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Social Studies 5

Sanjay Bhalla M.Sc. Geography B.Ed.

PGT (DPS Sonepat)

HOLY FAITH INTERNATIONAL (P) LTD.

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PrefaceThe Hummingbird series of Primary Books from I to V are based on National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 and the new Syllabi for classes at the Elementary Level.

In the guidelines some of the objectives of teaching the different subjects at primary stage are:

• to train children to locate and comprehend relationships between the natural, social and cultural environment;

• to nurture the curiosity and creativity of the child particularly in relation to the natural environment;

• to develop an awareness about environmental issues;

• to engage the child in exploratory and hands-on activities.

The Hummingbird series focuses on themes that allow for a connected and interrelated understanding to develop and trigger the child’s thinking in new directions. They connect knowledge to the child’s life outside the classroom and also provide an overall development of children.

The series comprises of textbooks on:

MATHEMATICS Children need to develop a positive attitude towards and a liking for Mathematics at the primary stage, along with the cognitive skills and concepts that they acquire. The content includes Mathematical games, puzzles and stories that help in making connections between Mathematics and everyday thinking.

ENGLISH An integrated approach to the teaching of language is of particular relevance at the primary level. The books address different skills of language, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing, which focus on across the curriculum approach through a variety of genres – poems, stories, role-plays and drama to develop the language skills creatively.

SCIENCE Science education should develop competence and encourage inventiveness and creativity. The textbooks incorporate activities, observation, experimentation and encourage an active approach to science, connecting it to the world around the child, rather than information based learning.

SOCIAL SCIENCE The textbooks provide the social, cultural and analytical skills required to adjust to an increasingly interdependent world. The focus of the books is on a conceptual understanding rather than lining up facts to be memorized.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Environmental Studies is a subject dealing with Man’s relation to his whole environment, viz. his surroundings, his home, his neighbourhood, his city or town, extending ever outward. The books contextualize the relevance of the subject and bring it to life.

The textbooks present the subjects in a clear, concise, logical and chronological manner. It is expected that this new series will inspire the children to analyse, demonstrate and transform their world view.

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CONTENTS

UNIT-I1. Globes and Maps 1-9

UNIT-II2. Equatorial Forest 10-15

3. Hot Deserts 16-22

4. Grasslands 23-28

5. Frigid Zone 29-35

6. Weather and Climate 36-41

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UNIT-IV10. Environmental Pollution 64-70

11. Natural Disasters 71-79

UNIT-V12. Revolt of 1857 80-86

13. Freedom Strugggle 87-91

14. India Wins Freedom 92-100

UNIT-VI15. The United Nations 101-109

16. India and the U.N. 110-114

17. Great Philosophers 115-121

18. Our Heritage 122-128

UNIT-III7. Transportation 42-49

8. Communication 50-56

9. The Age of Machines 57-63

Globes and Maps1Unit I

Globes and Maps 1

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Learning Objectives Globe Map Language of the Map Atlas Directions Scale Locating a Place Latitudes Longitudes

In ancient times, people believed that the earth was flat and they would fall off from its surface if they travelled to its edge.But later studies proved that the shape of the earth is oblate spheroid. It is difficult to study the earth without seeing it completely. The globe has been invented so that we can comprehend the shape of the earth.

GLOBEA globe is a model of the earth, which gives us a fairly accurate idea of the earth’s surface. On a globe, we can see the shapes and locations of the continents, oceans and seas. We can only see half of the globe at a time. We have to rotate the globe to see the other half. A globe is useful mainly to learn the features of the earth. It has its own limitations. They are:

• A globe does not show detailed information. • A globe is difficult to carry because it occupies a lot

of space. • A specific area cannot be enlarged on a globe.

MAPMaps are two-dimensional representations of the earth on a flat surface. We can draw maps of continents, countries, states, cities or neighbourhoods. We can give and get more detailed and specific information through maps. Even the smallest area can be enlarged and shown on a map. We can draw a map to indicate mountains, rivers, population, crops, wildlife, forests and minerals. A map has its own limitations. They are:• The earth’s spherical shape cannot be shown accurately on a flat surface.

Globe

The earliest known maps are of the heavens, not the earth.

GO FACTThe

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• Maps distort the shapes and sizes of the landforms.

Map showing major Indian rivers

LANGUAGE OF THE MAP To understand the information on a map, we use a variety of signs, symbols and colours. This is called the language of the map.

Different signs and symbols used on maps

Road

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Globes and Maps 3

ATLASA book of maps is called an atlas. It contains a large variety of maps such as:Physical map: It shows physical features like forests, mountains, rivers, etc.Political map: It shows different countries, states, cities, villages and a lot more.Road map: A road map shows the network of roads in a city or a country.We also use other maps like those depicting a network of railways and airways.

How is an atlas used?

You have to flip the pages of an atlas. At the end Index is given. An Index shows the names of places on different pages of an atlas in an alphabetical order. An Index also has numbers indicating the location of a particular place.

DIRECTIONSDirections are an important part of map reading. There are four major directions – North, South, East and West.Maps are drawn in such a way that North is always on the top, South is always at the bottom, East is on the right and West is on the left.

Sub-directions: There are some places that lie between East, West, North and South directions. To understand these, we use sub-directions such as:

• North-East: lies between the North and the East. • North-West: lies between the North and the West. • South-West: lies between the South and the West. • South-East: lies between the South and the East.

SCALEWe cannot show the actual size of the earth on a map. So, we use scales in maps. Maps are drawn according to a scale.The ratio between the distance on the ground and the distance on the map is known as the scale of a map.

Directions

Atlas

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LOCATING A PLACEA large number of continents, oceans, countries and cities are marked on a globe. Without any reference point, it is difficult to locate a place on the globe. To locate a place we need certain reference points.When we look at a globe we see only one side of it. To see the other side, we have to rotate it. The globe rotates on a rod that passes through it. It is called the axis.An axis is an imaginary line on which the earth rotates. It has two end points which are called the Poles. The point at the top is called the North Pole and the point at the bottom is called the South Pole. On a globe, we can also see a number of lines. These imaginary lines make it simple to locate a place.These are of two types:• Latitudes• Longitudes

LATITUDESAn imaginary line drawn halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole is called the Equator. The part of the earth which lies to the north of the Equator is called the Northern Hemisphere. The part which lies towards the south of the Equator is called the Southern Hemisphere. The imaginary lines drawn parallel to the Equator are known as the parallels of latitudes.• The length of these parallel lines keep decreasing

as we move away from the Equator towards the poles.

• All lines parallel to the Equator form a complete circle, except the North Pole and South Pole which are points.

• These lines are numbered, starting from the Equator which is marked 0° latitude.• The North Pole is marked as 90° N and the South Pole is marked as 90° S.• The parallels are drawn at a distance of 1.°There are 90 parallels in the Northern Hemisphere and 90 parallels in the Southern Hemisphere. Including the Equator there are 180 latitudes.The important latitudes are:• Equator – 0°• Tropic of Cancer – 23 1/2° N• Tropic of Capricorn – 23 1/2° S

Lines of Latitude

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Globes and Maps 5

• Arctic Circle – 66 1/2° N• Antarctic Circle – 66 1/2° S

LONGITUDES The lines joining the North Pole and the South Pole are called longitudes or meridians.All these lines are of the same length. The maximum distance between two longitudes is at the Equator. Gradually, the gap between two longitudes start decreasing as they move towards the poles, where they join. Like the latitudes, longitudes are also numbered and their total number is 360 .The Greenwich near London is taken as 0° longitude. This line of longitude is called the Prime Meridian. The area between 0° to 180° toward the east of Prime Meridian is known as the Eastern Hemispheres and marked as ‘E’. The area between 0° to 180° toward the west of Prime Meridian is known as the Western Hemisphere and marked as ‘W’. The meridian of 180° E and 180° W is the same line and is called the International Date Line.

Grid

Latitudes and longitudes form a network of lines on the globe, known as grid. The point at which a latitude and a longitude cross, help us to locate a place. To locate a place we must know the degree of latitude and longitude. For example, Delhi is located at the point where 28.40° N latitude and 77.20° E longitude cross on the globe.

Grid

Eratosthenes first pro-posed a system of latitudes and longitudes for a map of the world in the 3rd century BC.

GO FACTErato

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Lines of Longitudes

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KEYWORDS

Oblate spheroid: a sphere flattened along the axis.

Symbol: mark or sign with a particular meaning.

Atlas: a book of maps.

SUMMARY

The earth is spheroid in shape.

A globe can describe the earth in an accurate way.

A map shows the different features of the earth.

We should know the language of a map to understand it.

Lines of latitude are drawn from east to west and lines of longitude are drawn from north to south.

Equator is the longest latitude.

To the north of the Equator is the Northern Hemisphere and to south of the Equator is the Southern Hemisphere.

The Equator is 0° latitude and the Prime Meridian is 0° longitude.

A network of longitudes and latitudes on the globe is called a grid.

EXERCISES

Summative assessmentA. Multiple choice questions.

1. North, South, East and West are four major

(a) lines (b) signs

(c) directions (d) none of these

2. North-east lies between

(a) South and East (b) North and West

(c) North and East (d) none of these

3. The South Pole is

(a) 90° S (b) 90° N

(c) 0° N (d) none of these

4. The Tropic of Cancer is located at

(a) 23½° S (b) 23½° N

(c) 25½° W (d) none of these

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Globes and Maps 7

5. The total number of meridians is

(a) 180 (b) 360

(c) 90 (d) none of these

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. A globe does not give_________________ information.

2. Signs, symbols and colours are called _______________ of the map.

3. An _______ is an imaginary line on which the earth rotates.

4. The imaginary lines drawn parallel to the Equator are known as parallels of ____________.

5. Including the Equator there are ______________________ latitudes.

C. Give one word answer to the following.

1. What is a book of maps called?

2. What is the model of an earth called?

3. What is the shape of the earth?

4. Which map shows the physical features of a place?

5. What is the ratio between the distance on the ground and the distance of the map known as?

D. Short answer type questions.

1. What is the main feature of a map?

2. Which are the four major directions?

3. What is Prime Meridian?

4. Which are the important latitudes?

5. How can we locate a place on a globe?

E. Long answer type questions.

1. Write the features and limitations of a globe.

2. Write a note on sub-directions.

3. What do you mean by Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere?

4. Write short notes on:

(a) Longitude

(b) Eastern and Western Hemispheres

(c) International Date Line

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Formative assessmentA. Match the following.

Column A Column B

Globe Representation of the earth on a flat surface

Map A book of maps

Atlas A model of the earth

Equator Greenwich

Prime Meridian 0°

B Write ‘T’ for true or ‘F’ for false:

1. Meridians are semi-circles.

2. The Equator is located on 66½° N latitude.

3. The Tropic of Capricorn is in the Southern Hemisphere.

4. Longitudes are 360 in number.

5. Latitudes run parallel to each other.

FUN ZONE

Mark the following places with the help of latitudes and longitudes on the map given on the next page.

City Latitude Longitude

Berlin, Germany 52° 31’0” N 13° 24’0”E

Madrid, Spain 40° 24’0” N 3° 41’0”W

Greenwich, London 37° 3’ 55”N 94° 25’ 26” W

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Globes and Maps 9

Collective assessmentProject

1. Go through the maps in an atlas. Find out the different symbols and signs that are used in them. In your scrapbook draw and name them.

2. Find out the latitudes and longitudes of the following countries:

Japan England India Australia

Equatorial Forest2Unit II

10 Equatorial Forest

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Learning Objectives Location Climate Vegetation Wildlife Natural Resources Industry and Trade Lifestyle

LOCATIONThe area between 0° to 10° North and South of the Equator is called the equatorial rainforest. This region includes the Amazon Basin of South America, the Congo Basin of Africa and much of South East Asia, like Indonesia, Malaysia, etc.

World distribution of equatorial rainforests

Amazon Congo Basin

Rainforest of South East Asia

CLIMATEThe equatorial region falls in the torrid zone and is hot and wet. Mornings are quite pleasant but at noon, the temperature rises. The average temperature in this region is 27°–30° C. It rains almost every day in the afternoon. Rain is accompanied by lightning and thunderstorm. The duration of day and night is equal. Humidity is very high here because moisture evaporates from the rivers, ponds, and plants and form clouds. Rainfall is heavy throughout the year. The average rainfall is between 150 to 350 cm

Humming Bird Social Study-5

Publisher : MBD GroupPublishers

ISBN : 9789351807391 Author : Sanjay Bhalla

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/12323

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