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Social Inequality and Women's Response to Domestic Violence: A UK-Brazil research partnership
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Transcript of Social Inequality and Women's Response to Domestic Violence: A UK-Brazil research partnership
Social Inequality and Women's Response to Domestic Violence: A UK-Brazil research partnership
Charlotte Watts, Ligia Kiss, Ana Flavia d’Olivieira, Lori Heise, Lilia Blima Schraiber
Universidade de São PauloFACULDADE DE MEDICINADEPARTAMENTO DE MEDICINA PREVENTIVA
Research partners
Gender, Violence & Health Centre, LSHTM UKLaunched in 2006Multi- disciplinary cross-faculty research group at LSHTM Strong quantitative expertise, including social epidemiology, economics, intervention evaluationWorks with UN agencies & partners around the world to conduct action-oriented, research on gender-based violence and health
Gender, Violence and Health Research Group, USP BrazilLaunched in 2000Part of Medical School, University of Sao PauloStrong social-science expertisePart of extensive network of activists & governmental agencies in many regions of Brazil.
10 year history of collaboration
Starting with the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence
Brazil one of 10 countries involved in the WHO study
Large, representative household surveys conducted in 2 contrasting sites: Sao Paulo - a large city, located in the Southeast of
Brazil, with high levels of social and economic inequality.
Pernambuco in the Northeast of Brazil, and largely a poor rural setting.
Careful design & implementation of study, high response rates
Poverty, social inequality & intimate partner violence
Violence in intimate relationships most common form of violence against women
IPV both a cause and consequence of poverty & social inequality
IPV and gender-inequality have important health, social and economic consequences
Limited evidence about how to effectively respond In Brazil recent Law (Maria da Penha) criminalizes domestic
violence & requires establishment of an inter-sectoral network, including health services, and the comprehensive provision of assistance for women and men.
Lack of data on how women from different socio-economic contexts, in urban and rural settings, respond to IPV & implications for service planning
Overall project objectives
1. Strengthen the links between UK and Brazil partners Facilitate future joint research on violence, gender and
health Support the exchange of students, knowledge, skills and
disciplinary expertise
1. Support the joint analysis of Brazilian micro data on women’s responses to intimate partner violence in Sao Paulo & Pernambuco Support the merging of Brazilian micro-data sets and
analysis of how socio-economic factors and the availability of services influence women’s responses to violence;
Build capacity and share experience in quantitative data analysis;
Data analysis: research questions
How do neighbourhood characteristics influence women’s responses to violence?
What individual & relationship factors are associated with different responses to violence? How does the severity of violence influence women’s responses?
Is service availability a key predictor of service use? How do different responses to violence affect current
levels and severity of violence? How does this differ by socio-economic contexts?
What kinds of formal help is more associated with reported non-violence in the past year?
Data analysis: theoretical framework
CONTEXT Socioeconomic characteristics of the
neighbourhood Community levels of violence
Availability of services assisting IPV Traditional gender norms
RESPONSES Fights back
Tells family or friends Seeks formal help (legal, health, other)
Leaves the partner
WOMAN SES Financial autonomy
AgeFamily support Acceptability of
violence
RELATIONSHIP Partner’s controlling
behaviour Communication
Characteristics of violence, including
severity
PARTNER Problematic alcohol use
Unemployment Fights with other men Relationship with other
women
Steps in data analysis
1) Merge 3 datasets: Population data from the WHO multi-country study on
domestic violence and health from Sao Paulo and Zona da Mata de Pernambuco
data from the Brazilian national census (IBGE) Data from mapping of the availability of services offering
assistance to women experiencing IPV in each study setting
2) Analysis of individual level factors
3) Multi-level analysis, with women at level 1 and census tracts at level 2
4) Complementary review of existing qualitative data from each setting on abused women’s experience of services
Direct questions used to ask women about experiences of physical and sexual intimate partner violence
Physical violence Slapped or threw something at that could hurt you? Pushed or shoved you or pulled your hair? Hit with his fist or with something else that could hurt you? Kicked, dragged or beat you up? Choked or burnt you on purpose? Threatened to use or actually used a gun, knife or other weapon
against you?
Sexual Violence Physically forced to have sexual intercourse even when you did not
want to? Have sexual intercourse did not want because afraid of what he
might do? Forced to do something sexual that found degrading or humiliating?
Prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence in Sao Paulo and Pernambuco
SITES Physical Violence
Sexual Violence Physical and/or sexual violence
Ever (%)
Current (%)
Ever (%)
Current (%)
Ever(%)
Current (%)
Sao Paulo (urban)
27.2 8.3 10.1 2.8 28.9 9.3
Pernambuco (rural)
33.8 12.9 14.3 5.6 36.9 14.8
(n=2,128)
Frequency of responses by women who have ever experienced physical intimate partner violence (n=657)
Sao Paulo
(urban)
Pernambuco
(rural)
Total P-values
% % %
Fought back Never 21.1% 37.0% 30.8% <0.001
At least once 78.9% 63.0% 69.2%
Told family/ friends
No 27.7% 27.4% 27.6% 0.932
Yes 72.3% 72.6% 72.5%
Sought formal help
No 55.5% 78.1% 69.3% <0.001
Yes 44.5% 22.0% 30.8%
Left home Never 58.9% 48.3% 52.3% 0.035
Temporarily 21.1% 26.8% 24.5%
Permanently 20.3% 25.0% 23.2%
Women’s strategies in response to intimate partner violence (IPV)
Of 657 women who experienced physical violence, only 6% did not use any of the studied strategies
Preliminary individual level analysis suggests that most important associated factors associated with seeking help or leaving are: severity of violence disruption of work by violence child witnessed violence
Strategies for dissemination
Dissemination of the results within the inter-sectoral networks in Brazil & UK
Distribution of information through primary care settings to vulnerable women in Brazil
Closed-doors meetings with decision-makers and donors on services and resource planning in Brazil & internationally
Workshop with agencies, NGOs, providers, police, academics and government representatives
The development and dissemination of briefing papers via internet
Academic publications
Current progress & next steps
Finalise individual level analysis using WHO data-set & publication (Brazil lead)
Finalise merging of data sets & circulate analysis plan for multi-level analysis (joint)
UK visits by Brazilian partner / training for Ph.D. students Multi-level analysis, publication & policy brief (UK lead) Joint analysis of qualitative data Revision of conceptual framework & publication Meeting Brazil to support joint writing, share research
portfolios, plan final dissemination & future research Dissemination activities