Perceptions of U.S. Social Mobility 1 Running head: PERCEPTIONS ...
Social Perceptions
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Transcript of Social Perceptions
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Social Perceptions
Inter-Act, 13th EditionChapter 2
Social Perception
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Also known as “cognitive perception,” it is the set of
processes by which people perceive themselves and others.
Chapter 2 ObjectivesDescribe the perceptual processExplain how we form perceptions of others
and why we sometimes misperceive othersDiscuss how self-perceptions, self-concept,
and self-esteem are formed and how we can make improvements
Identify the human factors that influence our attitudes toward social media
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The Perception Process
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The process of selectively attending to, organizing, and interpreting the information that we receive through
our sensesAttention & Selection
Organization
Interpretation
Attention and SelectionSelection is determined by: 1. Our needs2. Our interests3. Our expectations
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OrganizationSimplicity: the brain reduces complex
stimuli into recognized formsPattern recognition: the brain organizes
information into recognizable patterns or systems of interrelated parts
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Interpretation
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The process of assigning meaning to the information that has been selected and
organized
Dual Processing in Perception
Automatic processing◦Fast, subconscious ◦Heuristics: rules of thumb for how
something is to be viewed based on experience
Conscious processing◦Slow, deliberative approach ◦We examine and think about the stimuli
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Perceiving Others
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Uncertainty reduction theory: ways individuals monitor their social environments to know more about themselves and others
Impression Formation
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Physical appearance: predictions based on appearanceImplicit personality theory: inaccurate perceptions based on the association of physical or other characteristics with personality traitsAssumed similarity: thinking that others who share one characteristic with you also share others
Making Attributions
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Attributions: reasons we give for our own and others’ behavior Situational attribution: attributing behavior to an external situation, outside of a person’s controlDispositional attribution: attributing behavior to someone’s internal disposition or personality
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Person-Perception Biases – selective perception, stereotyping, halo effects, forced consistency, projection, and fundamental attribution error
Person-Perception Biases
Biases Include:Selective Perception – inaccurately paying
attention only to what we expect to see or hear and ignoring what we don’t expect
Stereotyping – ◦ Prejudice: stereotyping based on the
characteristics of a person’s group◦ Discrimination: acting differently toward a
person based on prejudice◦ Racism, Ethnocentrism, Heterosexism, Sexism,
Ageism, Able-ism: belief that the behaviors or characteristics of one group are inherently superior to those of another
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Halo effects – thinking a person has a whole set of related personality traits when only one trait has actually been observed
Forced consistency – interpreting conflicting different perceptions of another person so our interpretation of what we see remains consistent
Projection – thinking that someone who is like us in one respect will share other characteristics and attitudes
Fundamental attribution error – ascribing others’ negative behavior to their dispositions while ascribing our negative behavior to the situation
Improving Social PerceptionsQuestion the accuracy of perceptions.Seek more information.Use conscious processing. Realize that perceptions change.Use perception checking.
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Self-concept – your perception of your competencies and personality traits
Self-esteem – your evaluation of your perceived competence and personal worthiness
Self-Perception
Cultural & Self-Perception
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Independent self-perception: viewing traits, abilities, and personality as internal and universally applicable Interdependent self-perception: viewing traits, abilities, and personality as dependent upon the situation
Positive Self-Esteem
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Perception of having a characteristic +
Personal belief that the characteristic is of positive value =
Positive self-esteem
Accuracy of Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
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• Incongruence: gap between self-perception and reality
• Self-fulfilling prophecies: events that happen as the result of being foretold, expected, or talked about
• Filtering messages: paying attention only to messages that reinforce our current self-concept
Self-Perception and Communication
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Our self-perception affects our communication by influencing:
How we talk to/about ourselvesHow we talk to/about others.
Social Media: The Human Factor
Self-disclosureSocial connectionConvenience
◦ an opportunity and a challengeApprehensionMiscommunication
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Self-Perception Online
Online communication attitudes influence how much you communicate through social media.
Extra Credit:Go to your Facebook
pageReflect on the
information posted to your profile
Assess your digital self-disclosure and social connection
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Homework:List 10 words to describe yourself. Use a
variety of descriptors: roles, skills, physical attributes, personality characteristics, etc. Have a family member, close friend, and acquaintance each list 10 words to describe you. Analyze the differences/similarities.
Then describe the 5 most significant situations, events, or experiences that have shaped your current self-concept. Explain.
Review your Assignment Rubric!
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