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Improving Flash Performance

Amitt Mahajan, Zynga

SOCIAL SPEED

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My Background

• Worked on Gears of War & Unreal Engine 3 at Epic

• Co-founder / CTO, MyMiniLife• Flash Virtual World, Acquired by Zynga in 2009

• Director of Engineering, Zynga• Co-creator & Lead Developer, FarmVille/Treasure Isle• Built the first prototype of CityVille

• Created ZEngine and ExampleVille, Zynga’s common game engine and game framework

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High-Level Takeaways

Load time impacts new installs

Runtime performance impacts retention

Gather real data to know where to spend your time

Try to optimize as low-level as possible and build checks into your build process

Performance deteriorates over-time and needs to be continually re-examined

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Loading

• Extended load-time causes people to navigate away from your game

• We define load-time as the period the player has to wait for the app to become interactive

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Common Reasons for Loading Delays

• Downloading your game SWF

• Waiting for Facebook API to respond

• Round-trip for player data from game servers

• Asset size and number of assets

• Computation (depth-sorting, parsing XML, etc.)

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Measuring Load-Times

• FireBug can be used for asset load measurement

• The Flash Builder profiler can give insight into where load-time computation is occurring

• Link-exports can determine why your SWF is a certain size

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Using Link-Export

• Flash’s compiler provides a link-export option to export size breakdown of a SWF

mxmlc -link-report=C:\YourLinkReport.xml YourApp.as

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Using Link-Export

• We use a tool* to visualize the link-report and identify assets to remove from the SWF

* http://www.kahunaburger.com/2008/03/08/air-link-report-visualizer/

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Reducing Waits on Social Networks

• Social network data retrievals significantly impact load-times

• Ideally, don’t require social network data at all to load the game

• A compromise is to pre-fetch social network data server-side and then embed it into Javascript

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Normal Facebook Data Flow

Your Canvas Callback

Initial Page Load

Render Flash HTML

apps.facebook.com/yourapp

users.getLoggedInUser()

friends.get()friends.get()

GAME SERVER (PHP) CLIENT (FLASH) FACEBOOK

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Optimized Facebook Data Flow

Your Canvas Callback

Initial Page LoadFetch all Facebook Data

Render Flash HTML & Data JSON

apps.facebook.com/yourapp

users.getLoggedInUser()friends.get()

Retrieve User/Friend Data From JS JSON object

GAME SERVER (PHP) CLIENT (FLASH) FACEBOOK

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Optimizing Initial Asset Load

• Set the bar high for what needs to be loaded at all

• Both asset size and number of assets matter

• Version assets and use correct HTTP headers to ensure that assets will be cached by the browser

Expires: Fri, 24 Feb 2012 03:06:45 GMTCache-Control: max-age=2592000

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Optimizing Asset Size

• Use low-res assets first and stream in high-res assets later

• Pack PNG assets into SWF files for additional compression

PNG: 20kb SWF (50%): 4.2kb SWF (30%): 2.5kb

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Asset Bundling

• Bundle similar assets together in a SWF to avoid a DNS look-up and HTTP connection round-trip for each asset

road.swfroad1.png road2.png

road3.png road4.png

road1 road2

road3 road4

Add assets to a SWF library and compile

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Multiple Asset Domains

• HTTP spec has a request limit per domain, can get around this by having DNS aliases

FlashClient ++loadCount%4

assets0.farmville.com/pig.png

assets1.farmville.com/pig.png

assets2.farmville.com/pig.png

assets3.farmville.com/pig.png

Load pig.png

LoadingManager.load()

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Pre-Computing Static Game Data

• XML & JSON can be expensive to parse and download

• Can pre-compile this data into Flash SWF files for download and processing savings

Raw Static Data (XML, JSON, Text,

etc.)

Auto-generated .as file that embeds data

in a Dictionary

Compressed .SWF file

Generate AS3 Code

MXMLC LoadedData

Download &Load Class

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Runtime Performance

• Runtime performance is defined by perceived responsiveness of the application

• Sluggish performance hampers users enjoyment of the game

• Runtime performance issues also reduce interactivity

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How Performance Affects Virality

0-4 5-8 9-12 13-16 17-20 21-24 25+

FPS

# Of Social Actions

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Common Causes of Slow Performance

• Poorly authored assets• Vector instead of Bitmap, Excessive Animation

• Unoptimized game loops• Iterating over all game objects, excessive object

allocation/deallocation

• Flash VM CPU hogging• Expensive graphics filters, continually updating display list

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Measuring Runtime Performance

• FPS is a good starting metric to make visible on dev builds

• The Flash Builder profiler is solid and the normal profile/fix issues cycle works great for AS3

• It is harder to see where draw-time is going, redraw regions help

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Redraw Regions

• Redraw regions show you where your render time is going and can help identify problems

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Authoring Assets

• Vector assets render slower than bitmaps

• Bitmap assets have larger file sizes than vector

• A hybrid-approach can give the best of both worlds

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Farmville Pig

• This asset killed our frame-rate due to unnecessary vectors

*Vector images courtesy of Justin Church (byxb.com)

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Vector / Bitmap Hybrid

• All assets are downloaded by the Flash client as vector

• At load-time, generate rasterized bitmap sprite sheets at the lowest possible resolution that avoids scaling

• If necessary, re-generate bitmaps at higher resolutions

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Bitmap Sprite Sheets

• Alternative to vector-based animation• Uses fast pixel-based operations

CityVille_ConstructionWorker.png

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No-Draw Sprite Sheets

• First, we pre-split the Bitmap

BitmapData.copyPixels()

Original Bitmap

One Bitmap Data Object per Frame

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No-Draw Sprite Sheets

Instance of an Animated Object

Bitmap Object .bitmapData

Shared BitmapData Objects

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Flash CPU Usage

• Flash can consumes CPU and slow down browser performance

• High CPU usage causes slow responses from social networks

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Optimizing the Game Loop

• Have a single ENTER_FRAME event that drives game updates

• Split the updating of objects across frames

• Controlling the game loop also lets you control simulation speeds by adjusting time delta

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Game Loop Flow

ENTER_FRAMEcallback

Game.updateWorld()Choose bucket in

round-robin fashion

Objects[0]

Objects[4]

Objects[8]

Objects[3]

Objects[7]

Objects[11]

Objects[1]

Objects[4]

Objects[9]

Objects[2]

Objects[6]

Objects[10]

Call .update(timeDelta) on each object in bucket

Bucket 0 Bucket 1 Bucket 2 Bucket 3

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Screen Freezing

• Swap Flash with Static Bitmap to reduce CPU

Freeze background processing & replace with

BitmapFB.ui()

Un-freeze background processing & show Flash

again

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Optimization Best Practices

• Optimization for social games is on-going, even post-launch

• Build-in detection of bad assets and code into your build process

• Have your client report back performance metrics, and actually use the data to fix issues

• Continually monitor your load-time and initial download size; They tend to increase over time

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| Thank you! Questions?

Email: amahajan@zynga.comTwitter: @amittmBlog: www.amitt.com