Social Impact of the Social Impact of the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

““New Men”New Men” Emerging entrepreneurial middle classEmerging entrepreneurial middle class Different from any other European groupDifferent from any other European group Self-made men of modest originsSelf-made men of modest origins Class built on merit which = money Class built on merit which = money

makingmaking ““New Men” believed in:New Men” believed in:

1.1. Rationalism (lived simply, worked hard)Rationalism (lived simply, worked hard)

2.2. Utilitarianism (useful = just)Utilitarianism (useful = just)

3.3. Laissez-faire capitalism—Adam Smith’s Laissez-faire capitalism—Adam Smith’s “Invisible Hand”“Invisible Hand”

Adam SmithAdam Smith

...every individual necessarily labours ...every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led is in this, as in many other cases, led by an by an invisible handinvisible hand to promote an to promote an end which was no part of his intention.end which was no part of his intention.

New Men New Men (cont.)(cont.)

Encouraged Encouraged Christian charity and Christian charity and established established “friendly” (self-help) “friendly” (self-help) organizations organizations

Samuel Smiles Samuel Smiles writes writes CharacterCharacter, , ThriftThrift, , DutyDuty which which encouraged people encouraged people to keep workingto keep working

““New Men” (cont.)New Men” (cont.)

Separate public and private morality Separate public and private morality developsdevelops

Artwork often reflects family at cozy Artwork often reflects family at cozy hearth with cold world outside (old rules hearth with cold world outside (old rules don’t apply)don’t apply)

Modern Christmas celebrations developModern Christmas celebrations develop Immense wealth generatedImmense wealth generated

Impact on WorkersImpact on Workers Factory discipline imposed at workFactory discipline imposed at work Workers hated monotony, long hoursWorkers hated monotony, long hours City populations quadrupled in 25 yearsCity populations quadrupled in 25 years Appalling conditions: overcrowding, raw Appalling conditions: overcrowding, raw

sewage, 15-20 live in one room, thick air sewage, 15-20 live in one room, thick air pollution, women, young children work, low pollution, women, young children work, low life expectancy, deformities developlife expectancy, deformities develop""Whole streets, unpaved and without drains or Whole streets, unpaved and without drains or main sewers, are worn into deep ruts and holes in main sewers, are worn into deep ruts and holes in which water constantly stagnates, and are so which water constantly stagnates, and are so covered with refuse and excrement as to be covered with refuse and excrement as to be impassable from depth of mud and intolerable impassable from depth of mud and intolerable stench."stench."

TestimonialsTestimonials

Father Thames

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Dilemma of FreedomDilemma of Freedom Can a free market system regulate Can a free market system regulate

itself?itself? Liberals reluctant to put limits on Liberals reluctant to put limits on

society (as did mercantilism, etc.)society (as did mercantilism, etc.) Socialism (Karl Marx) will eventually Socialism (Karl Marx) will eventually

emerge as a systematic challenge to emerge as a systematic challenge to industrial capitalismindustrial capitalism

WorkhousesWorkhouses