Social Studies - The 1990 Iraq-Kuwait War
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Iraq invaded her neighbour, Kuwait.
This war eventually caused
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Over
30, 000
dead
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Over
400, 000made
homeless
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created
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Almost 100,000 surrendering Iraqi soldiers became
Prisoners of War (POWs).
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created
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Over 600 oil
wells in Kuwait
to be set on fire.
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They dumped 11
million
barrels of
oil into the sea
of the Persian Gulf.
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Unbelievable
environmental damage…
for
no apparent
reason.
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led to
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A rise in terrorism worldwide A huge drop in the popularity/
public image of the USA
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There is a connection to Kuwait’s situation and
Singapore.
Kuwait has a small population:
3-3.5 million
Kuwait’s local population is only 1 million, the rest are foreign workers.
Kuwait’s defence force is tiny, so she relies on the
USA as her protector/ main oil trading partner.
Unlike Singapore, Kuwait is wealthy! She has oil, but apart from
this, Kuwait has noother natural
resources at all.
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It lead directly to your next chapter –Transnational Terrorism
You have a project to complete for this chapter
Most importantly,it hasn’t come out for 2 years, and you like marks… don’t you?
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1. Basic Events of the War
(This is for SBQ)
2. Causes of the War
(This is for SEQ, the acronym in your notes is IRAQ)
3. Impacts/ Results of the War
(Also for SEQ, the acronym in your notes is KILLED)
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Part 1: The Scene
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Where is our conflict located?
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The Middle East
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Part 2: The Characters
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Main Character 1: Iraq
POPULATION31 million
•Mostly Arab/ Muslim (97%) with other small minorities like Christians and Kurds
ECONOMYMostly based on production of oil.
MILITARYOver 1 million soldiers, almost 2000 tanks, 300+ modern jet aircraft and a small navy.
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1979 2003 2006
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Main Character 2: Kuwait
POPULATION3.5 million
• Mostly Arab/Muslim (85%) with other small Asian minorities like the Indians and Pakistanis
ECONOMYMostly based on production of oil.
MILITARYOver 15,000 soldiers, almost 300 tanks, 100+ modern jet aircraft and a small navy.
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Main Character 3: United Nations
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The UN force was led by the United States of America
(USA).
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Main Character 4: Iran
LOCATIONAnother ‘next door neighbour’ to Iraq
HISTORYFought an 8 year war with Iraq (1980 – 1988).
LEADERAyatollah Khomeini
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In the past: the
historical relationship
between Iraq and Kuwait
Iraq and Kuwait have
always been ruled as one
territory.
In the past, it was a part
of the Ottoman Empire.
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Later, under the British Empire, Kuwait and Iraq were
still ruled as one territory.
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So, when the British gave Kuwait their independence in
1961, Iraq objected as they felt it was not fair to take
away a part of their territory.
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Sounds familiar?
A larger more
powerful country
wanting
ownership of a
smaller area
because it was
never
considered
separate
throughout
history?
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Because of this war, the Iraqi economy was in ruins.
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The Iraqi economy was also badly in debt to
neighbouring countries, but especially to the USA and
France because Saddam Hussein borrowed billions of
dollars to buy…
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Finally, Iraq was
not able to make
as much money
as expected from
oil sales as OPEC
members like
UAE and Kuwait
did not follow oil
production
quotas.
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Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing oil
from their side of the Rumaila oil field
by using slant drilling technology
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Iraq also accused
Kuwait of denying
them access to the
sea because
Kuwait refused
to allow Iraq to
use the island
ports of Bubiyan
and Warbah.
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Iraq also accused
Kuwait of denying
them access to the
sea because
Kuwait refused
to allow Iraq to
use the island
ports of Bubiyan
and Warbah.
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Part 3: How did it begin?
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28th May 1990
• Iraq complains to the Arab League.
• UAE and Kuwait agree to follow OPEC oil production quotas.
18th July 1990
• Iraq warns Kuwait not to involve the USA, wants ArabLeague to settle this matter instead.
24th July, 1990
• Iraq begins military build-up at the Iraq-Kuwait border.
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27
th-2
8th
Ju
ly, 1
99
0 OPEC agrees to raise oil price by 38.8%.
1stA
ug
ust,
19
90 Saudi Arabia and
Kuwait cancel Iraq’s war debt.
Kuwait loans a further US$500 million to Iraq but refuses to pay any compensation for accusations about Rumaila, and refuses to give any territory to Iraq.
2n
dA
ug
ust
19
90 Iraq invades
Kuwait!
12 hours later, mission accomplished – the Kuwaiti royal family flees to the USA, Iraq officially declares that Kuwait is now a part of Iraq.
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3rd
Au
gu
st,
1990
Iraqi armed forces start massing at the Saudi-Kuwait border. Saudi Arabia officially requests UNhelp.
UN passes a resolution calling for Iraqi withdrawalfrom Kuwait.
8th
Au
gu
st,
19
90
UN forms a Coalitionforce (under the leadership of the USA),
UN sends the force to protect Saudi Arabia; called ‘OperationDesert Shield’
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29th November, 1990
• UN Security Council issues a final ultimatum to Saddam Hussein – the deadline to withdrawfrom Kuwait is the 15th January, 1991.
15th January, 1991
• Iraq ignores the deadline
17th January, 1991
• Operation ‘Desert Storm’ begins.
28th February, 1991
• War is over. Iraqi forces withdraw from Kuwait. UN forces do not pursue Iraqi forces past the Iraq – Kuwait border.
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Kuwait’s suffering: The impact of the war on Kuwait.
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Social Impact: Death, Torture, Refugees
According to an unclassified report written by Pentagon lawyers in 1992:
“Report on Iraqi War Crimes: Desert Shield/Desert Storm,” (a copy of which
was obtained by WorldNetDaily), Iraqi troops were accused of
systematically carrying out grisly acts of torture against Kuwaiti
citizens “with the approval of the national leadership in Iraq.”
“The evidence establishes that there were at least two dozen torture sites
in Kuwait City, most of which were located in either police stations or sports
facilities,” the report said. “The gruesome evidence confirms torture by
amputation of or injury to various body parts, to include limbs, eyes,
tongues, ears, noses, lips and genitalia. Electric shock was applied to
sensitive parts of the body (nose, mouth, genitalia),” the report said.
“Electric drills were used to penetrate the chest, leg(s) or arm(s) of
victims.”
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Invading Iraqi soldiers also allegedly beat Kuwaiti civilians,
crushing bones, skulls and disfiguring their faces, according to
the catalog of abuses. Some victims were soaked in acid. Others
were beaten while suspended from ceilings. Axes were allegedly used
in some beatings.
“Women taken hostage were raped repeatedly,” the report added.
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But it gets worse:
“Eyewitnesses reported Iraqis torturing a woman by making her eat
her own flesh as it was cut from her body,” the report said.
Furthermore, some 120 babies “were left to die after being removed
from incubators that were taken to Iraq.” More than 150 children
between the ages of one and 13 were killed “for various reasons”, and
finally, 57 mentally ill individuals were killed “simply because of
their handicap.”
A news report published on ‘World Net Daily’, an internet news website.
http://www.wnd.com/2003/04/18117/
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Loss of Respect for the Iraqi Government
• How the war affected the political structure of Iraq
Lack of fear and respect for the Iraqi government
• the UN-backed Kurdish uprising against Saddam
Hussein’s government.
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The Kurds suffered for it.
It
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In 1988, the Hussein regime began a campaign of extermination
against the Kurdish people living in Northern Iraq. This is known
as the Anfal campaign. The campaign was mostly directed at Kurds
who sided with Iranians during the Iraq-Iran War. The attacks
resulted in the death of at least 50,000 (some reports estimate as
many as 100,000 people), many of them women and children.
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A team of Human Rights Watch investigators determined that the
attacks on the Kurdish people were characterised by mass
executions and disappearances of many tens of thousands of non-
combatants, widespread use of chemical weapons including
Sarin, mustard gas and nerve agents that killed thousands, the
imprisoning of tens of thousands of women, children, and elderly
people for months in conditions of extreme deprivation, forced
displacement of hundreds of thousands of villagers after the
demolition of their homes, and the wholesale destruction of
nearly two thousand villages along with their schools, mosques,
farms and power stations.
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In April 1991, after Saddam lost control of Kuwait in the Persian
Gulf War, he cracked down ruthlessly against several uprisings in the
Kurdish north, Iraqi forces committed wholesale massacres and
other gross human rights violations similar to the violations
mentioned before. Estimates of deaths during that time range from
20,000 to 100,000 for Kurds.
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Environmental Impact on the RegionFrom a radio interview of Dr. Jacqueline Michel, US geochemist, broadcast in 2010.
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The long term effects were very significant. There was no shoreline cleanup,
and so when we went back in to do quantitative survey in 2002 and 2003, there
was a million cubic meters of oil sediment remained then 12 years after the
spill.... The oil penetrated much more deeply into the sediment than normal
because the sediment there has a lot of crab burrows, and the oil penetrated
deep, sometimes 30, 40 cm into the mud of these tidal flats. There’s no way to
get it out now. So it has had long term impact. Marshlands and mud tidal flats
continue to contain large quantities of oil, over ten years later, and full recovery
is likely to take decades.
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Enjoy
memorisingall these for your O Levels!
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