individual growth influences the com-munal space. This communal space is close of by a glass roof. So a qualitative fixed outer membrane is created. This has some great advantages, the building elements added by the inhabitants are protected against rain, wind and crime and make use of the climate buffer created by the atrium, so that the details can be simplified. The build-ing regulations are also already tackled this way.

The atrium will form the cohesion between all the inhabitants. Like the examples of the creative maintenance, people can use the space for gardening, drink a coffee, and let the children play. This is possible and comfortable through the whole year. From this atrium people will enter their dwellings. In this way communal space functions as part of the circulation space, as a result that this space will be activated through the whole day. On your way to your apartment it is easy to have a small talk to your neighbour, when you for example have to wait for the elevator. Next to these three elevator and staircases the atrium got extra quality. At four positions the atrium is opened towards the facade. This will give the atrium more spatial quality, views outwards and improves the amount of incoming daylight. It also provides the users of the atrium with the option of natural ventilation by opening the atrium’s glazed doors. A bridge is place next to the central staircase. This bridge is at the fifth floor and very close to the atrium roof. This position generates very good conditions and views for the users at the bridge.

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€?

+ LIVE TOGETHER

/ MOVE IN

+ CHILDREN

+ ECONOMIC UPGRADE

+ WORK AT HOME


- CHILD MOVES OUT

-DEATH PARTNER


- DIVORCE

2010 2015 2020 2025

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RENT TO STUDENT

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2010 2015 2020 2025

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CONCEPT DIAGRAM


SECTION DIAGRAM - FORMAL vs INFORMAL

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY74 Concept of growthSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Concept of growth74

3600 x 3600 x 3600

To determine the best grid size several is-sues had to be considered. The grid should generate flexible floor plans. The extension of the dwelling with one module should be a qualitative addition to the house as well it shoud be affordable at the same time. A grid size of 3.6 meter in all direction was the best option. This result in unit sizes of 13 square meter. Within this module of 13 m2 good sleeping , kitchen, dining space and living space can be created. So it is easy to extend you dwelling with a sleeping room or some living space.

The 3.6 meter grid makes it possible to do a subtle articulation of the lower public landscape by the upper housing structure. This improves the spatial relation between the lower public floor and upper housing structure. Every dwelling has a down floor and an up-per floor. The starting size is of an apartment is 52 m2.

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52 m2

52 m2

minfuture max

instant max

130

156 m2

APPARTMEN T SIZE 1 13 m2

2 26 m2

3 39 m2

4 52 m2

5 65 m2

6 78 m2

7 91 m2

8 104 m2

9 117 m2

10 130 m2

11 143 m2

12 156 m2

DWELLING GROWTH

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52 m2

52 m2

minfuture max

instant max

130

156 m2


DOWN FLOOR START

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DOWN FLOOR + KITCHEN


DOWN FLOOR + LIVING SPACE

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DOWN FLOOR + OFFICE SPACE


UPPER FLOOR START

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UPPER FLOOR + SLEEPING ROOM

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UPPER FLOOR + ENLARGING SLEEPING ROOM

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UPPER FLOOR + VOID


UPPER FLOOR + VOID

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY90 Construction and installations

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CONSTRUCTION and INSTALLATIONS


MEMBRANE

The housing structure has two types of facade; the outer and the inner facade. The outer facade is the fixed facade. The sliding glass doors, that measure floor to ceiling, give the dwelling a very spa-cious feeling. It also provides the dwelling with much of daylight. By opening a wide gliding door, a part of the interior transforms to outdoor space. Sun screen can regulate the incoming sun light and the privacy. On the scale of the facade these screens will break a little of the hard appearance of the facade because of its irregular pattern of up en down screens. The horizontal and vertical facade ele-ments are whitewashed western red cedar elements. The joint are made expressive wide, to articulate the modu-larity of the building. The heat exchange system will be decentralised regulated. The system will be built in the vertical facade element. This has the advantage of refreshing the air from below while exhausting the used air up in the room.


MEMBRANE EXPLODED VIEW

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INNER FACADE

To create housing space, the support structure has to be in filled vertically and horizontally with prefabricated built elements. To start enlarging their apartments, owners have to buy the built-in elements. These elements are brought into building in the parking floor by car. From here the elements will be distributed to the dwellings by a tackle. On his way up the elements will pass several floors, and be noticed by restaurant users. Every element is below the maximum lift load of 46 kilos. This is the weight, that 2 persons are allowed to lift.

First the floor system will be placed. This are prefabricated cartridge elements. With already built in insulation and a radiant heating and cooling system. This is a very pleasant and comfortable way of heating. Under this cartridge floor a vacuum sanitation system will be placed as well the water supply and electricity. By putting all the installations in and under the floor, a maximum of flexibility is achieved. Already mentioned it’s very important to keep the building cost as low as possible. Therefore I choose a system whereby in the beginning the piping is already partly laid out and over dimen-sioned, while the capacity of the central heating will be increased when the dwellings got extended. Not the temperature of the water will be higher but that the flow of water through the piping will be bigger. Therefore the pipes are over dimensioned in the beginning. When an inhabitant extents his dwelling, this person not only have to buy the built-in elements, but also pays an amount for the extension of the installations. As they have to hire a person that take care and control the connections of the installations and electricity.

The facade is also made of prefricatedf elements. These elements can be placed en removed by the inhabitants by some simple actions. Between to two supporting beams a connection beam is placed. The facade elements will be bolt on this beam. Rub-bers between the elements will seal the facade. Through the warm appearance of the wooden inner cladding the atrium gets a warm feeling. This time the western red cedar will be untreated. This way the wood can age. Because the different circumstances for each facade element, the growth process of the dwelling will create the appearance of the facade. Some e facade will be more greyed than others. The insulation between the elements and this wood cladding will lower the noise in the atrium. The ground used for the many planting in the atrium will also has a positive effect of lowering the sound load in the atrium. The windows are build into an expressive frame. People can choose from a wide range of windows that are differing in form and size. Depending on the relation they want to achieve between the atrium and dwelling. This will give the atrium an informal look.


FRAME

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INNER FACADE


IMPORTING BUILDING COMPONENTS


START 1st STAGE 2st STAGE MAXIMUMOVER DIMENSIONED PIPING USE SECOND MACHINE EXTRA HEATER TO ENLARGE

THE WATER FLOWEXTRA HEATER TO ENLARGE THE WATER FLOW

35 C

20 C

35 C

20 C20 C

35 C

20 C

35 C

20 C

35 C

INSTALLATION CONCEPT

103

START 1st STAGE 2st STAGE MAXIMUMOVER DIMENSIONED PIPING USE SECOND MACHINE EXTRA HEATER TO ENLARGE

THE WATER FLOWEXTRA HEATER TO ENLARGE THE WATER FLOW

35 C

20 C

35 C

20 C20 C

35 C

20 C

35 C

20 C

35 C


SEWER SYETEM

PIPING WATER SWIMMING

SUMMER

WINTER

RAINWATER STORAGE 35.000 LITER

SOLAR PANELS SUN

- HEATING WATER SWIMMING POOLS 800 m2- SEASONAL STORAGE HEAT FROM ATRIUM- SOLAR ENERGY FOR HEAT EXCHANGER

WIND

-NATURAL VENTILATON ATRIUM

RAINWATER STORAGE 35.OOO litre

-REDUCE LOAD SEWER SYSTEM- FLUSHING TOILETS- WATER FOR GARDENING

105

SEWER SYETEM

PIPING WATER SWIMMING

SUMMER

WINTER

RAINWATER STORAGE 35.000 LITER

SOLAR PANELS SUN

- HEATING WATER SWIMMING POOLS 800 m2- SEASONAL STORAGE HEAT FROM ATRIUM- SOLAR ENERGY FOR HEAT EXCHANGER

WIND

-NATURAL VENTILATON ATRIUM

RAINWATER STORAGE 35.OOO litre

-REDUCE LOAD SEWER SYSTEM- FLUSHING TOILETS- WATER FOR GARDENING

ATRIUM

The atrium gives great opportunities for reducing energy. The unwanted heat that is produced by the can be stored in the ground, to use it during the moments that the atrium has to be heated. The electrical energy it cost to transport this heat from the atrium into the ground and back, can be produced by the solar cells on the roof. On the roof there will also be a piping system to heat the water for the swimming pools. This is a very basic way but also very effective.

To reduce the load at the local sewer system during heavy rainfall already the rainwater is stored in the atrium and will be used for the sanitation system as well for watering the plants and trees in the atrium. This green is really important for the experience in the atrium. Together with the wood cladding it will give the atrium a warm and pleasant feeling.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Private vs. public106

PRIVATE vs PUBLIC

107

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY108 Private vs. public

109

PRIVATE vs. PUBLIC

The public functions swimming pool, sauna and sport facilities are situated at ground floor. Generally swimming pools and sport facilities are introvert building types. Given the situation of the location, where the building faces a park and is next to the important Paul Krugerstraat it requires the swimming pool and the sport facilities to interact with the surrounding public space.

A swimming and sport centre has recently been opened in the Bijlmer. Vera Yanovshtchinsky architects uses the swimming pool to interact and activate the public square in front. The total glass facade increases the social control at the square. The Bijlmer is just like the Afrikaanderwijk facing many social problems. Because in the Bijlmer not all four facades are facing intensive used public space, the building also contains more private places for the users at the other facades. The situation at the location the Afrikaanderwijk is different, all four facades are facing intensely used public space.

To achieve privacy for the swimmers and athletes, the ground level is strategically heightened and lowered. This has resulted in a landscape which differs in intensity of interaction towards the public domain. The public entrance to the swim and sport facili-ties are in gate in the middle of the building. The gate forms the entrance from the Paul Krugerstraat towards the park. The sport and swimming pool facilities are connected by a bridge at the first floor. On this bridge a restaurant is situated. From this restaurant you can look out over the sporting hall, swimming pools and park. The entrances of the dwellings are strategically placed.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY110 Private vs. public

CONCEPT DIAGRAM

DesignSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY112 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Title text subject112

DESIGN

113

DesignSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY116

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY118 DesignSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Title text subject118

119119

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY120 Design


EXTERIOR

The lower public landscape will be constructed in concrete. This will emphasize the sculptural form of the landscape as well it will give the building a solid and strong ap-pearance. For the public floor a construction of slim steel columns in combination with construction glass is proposed. This will result in a maximum of transparency of the public part of the building. This will strengthen the sculptural articulation of the lower concrete landscape by the upper housing structure. This can be seen very well from the Paul Krugerstraat and the park. Due the transparency good visual connections between the public functions and the surroundings are made. This will provide the nec-essary social control in the neighbourhood. At certain strategic points the landscape is very much lowered to strengthen the visual connections at these points.

The part where the running and cycle machines are place the fitness area is lowered. So when people are doing a workout they watch out at the street. This lower platform is accessible by a stair, which also can be used for sitting. So when people relax be-tween their exercises they have a view at the street. While you fitness you can also look into the sporting hall and to the park.

The landscape is totally lowered at the gate. In the gate people have access to sport and swim facilities, and people can find one of the tree entrances of the housing block. The outdoor pavement is also used for the interior floor. The gate is carved out of the upper housing block. Through this carving a glimpse of the very informal interior of the housing is showed. In the middle of the gate, it is possible to look into the atrium above. Through this opening the light penetrates the building in a dramatic way. When passing through the gate, it almost give you the feeling you are in the building, people in the restaurant are just only one and half meters above you. You can really recognise people in the building.


INTERIOR

The aim is to achieve a maximum of transparency of the public elevation. For a maximum of transparency of the glass it is necessary that the interior is light colored as well as the glass panels are set a bit backwards of the façade. For the walls and floor of the swimming pool sparkly white tiles will be used. The horizontal and vertical use of the tiles will emphasize the sculptural form of the landscape. The ceiling will be made of whitewashed Douglas boards. The joint lines follow the length direction of the building. The interior landscape provides sitting spaces as well very beautiful spatial relations.


HOUSING STRUCTURE The atrium will form the cohesion between all the inhabitants. Like the examples of the creative maintenance, people can use the space for gardening, drink a coffee, and let the children play. This is possible and comfortable through the whole year. From this atrium people will enter their dwellings. In this way communal space functions as part of the circulation space, as a result that this space will be activated through the whole day. On your way to your apartment it is easy to have a small talk to your neighbour, when you for example have to wait for the elevator. Next to these three elevator and staircases the atrium got extra quality. At four positions the atrium is opened towards the facade. This will give the atrium more spatial quality, views outwards and improves the amount of incoming daylight. It also provides the users of the atrium with the option of natural ventilation by opening the atrium’s glazed doors. A bridge is place next to the central staircase. This bridge is at the fifth floor and very close to the atrium roof. This position generates very good conditions and views for the users at the bridge. Like the methodology of Creative Maintenance people use and maintain the atrium. The inhabitants can use this communal space the way they would like. They can use it for gardening, dining or just drinking coffee. This methodology will enlarge the commitment of the people and be essential for a successful growth of the individual dwellings and the building as a whole.


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EPILOGGUE

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DIALOGUE

The aim of the project was the design of a building that enables and facilitates the change of its inhabitant’s economical and social position. As a result social potentials do not longer leave the Afrikaanderwijk when their position improves. Through the fact that these people will find their desired housing upgrades within the Afrikaanderwijk a group of middle class families will come up. This development will be very necessary to solve the current social and economical problems.

To achieve the design goal it is very important that the social potential get involved to the project. John Habraken already stated in the early seventies that living is all about identification with your living environment, your dwelling and neighbourhood. When people can determine how their living environment will look like, they will feel responsible. They will feel responsible as an individual as well as a collective. The current initiatives of Creative Maintenance are a perfect example. Space that normally can be identified as urban wasteland is transformed to a social condenser of a neighbourhood. This methodology is applied to the design of the building. As an individual the people can design their house to their demands at a specific moment. As a community they are responsible for the communal atrium of the building. This atrium forms the social as well climate heart of the building.

As a designer I have the notion that my design proposal is just the beginning of a conversation with the inhabitants. The current design is only the start of a design process. Habraken already stated that it was time that architects should stop their design monologues. No longer should the design professional determine the way people life. Instead, the architect should start a dialogue with the people to come up with a design solution together. That is how I would like to see my project; not as a finished product, but as a moment within a process. I have the belief that the outcome of this process will be a strong social and economical position of the Afrikaanderwijk. In which the current inhabitants still have their place.

Social Sustainability Juriaan Calis Studio Explore Lab TU Delft, April 2010 [email protected]

Architecture tutorsThorsten Schuetze and Anne Loes Nillesen Technical tutor Ann Karina Lassen

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

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