Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their...
Transcript of Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their...
![Page 1: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Social histories and their different linguistic consequences :
exploration and calibration in the Himalayas
Mark DonohueAustralian National University
Grammatical Hybridisation and Social Conditions,October 16‐18 2014, MPI Leipzig
![Page 2: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Summary
• Different social circumstances lead to different contact scenarios.
• Different contact scenarios lead to different kinds of linguistic influence.
• Just as loanword analysis can generate hypotheses about earlier contact scenarios, so too can grammatical analysis point to different levels of plausibility for different scenarios.
• Test with known histories, infer further histories.
![Page 3: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Main point
• There are more contact‐affected language cases than we can detect philologically or by careful examination.
• With enough linguistic data, we can automate the detection of contact events.
• It’s imperfect, but it does perform pretty well, if interpreted by someone with linguistic expertise.
![Page 4: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Outline
• What a typology of contact change might look like.
• Languages in the high Himalayas contact centre.
• Contact effects in broad and narrow detail in northern Nepal.
• Calibrating the method: Helambu valley
![Page 5: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Loanwords
• English, 200‐item list: 19% detected loans(partly philological methodology)
Frenchanimal mountainbecause personcount pushdig riverflower turnfruit vomitlake
Norsebark give skinbig hit skycut husband stickdie leg theydirty root wingegg rotten
Low Germanpullrub
Dutchsplit
![Page 6: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Loanwords• Malay, looking widely…Sanskritagama ‘religion’
puja ‘worship’
aksara‘letterl’
putera‘prince’
bangsa‘nation, race’
raja‘king’
dewi‘goddess’
surga‘heaven’
guru ‘teacher’
bahasa‘language’
manusia‘human’
peta‘map’
nama ‘name’
Arabicabjad‘alphabet’
hukum‘law’
askar‘soldier’
Ilmu‘science’
dunia‘world’
maaf‘sorry’
haram‘forbidden’
sejarah‘history’
hakim‘judge’
syukur‘thankful’
Dutchbuku‘book’
lampu‘lamp’
buncis‘bean’
maskapai‘company’
dokter‘doctor’
potlot‘pencil
kantor‘office’
rokok‘cigarette’
karcis‘ticket’
spanduk‘banner’
keran‘tap’
telpon‘telephone’
![Page 7: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Loanwords• Malay, looking widely…Persiananggur‘grape’
bandar‘port, town’
dewan‘hall’
gandum‘wheat’
pahlawan‘hero’
pasar‘market’
Hokkienbihun‘thin rice noodle’
kue‘cake’
mi‘noodles’
tauge‘beansprouts’
tauhu‘tofu’
Portuguesebangku‘bench’
keju‘cheese’
sabun‘soap’
bendera‘flag’
lemari‘cupboard’
sekolah‘school’
boneka‘doll’
meja‘table’
sepatu‘shoe’
garpu‘fork’
mentega‘butter’
tukar‘exchange’
gereja‘church’
minggu‘week’
jendela‘window’
pesta‘party’
![Page 8: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Loanwords• Malay, looking widely…
Sanskritagama ‘religion’
puja ‘worship’
aksara‘letterl’
putera‘prince’
bangsa‘nation’
raja‘king’
dewi‘goddess’
surga‘heaven’
guru‘teacher’
bahasa‘language’
manusia‘human’
peta‘map’
nama ‘name’
Arabicabjad‘alphabet’
hukum‘law’
askar‘soldier’
Ilmu‘science’
dunia‘world’
maaf‘sorry’
haram‘forbidden’
sejarah‘history’
hakim‘judge’
syukur‘thankful’
Dutchbuku‘book’
lampu‘lamp’
buncis‘bean’
maskapai‘company’
dokter‘doctor’
potlot‘pencil
kantor‘office’
rokok‘cigarette’
karcis‘ticket’
spanduk‘banner’
keran‘tap’
telpon‘telephone’
Persiananggur‘grape’
bandar‘port, town’
dewan‘hall’
gandum‘wheat’
pahlawan‘hero’
pasar‘market’
Hokkienbihun‘thin rice noodle’
kue‘cake’
mi‘noodles’
tauge‘beansprouts’
tauhu‘tofu’
Portuguesebangku‘bench’
keju‘cheese’
sabun‘soap’
bendera‘flag’
lemari‘cupboard’
sekolah‘school’
boneka‘doll’
meja‘table’
sepatu‘shoe’
garpu‘fork’
mentega‘butter’
tukar‘exchange’
gereja‘church’
minggu‘week’
jendela‘window’
pesta‘party’
law & learning
modernity
![Page 9: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Loanwords:
• The kinds of words borrowed tell us something about the donor : recipient relationship.
• The linguistic signal allows us to infer elements of the contact scenario.
• Can we develop a similar theory relating to non‐lexical material?
![Page 10: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Testing the idea:
• Simple example:• Two families, A and B.• Three languages, L1, L2 and L3.• (Crude) data:
Lexicon Phonology MorphosyntaxL1 A A AL2 A (and B) B AL3 B B BL2
![Page 11: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Testing the idea:
• A (linguistically diverse) region;– Different culture areas.– Different families.
• A (linguistically rich) corpus of data;– Range of material: lexical, phonological, morphosyntactic.
• A (linguistically informed) division of data into modules.– not amalgamating different kinds of data together; nuanced interpretation is possible.
![Page 12: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Testing the idea:
• A (linguistically diverse) region;– Different culture areas.– Different families.
• A (linguistically rich) corpus of data;– Range of material: lexical, phonological, morphosyntactic.
• A (linguistically informed) division of data into modules.– not amalgamating different kinds of data together; nuanced interpretation is possible.
![Page 13: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
A (linguistically diverse) region
• The Himalayas
• Tibetan plateau; Gangetic plain; Himalayan hills
![Page 14: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A (linguistically diverse) region
• The Himalayas
![Page 15: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A (linguistically diverse) region
• The Himalayas
Plains
Plateau
Hills
![Page 16: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Outline
• What a typology of contact change might look like.
• Languages in the high Himalayas contact centre.
• Contact effects in broad and narrow detail in northern Nepal.
• Calibrating the method: Helambu valley
![Page 17: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Himalayas
![Page 18: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Himalayas
![Page 19: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Himalayas
![Page 20: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Himalayas: Tamangic
ChantyalGurung
Tamang
![Page 21: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Himalayas: Tibetan
LhomiSherpaJiri
Lhasa
Gyanche
![Page 22: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Himalayas: Indo‐European
Nepali
Nepali
Hindi Darai
Tharu
Majhi
Maithili
![Page 23: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Himalayas: others…
KukeGhale
Newari
Kaike
Kham
Magar
Chepang
![Page 24: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Himalayas: others…
Kusunda
![Page 25: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Himalayas: combined
Kham
Magar
Nepali
Nepali
Hindi DaraiChepang
KukeGhale
Tharu
ChantyalGurung
Tamang
LhomiSherpaJiri
Lhasa
Majhi
Maithili
NewariKusunda
GyancheKaike
![Page 26: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Himalayas: suspicions
Kham
Magar
Nepali
Nepali
Hindi DaraiChepang
KukeGhale
Tharu
ChantyalGurung
Tamang
LhomiSherpaJiri
Lhasa
Majhi
Maithili
NewariKusunda
GyancheKaike
![Page 27: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Himalayas: combined
• At least three lineages, probably more:
Indic
Nepali
Majhi
Tharu
Darai
Hindi
Maithili
Tamangic
Gurung
Tamang
Manange
Thakali
Seke
Chantyal
Nar‐Phu
Tibetan
Lhasa
Gyanche
Kyirong
Nubri
Tsum
Yohlmo
Sherpa
Jirel
LhomiMagar
Chepang
Ghale
Kham
NewarKuke
Kaike
Kusunda
![Page 28: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Contact
• Languagecontact withTibetan plateau,Nepali hills, andlowland plainslanguages isongoing andlong‐lasting.
![Page 29: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Contact
• Two (modern) languages:
![Page 30: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Contact
• Two (modern) languages with interaction:
![Page 31: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Contact
• Two (modern) languages with interaction and change:
‘contact’
![Page 32: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Contact
• One (modern) languages:
![Page 33: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Contact
• One (modern) languages:
![Page 34: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Contact
• One (modern) languages:
![Page 35: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Contact
• Ways of being one (modern) language:
Social histories?
![Page 36: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Social scenarios
‘normal’ range of variation
Related languages:
‘excessive’ variation
![Page 37: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Separation of kinds of data
• Enfield (2005):• ‘Recent theoretical and empirical research on linguistic diversity, language change, and social diffusion of innovation argues for a unit‐based approach to language change and relatedness, where the units of analysis are individual speakers and individual linguistic items.’
![Page 38: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Separation of kinds of data
• Lexical– Swadesh+ 240‐item wordlist, coded for cognacy of items.
• Phonology (maximal)– ~200 oppositions in Cs, Vs, T and syllables.
• Morphosyntax (maximal standardised)– WALS set of morphosyntactic features.– Phonological oppositions from WPhon.
http://phonotactics.anu.edu.au
![Page 39: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
(simple) Ways of visualising data
• Splitstree
• Structure
![Page 40: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Outline
• What a typology of contact change might look like.
• Languages in the high Himalayas contact centre.
• Contact effects in broad and narrow detail in northern Nepal.
• Calibrating the method: Helambu valley
![Page 41: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Himalayas: combined
Kham
Magar
Nepali
Nepali
Hindi DaraiChepang
KukeGhale
Tharu
ChantyalGurung
Tamang
LhomiSherpaJiri
Lhasa
Majhi
Maithili
NewariKusunda
GyancheKaike
![Page 42: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Himalayas: combined
![Page 43: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Central Nepal by lexicon…
![Page 44: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Himalayas: lexicon
‘Indic’: +Chantyal;‘Tamangic’: +Kaike,maybe Ghaleand Kuke;
![Page 45: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Central Nepal by phonology…
![Page 46: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The Himalayas: phonology
‘Indic’: +Newari;‘Sth Tamangic’: +Kaike,T, D & M, Kusunda;‘Hill’: + High Tamangic, Y, J, Sh, Magar, Chepang
![Page 47: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Central Nepal by morphosyntax…
![Page 48: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The Himalayas: m/s
‘Indic’: +Kham, Kusunda,Newar;‘Tibetan’: +Th, S, N‐P, –Sherpa;Hills’: Indic + Kusunda, Kham, Newar, Magar
![Page 49: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The HimalayasLexiconPhonologyMorphosyntax
![Page 50: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• Lexicon:Indic Tibetan Tamangic Ka
ike
Ghale
Kuke
Chep
ang
Kham
Magar
New
ari
Kusund
a
Nep
ali
Majri
Tharu
Darai
Hind
iMaithili
Lhasa
Gyantche
Sherpa Jirel
Yohlmo
Lhom
iKyiro
ngNub
riTsum
Nar‐Phu
Seke
Thakali
Manange
Gurun
gTamang
Chantyal
Morphosyntax:
![Page 51: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• Phonology:Indic Tibetan Tamangic Ka
ike
Ghale
Kuke
Chep
ang
Kham
Magar
New
ari
Kusund
a
Nep
ali
Majri
Tharu
Darai
Hind
iMaithili
Lhasa
Gyantche
Sherpa Jirel
Yohlmo
Lhom
iKyiro
ngNub
riTsum
Nar‐Phu
Seke
Thakali
Manange
Gurun
gTamang
Chantyal
![Page 52: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
• Lexicon:
Indic Tibetan Tamangic Kaike
Ghale
Kuke
Chep
ang
Kham
Magar
New
ari
Kusund
a
Nep
ali
Majri
Tharu
Darai
Hind
iMaithili
Lhasa
Gyantche
Sherpa Jirel
Yohlmo
Lhom
iKyiro
ngNub
riTsum
Nar‐Phu
Seke
Thakali
Manange
Gurun
gTamang
Chantyal
LexiconPhonology
Morphosyntax
![Page 53: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Different configurationsLexicon Phon. Morpho‐S.
Tibetan Lhasa, various Plateau Tibetan Tibetan Tibetan
Tamangic Chantyal Indic Tamangic
Tamangic Seke, Thakali Tamangic Hills Tibetan
Tamangic Nar‐Phu Tamangic Hills Tibetan
Tamangic Tamang, Gurung Tamangic Tamangic (Tamangic)
Tamangic Manange Tamangic Tibetan
Tibetan Yohlmo, Sherpa, Jirel Tibetan Hills Tibetan
Tibetan Lhomi Tibetan Tibetan Hills
? Kuke (Tamangic) Hills Kuke
? Ghale Tamangic Indic
? Newari Newari Indic Indic
Indic Tharu, Dari, Majhi Indic Tamangic Indic
Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Hills (Indic)
Indic Nepali, various Plains Indic Indic Indic
![Page 54: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Yohlmo, Sherpa, Jirel
Tharu, Darai, Majhi
Thakali, Seke; Newari
– Lexicon +
–Morph
osyntax+
Chantyal
Kuke
Lhomi
Ghale
![Page 55: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Social sketches: a typology of typological contact evidence
![Page 56: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Outline
• What a typology of contact change might look like.
• Languages in the high Himalayas contact centre.
• Contact effects in broad and narrow detail in northern Nepal.
• Calibrating the method: Helambu valley
![Page 57: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Focus on Yohlmo
![Page 58: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Helambu• Clarke, Graham. 1980.
Helambu History. Journal of the Nepal Research Centre. Marburg/Kathmandu.
• Clarke, Graham. 1980b. ‘Lama and Tamang in Yolmo’. In Michael Arisand Aung San Suu Kyi, eds, Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 1979, 79‐88. Warminster: Aris& Phillips Ltd.
![Page 59: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Typological comparison
• Phonology: vowels
Lhasa Tibetan i e Ɛ æ a Ɔ u y øKyirong Tibetan i Ɛ æ a Ɔ u y øShigatse i Ɛ a Ɔ u y øDingri i e Ɛ a Ɔ u y øNar‐Phu i e Ɛ æ a Ɔ u øThakali i Ɛ a Ɔ o uSeke i Ɛ a ɑ Ɔ uManange i Ɛ a Ɔ u Ə
Yohlmo, Sherpa i Ɛ a Ɔ uTamang, Gurung i Ɛ a Ɔ u
![Page 60: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The Himalayas: vowel qualityHigh
Low
![Page 61: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The Himalayas: y, øYes
No
![Page 62: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Typological comparison
• Yohlmo…– shows some evidence of Tamang or Newariloanwords;
– is very much Tamangic in phonologically;– resembles Tamangic (in some ways) morphosyntactically, when we look at forms and details.
• DOM, evidentiality, source locatives.
![Page 63: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Typological comparison: overview
• Closer study: ‘Tamangic’ (i.e., not Lhasa) morphosyntax in Yohlmo.
• Even Kyirong shares much with Tamangic: not surprising, bearing in mind how close it is.
Dative Ps determined by animacy?
New information “marked”?
Clusivitydistinction?
2P deictics in (ɦ)o‐/(ɦ)u‐?
Lhasa Tibetan no no no noKyirong Tibetan yes yes yes yesYohlmo yes yes yes yesTamang yes yes yes yes
![Page 64: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
DOM
• Locative case can be used to mark some Ps:• Lhasa:
– dative (‐la) is used for some Ps; “absolutely determined by the verb” = strictly lexical;
• Tamangic (+ many languages on the southern slope of the Himalaya):– dative ‐ta/‐ra/‐re/‐lai is regularly used to mark human patients of any bivalent verbs = semantic;
• Yohlmo and Kyirong:– dative marking on human Ps is “optional”
![Page 65: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Typological comparison: evidentiality
• Copulas/auxiliaries in Lhasa Tibetan (Garrett, 2001: 54) :
– “Whereas egophoric auxiliaries (ie. “old knowledge”) can not always be used with the first person, it is incorrect to use egophorics in statements that neither contain the first person nor express the speaker’s personal involvement.” (Tournadre, 2003: 94)
“Old knowledge” “New knowledge”ego direct indirect
Equative yin red Attributive/existential yod ‘dug yod.red
![Page 66: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Typological comparison: evidentiality
• Kyirong Tibetan copulas (Huber, 2005: 99):
• “Old knowledge” forms can be used for any person. “New knowledge” is a more marked category.
Type of knowledge
“Old knowledge” “New knowledge”
Way of acquiring information
not specified, or experienced
generic knowledge, not specified or assertive
direct sensory evidence
indirect evidence, inference
Equative yĩː yiŋgẽː, manõ yimbɛ
Attributive/existential
yøː yokẽː nuː yobayimbɛː
![Page 67: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Typological comparison: evidentiality
• Yohlmo copulas (Gawne, 2013):
• Tamang copulas (Owen‐Smith, 2014):
Type of knowledge “Old knowledge” “New knowledge”
“ego” [generic fact] “perceived”
Equative yimba[oŋ‐ge] du(ba)Attributive/existential ye (present)
yeke (past)
Type of knowledge “Old knowledge” “New knowledge”
“neutral” [generic fact] “experiential”
Equative ³hin‐la (present)³hin‐ta (past, general)
[¹kha‐pa] ²ʈimAttributive/existential ¹mu‐la (present)
¹mu‐pa (past, general)
![Page 68: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Lhasa A B C D
Equative
Attib./Exist.
• In Lhasa, A/B (‘old knowledge’) must refer to 1P.
Kyirong A B C D
Equative
Other
Yohlmo A B C D
Equative
Other
Tamang A B C D
Equative
Other
• In Kyirong, Yohlmoand Tamang, A/B can refer to any person. ‘New knowledge’ is marked.
• Tamang has only one copula form for all new knowledge.
• Yohlmo = Tamang
![Page 69: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Typological comparison: ablatives
• Case markers:
• Yohlmo has two ablative expressions:– simple ‐le inherited from Kyirong– compound ‐le‐ki, a calque of Tamang ‐i‐se.
Case marking:
Dative Locative Ablative Ergative/Instrumental
Lhasa Tibetan ‐la ‐la ‐nɛ ‐kiKyirong Tibetan ‐la ‐la ‐lɛː ‐geYohlmo ‐la ‐la ‐le / ‐le‐ki ‐kiTamang ‐ta ‐i ‐se / ‐i‐se ‐se
![Page 70: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Yohlmo, Sherpa, Jirel
Tharu, Darai, Majhi
Thakali, Seke; Newari
– Lexicon +
–Morph
osyntax+
Chantyal
Kuke
Lhomi
Ghale
![Page 71: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Slow language shift by dominant group
Fast language shift by
subordinate group
(complex)
Assimilate to typology after move
Assimilationto a newly arrived social ecology
Massive loans in an esoteric language
– Lexicon +
–Morph
osyntax+
![Page 72: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Social sketches: a typology of typological contact evidence
(Donohue 2013)
![Page 73: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Social mobility
![Page 74: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Why move away from Tibet?
![Page 75: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Social mobility
![Page 79: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Social sketches: a typology of typological contact evidence
(Donohue 2013)
![Page 80: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Conclusions
• It is possible to construct a (loose) typology of different kinds of social contact events and their linguistic outcomes.– Even more if we go into details: not all the lexicon at once, vowels ≠ consonants, verbs ≠ nouns, …
• A set of guidelines, not absolute indicators.• Automation is possible, not to replace detailed work, but to direct it.
![Page 81: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Thank you!
The End
![Page 82: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: Social histories and their different linguistic consequences · Social histories and their different linguistic consequences: exploration and calibration in the Himalayas Mark Donohue](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022807/5cebd3a188c993d8588c3ea1/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)