Social Psychology II.
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Transcript of Social Psychology II.
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Social Psychology
II
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Prosocial Behavior• Why did people risk
their lives to help those in Japan after the earthquake and nuclear fallout?• Why do people run
into a burning building to help someone?
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Prosocial Behavior- These tragedies show humans have the potential for prosocial behavior and altruism-Prosocial Behavior- a behavior carried out with the goal of helping other people
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Prosocial Behavior- Altruism- prosocial behaviors a person carries out w/out considering their own safety or interests
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Prosocial Behavior• What makes people behave this way?
Why do people feel they should risk their life for others?• Depends on who “others” are…
- for relatives, altruistic behavior makes sense, b/c you aid in the survival of your gene pool
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Prosocial Behavior• What about strangers though?• Theorists believe in reciprocal
altruism- idea that people perform altruistic behaviors b/c they expect others will perform altruistic behaviors for them in turn
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Prosocial Behavior- Reciprocal altruism is not only in
humans- Researchers also found that people
will be altruistic even if they don’t expect the behavior to be reciprocal
- Evolutionary evidence for altruism
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Prosocial Behavior women believe that men who provide evidence of altruism would make better fathers
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Prosocial Behavior• Motives for Prosocial Behavior:1.Altruism2.Egoism- perform the behavior for
your own self-interest, to later receive a favor, or reward
3.Collectivism- perform the behavior for a larger group the person is a part of
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Prosocial Behavior4. Principlism- perform the behavior
to uphold moral/religious principles5. Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis- feel
empathy toward another evoking altruistic motives to provide help
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Prosocial Behavior- How does this motive affect
prosocial behavior?- Psychologists demonstrated that
bystander intervention (people’s willingness to help strangers in distress) was very sensitive to the precise characteristics of the situation
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Prosocial Behavior- However, sometimes people are slow to help or don’t help at all b/c of diffusion of responsibility (when more than one person could help in an emergency, people assume someone else will or should help, so they back off and don’t get involved)
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Prosocial Behavior• Other reasons bystanders fail to help:1.Have to notice the emergency2.Label the events as an emergency-
how are other people responding?3.Must feel responsibility
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Aggression and Prejudice
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Aggression• Why are people aggressive?
- genetic predisposition- brain & hormone differences (amygdala)- serotonin levels
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Aggression• 2 Types of Aggression:1.Impulsive- reaction to the
situationEx. Fist-fight
2. Instrumental- goal-directed, premeditatedEx. Knock down a lady for her purse
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Aggression• In what situations do people seem to
be aggressive?- Frustration-aggression hypothesis- frustration occurs when your goals are blocked & a rise in frustration leads to more probability of aggression
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Aggression- Temperature & Time of Day –
warmer aggression9pm-3am aggression
- Direct Provocation/Escalation- believing the behavior was intentional is more upsetting
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Aggression• Some cultural constraints to aggression:1.More connected you are with
culture/community less likely to be aggressive
2.Regional differences- Southerners have a code of conduct; if you dishonor it, tend to be more aggressive
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Aggression
3. Modeling- TV and home life become the norm
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Prejudice• Prejudice- a learned attitude,
involving negative fear, negative beliefs (stereotypes) that justify that attitude, and intention to avoid, control, dominate, or eliminate the “target object”
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Prejudice• Where does prejudice come from?1.Social Categorization- people
organize their environment by categorizing the people around them- People divide the world into “in-groups” & “out-groups”
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Prejudice- “In-groups”- groups with which they identify as members- “Out-groups”- groups which they do not identify with
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Prejudice• These distinctions lead to in-group
bias- believing that the group you are in is better than others• Leads to societal problems like
discrimination
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Prejudice• The tendency toward
defining “us against them” becomes more powerful when perception grows that resources are scarce & that goods can only be given to one group at the expense of another
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Prejudice• Prejudice people spend time deciding
who is “us” and who is “them”- Easy to create, difficult to remove leads to discrimination• Stereotypes- generalizations about a
group of people in which the same characteristics are assigned to all members of a group
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Prejudice• Stereotypes encode expectations
that create social realities for people• Stereotypes are used to produce
behavioral confirmations- People tend to devalue information that is inconsistent with their prior stereotype thus difficult to change them
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Prejudice• Stereotypes can lead to stereotype
threat- a stereotyped group’s knowledge that they must work against a negative stereotype
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Prejudice• How can we reverse prejudice?- Contact hypothesis- idea that direct contact
between hostile groups alone will reduce prejudice theory has been disproven
- Mutual dependence, deprovincialization, & jigsaw techniques work well (ex. Remember the Titans)