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SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 1820S- 1840S

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Waves of religious excitement separated by long periods of religious calm 1740s: FIRST GREAT AWAKENING 1800-1850;s: SECOND GREAT AWAKENING Enthusiasm; controversy; religious experiment. Christian Perfectionism Belief that salvation can lead to a sinless life: heaven on earth Millennialism Christs return to earth will begin a thousand year reign 2 ND GREAT AWAKENING

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Religion began to influence other ideals such as freedom from cruelty of war, discrimination, intoxicated drinking, and slavery Idealistic religion on a utopian socialism, moral reform, and other ideas came to Christianity 2 ND GREAT AWAKENING

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Are people free to re-invent Religion? William Ellery Channing developed concept of Unitarian Faith Ralph Waldo Emerson became a Unitarian UNITARIANISM: Rejects Trinity (insists on Unitary God) Rejects Jesus divinity Rejects Centrality of Jesus Crucifixion & Resurrection Belief was in free will and possibility of salvation through good works Insists on right of individual to mold his or her own religion UNITARIANS

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DIVISIVENESS CAUSED BY THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING Second Great Awakening widened lines between class and region Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians --> Wealthy classes and better-educated Big Boundary between Northern Protestants, Methodists, and Baptists; and Southern Protestants, Methodists, and Baptists. This split between North and Southern Faith and ideals in religion was considered the first sign of splitting. Later followed by a split in politics and the Union. Protestants encouraged increase in educational learning and also importance of education in every household Most importantly led to a moral reform movements, especially in the North

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Who were they? Intellectuals Primarily from New England Middle class What did they believe? Individualism Self-reliance Dissent Non-conformity transcend to the ideal world of reality Anti-industrialism Prominent Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Edgar Allen Poe Emily Dickenson Margaret Fuller TRANSCENDENTALISTS

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Ralph Waldo Emerson behind the concrete world we can transcend to the ideal world of reality

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TRANSCENDENTALISTS Henry David Thoreau Live life simply Chronicled his experiences in Walden

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TRANSCENDENTALISTS THE POETS Walt WhitmanEmily Dickinson Edgar Allen Poe

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TRANSCENDENTALISTS THE NOVELISTS Nathaniel HawthorneHerman Melville

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TRANSCENDENTALISTS Margaret Fuller Believed in transcendentalism for all Early advocate for womens rights

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Who were they? Transcendentalists looking for the perfect society What did they believe? Communal societies Each person contributes Agricultural communities Resources went to the group Generally religious in nature Education was important Wanted to live life their way Some of the most prominent utopias Brook Farm, Massachusetts Oneida, New York Also included some religious groups Shakers Mormons UTOPIANS

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ONEIDA COMPLEX

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ONEIDA COMMUNITY

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GEORGE RIPLEYS TRANSCENDENTALIST COMMUNE

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SHAKER BELIEFS AND PRACTICES FROM MOTHER ANN LEE Pacificism Celibacy Work Dance Song Collective Ownership

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MOTHER ANN LEE

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SHAKER COMMUNITIES

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MORMONISM 1830- Joseph Smith, a visionary, reported an encounter with an angel Deciphered the Book of Mormon from golden plates given to him Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Had leaders that were dedicated to free enterprise Voted as a unit and produced their own militia Moved from New York to Ohio Intended to build Zion in western Missouri Expelled from Missouri to Nauvoo, Illinois Joseph Smith arrested; executed by mob Brigham Young becomes the leader Polygamy became a problem for the LDS Movement to Utah - use of irrigation system in desert of Utah

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MORMON LEADERS Joseph SmithBrigham Young

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Zion in the Wilderness Petitioned for territory of Deseret Granted Utah Territory Had to renounce polygamy to earn statehood Successful due to unity and leadership GREAT MORMON TREK

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Named after William Miller, self-taught Bible Scholar Interpreted the Bible to mean that Christ would return to earth on October 22, 1843. Called the Great Disappointment The failure of Jesus to descend on schedule dampened but did not destroy the movement. Determined the event happened in heaven not on earth Seventh Day Adventists MILLERITES

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WOMENS MOVEMENT Women pursued rights for themselves and others Issues Property ownership Custodial rights Marriage/Divorce rights Legal rights in court Suffrage Other issues Treatment of the less fortunate Temperance Slavery

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DOROTHEA DIX

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THE SENECA FALLS CONVENTION

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Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York Advocated equality in Family Education Jobs Religion Morals Issued a Declaration of Sentiments (modeled after the Declaration of Independence)

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SUSAN B. ANTHONY Advocated Womens suffrage Temperance Abolition of slavery

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TEMPERANCE Social movement against the use of alcohol American Temperance Society formed in 1826 Felt it violated religion and morality Was almost exclusively a Protestant issue (not Catholic)

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WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON MEAN?

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DEHUMANIZATION OF INDUSTRIALISM VS. UTOPIAN IDEALS

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HOW ARE WOMENS ROLES CHANGING AND HOW DOES IT IMPACT SOCIETY?