Social Entrepreneurship EN

LabforCultureisapartnerinitiativeoftheEuropeanCulturalFoundation.LabforCultureisgratefulforthesupportprovidedbyitsfunders.ThisworkislicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs3.0UnportedLicense.|Termsofuse.

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SocialEntrepreneurshipbyLidiaVarbanova|October2009ThisResearchinfocusisdevotedtotheessenceandcharacteristicsofsocialentrepreneurshipasa

newglobalphenomenon,thepolicyobjectivesbehindsocialentrepreneurshipprogrammesandtheir

impactonlong‐termpolicydecisions,includingintheculturalsector.

Introduction“Themostpowerfulsourceintheworldisthebigidea,butonlyifitisinthehandsofagoodentrepreneur.Thiscanmovetheworld”‐BillDraytonIssocialentrepreneurshipanewglobalpanacea‐oneofthepossibleresponsestothegrowinguncertaintyintheglobaleconomy?Isthebenefitofsocialentrepreneurshipembeddedinitsuniquenaturetooperateinareawhereboth themarketmechanismsand the government‐based support structures for allocating resources andpowerhavefailed?Aresocialentrepreneursordinaryorextraordinarypeople,inventorsorenthusiasts?Howcouldtheypursue social goals, starting with limited resources and supported by the power of global networking andpartnership?Whatmodelsofsocialentrepreneurshipcouldbeapplicablefortheculturalsectortocompensateforfewerresourcesandtheongoingfinancialinstability?

TheinterviewwithEvaMoe,ManagersoftheSwedishKnowledge Foundation’s programme SocietalEntrepreneurship,givesargumentsbehindthesupportofsocietalentrepreneurshipandemphasizesthatasanew concept it requires increasing awareness andeducation to get more people involved. We havechosenkeydefinitionsandviewpointsonthethemeofsocialentrepreneurshipandhaveselectedkeyfiguresofsocialentrepreneursfromthepastandthepresenttimes.

ResearchMappingThe resourcesmapping on the theme of social entrepreneurship includes important publications, useful onlineresources(platformsandvirtuallibraries),activeorganisations,foundationsandsupportinginstitutions,videolinksand educational institutions and training programmes in the field of social entrepreneurship. We raise openquestionsrelatedtothebenefitsofthesocialentrepreneurshipmodelsfortheculturalsectorandtheuseofthenewtechnologiesforcreatinginnovativesocialprogrammes.This thematic Research in focus on social entrepreneurship was prepared by Lidia Varbanova, Editor of theResourcesforResearchsectionofLabforCulture.


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SOCIALENTREPRENEURSHIP:BETWEENMARKETANDGOVERNMENTFAILURES 3

CHARACTERISTICSOFSOCIALENTREPRENEURSHIP 4

Policyobjectivesbehindsocialentrepreneurshipprogrammes 5

Globaldebatescontinue..... 5

SOCIALENTREPRENEURSHIPINITIATIVESANDTHECULTURALSECTOR 7

INTERVIEWWITHEVAMOE,SWEDISHKNOWLEDGEFOUNDATION 8

Innovativeinitiativesforacommongood 8

VIDEOINTERVIEWWITHBASRUYSSENAARS‐THEBEACH 10

WHATISASOCIALENTREPRENEUR? 12

DefinitionsofSocialEntrepreneurshipfoundfromorganisationsrelatedtothisfield 12

DefinitionsofSocialEntrepreneurshipfrompeopleworkinginthisfield 13

LEADINGSOCIALENTREPRENEURS 14

Presentdaysocialentrepreneurs 14

Historicalexamplesofsocialentrepreneurs 15


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Socialentrepreneurship:betweenmarketandgovernmentfailuresEntrepreneursareindividualsoftendescribedascurious,risk‐taking,visionary,creativeandoptimistic.Theytakeoff in new directions, explore hidden resources, realise innovative ideas, and use creativity to find solutions todiverseproblems.

Image:Wyland“HandsAcrosstheOcean”inWashington,DC.woodleywonderworks'

Social entrepreneurs use innovative tools andmarket‐driven mechanisms to solve key andurgentsocialproblems,makingapositiveimpactonsocietyasawhole.Socialentrepreneurshipisa relatively new phenomenon that operates inareaswheretraditionalmarketmechanismsandgovernment‐based support structures forallocating resources and power have failed.Social entrepreneurs usually start with limitedpower and resources, without key hierarchicalpositions,buttheyusetheirinnovativethinking,enthusiasmandpersuasiontoreachtheirgoals.

SocialentrepreneurshipisestablishedbothasapracticalandacademicsubjectprimarilyintheUS.InEurope,thisconcept appeared first in the early 1990s in Italy, in close connectionwith the cooperativemovement and thediscussions around the social economy. In 2002 the UK government launched a national strategy for socialentrepreneurship. Denmark also started to work on a national strategy for social innovation. The mostcomprehensiveandwidelyuseddefinitiononsocialentrepreneurshipispublishedbytheBritishgovernmentinthedocumentSocialEnterprise:AStrategyforSuccess(2006):“A social enterprise is a business with primarily social objectives whose surpluses are principallyreinvestedforthatpurposeinthebusinessorinthecommunity,ratherthanbeingdrivenbytheneedtomaximiseprofitforshareholdersandowners".


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CharacteristicsofsocialentrepreneurshipSocialentrepreneursas“changeagents”withinapolicyframework:howcouldculturegain?

Social entrepreneurship overcomes the gapbetweenthebusinessandthepublicsectors,as it is connected to the “non‐profit” or the“third”sector,aswellastotheconceptofthe“social economy”, with emphasis onobjectives to serve communities and societyratherthangeneratingacompany’sprofit.

Themaincharacteristicsofsocialentrepreneurship,outlinedindiversetheoreticalresources,are:

Explicitlyformulatedmissiontocreateandsustainsocialvalueandtobenefitthecommunities; Highdegreeofeconomicriskandautonomyinactivitiesrelatedtoproducinggoodsand/orselling

services; Pursuitofnewopportunitiesandexplorationofhiddenresourcestoservethatmission; Questforsustainablemodels,basedonwellelaboratedfeasibilitystudy; Ongoingengagementininnovation,adaptationandlearning; Decision‐makingpowernotbasedoncapitalownership; Participatoryandcollaborativenatureinvolvingvariousstakeholders; Limiteddistributionofprofitandminimumamountofpaidwork; Changeopportunitieslyinginthehandsofeveryindividual.

Globally, social business enterprises are activemainly in the social, environmental, humanrights and gender equality areas. Examplesinclude:streetchildren;children’shealth;healthinsurance for disadvantaged people; housing;educational opportunities; poverty in degradedurban areas; ageing and the elderly; migrantsand ethnic minorities; work and employment;climatecrisis;pollutionproblems;cleandrinkingwater; empowerment ofwomen; human rights;genderequality;digitaldivides.


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Policyobjectivesbehindsocialentrepreneurshipprogrammes

BillDrayton

BillDrayton,thefounderofAshokaemphasisesinhisnumerouspresentationsandspeechesthat:“Everyoneisachangemaker.Socialentrepreneursarecriticalinthischange‐theyhaveavision,andtheyhaveabigimpact.”Healsopointsoutthat“97%ofpeopleareafraidtoseetheproblem.Oncewhenpeoplelovetheideaofsolvingtheproblem,theywouldbemorewillingtoseeit.”

Social entrepreneurs are visionaries who see beyond the usual. They solve social problems using synergeticapproacheswheretheresult ismuchhigherthan just thesumof individual ideas.Theyhavean impactbecausetheycollaborategloballybyinvestingtimeandcreativitytochangepolicies,legislationandframeworks.Themostimportantpolicyobjectivesresultsofsocialentrepreneurshipprogrammesandprojectsare:

Creatingnewjobs; Improvingthelivingstandards; Inventingnewproductsandservices; Activatingcitizens’participationindecision‐makingatalllevels; Nurturingdemocraticprocesses; Integratingnewcomers,marginalgroups,immigrants,vulnerablegroupsofthepopulation; Developinginterculturalcompetence; Creatingwealth:reinvestmentandgenerationofinvestments; Improvingtheimageoflocalareas; Usingregionalresourcesinacreativeandeffectivemanner; Empoweringtopeopletochangetheirlives,togetmotivated.

Globaldebatescontinue.....Theglobaldebatesaroundthesocialentrepreneurshipphenomenonareorientatedtowardsfindingnewmodelsforincreasingthesocialeffectsandtheimpactonpolicies.Keyquestionsare:

Whatrolecansocialentrepreneursplayinpost‐conflictstatestospeedthedevelopmentofeconomicandpoliticalstabilityanddeliveranewformatforpeacefulsocieties?

Howcantheuniquecontributionofwomeninsocialentrepreneurshipprogrammesbeimproved? Howcansocialentrepreneursinfluencestrategicdecisionsinthemosttimely,effectiveandefficient

manner? Towhatextentissocialentrepreneurshiprecognised,understoodandrespectedasaprofession?


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Image:SkollWorldForum

The2009SkollWorldForumfacilitateddiscussions,debatesandcriticalquestioningaround the themeofSocialEntrepreneurship: Shifting Power Dynamics ‐ exploring how social entrepreneurs access, navigate and influencepowerdynamicsintheirapproachtochange.Nearly800delegatesfrommorethan60countriesconvenedforthispremier gathering of the world’s leading social entrepreneurs. Prominent figures from the social, academic,finance, corporate and policy sectors engaged for three days and nights in a series of debates, discussions andworksessionsfocusedonaccelerating,innovatingandscalingsolutionstosomeoftheworld’smostpressingsocialissues.TheForumalsodiscussedhow thecredit crunchhas reflected theneed forahigher financial viabilityofprojects and has accelerated the process of seeking efficiency within the charitable and social entrepreneurialsectors.BrowsethehighlightsoftheSkollWorldForum.


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SocialentrepreneurshipinitiativesandtheculturalsectorIf social entrepreneurs are driven not by money but by content, risk‐taking, implementing innovative ideas,fulfilling social missions, could then artists be considered as a type of social entrepreneurs? Painters, actors,musicians,writersandallotherculturalprofessionalsalwayslookbeyondtheusual,theycreateandtakeactions,usetheirimaginationtomakesomethingnew.Itisimportanttooutlinethatentrepreneursarethosewhonotonlyinventandimplementaninnovative idea,butbring ittoaneconomicallysuccessfulend,consideringthemarketviabilityandthepositivefinancialimpactoncommunitymembers.

Image:YoungplayersatLadywoodGames,bySocialEnterpriseCoalition

Social entrepreneurshipmodels based on culturaland artistic projects and activities are littleexplorednotonly inEurope,butglobally.Thereisstillanichetolookathiddenopportunities–inallareas where different disciplines meet, forexample:artandtechnology,businessandculture,mediaandbusiness.Thesecrossroadscouldbringresearchers, cultural managers and decision‐makers to new sources, new entrepreneurshipideas and newways to build an infrastructure tosupport entrepreneurial initiatives within cultureandcivilsociety.

The global examples of social entrepreneurship show that it is possible at the same time to successfully run abusinessandinfluencepublicgood.Culturalresearchers,artmanagersandartists,equippedwiththepowerofthe21stcentury’snewtechnologiesandtechnicalinnovation,andlivinginculturallydiversesocieties,stillhavealotofkeyquestionstoanswer.Someofthem:

Whatformsofsocialentrepreneurshiparetakingadvantageoftheexistenceofthenewtechnology? Howaresocialnetworkingandmobilecommunicationsbuildingcross‐culturalcommunitiestospread

innovativenewideasanddriveengagementinsocialchange? What forms of social entrepreneurship are addressing the specific problems that arise along with

technologyandglobalization? Howcaninstitutionsandindividualartisticexpressionsupportandsustainculturalidentityandsocial

engagement? What is “intercultural innovation” and how does it reflect on economy, business and the cultural

field? How can communities contribute to creating an entrepreneurial culture as a complex and organic

phenomenon?


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InterviewwithEvaMoe,SwedishKnowledgeFoundation

Innovativeinitiativesforacommongood,aninterviewwithEvaMoe,ManageroftheSwedishKnowledgeFoundation’sprogrammeSocietalEntrepreneurship

EvaMoe

Eva is a recognized leader of change‐directed programmes, formermanager of thenational Swedish project "Learning in the future" and the regional developmentproject “Attractive Region” for theNorrbotten County Council. Her background is incommunications,shehasworkedasajournalistandHeadofCommunicationsatLuleåUniversityofTechnologyandthecityofSundbyberg.

Q:In2008,theKnowledgeFoundationhasmadeamajorefforttoboostsocietalentrepreneurshipinSweden.Duringanine‐yearperiod,aboutSEK120millionwillbeallocatedtoeducationandresearchinthisfield.WhyistheKnowledgeFoundationinterestedinsupportingsocialentrepreneurship?Whyisitimportant?EM:TheKnowledgeFoundation supports researchandeducation inSweden.Our remit requiresus tochallengetheestablishedstructures,stayonestepaheadandoperateattheintersectionbetweenthebusinesscommunity,thepublicsector,highereducationinstitutesandresearchinstitutions.Inthatarea,ourtaskistoactivelyestablishconditionstostimulateinnovation,creativityandpersonalcontactsbetweenorganizationsandpeoplewithawilltodevelopanddriveSwedenforwardthroughknowledgeandcompetencedevelopment.The Knowledge Foundation’s Societal Entrepreneurship Programme has three pillars: research, competencedevelopment and creating an understanding of societal entrepreneurship and how it contributes to thedevelopmentofSweden.TheKnowledgeFoundationusesthetermsocietalentrepreneurship.Themeaningisclosetosocialentrepreneurship,butsomewhatbroader.Themainreasonforusingsocietal insteadofsocial is that inSweden theword social connectsmainly to problems, not opportunities. Our preliminary definition of societalentrepreneurshipis:Innovativeinitiativesforacommongood.MoreinformationontheSocietalEntrepreneurshipProgramme can be found at www.kks.se/samhallsentreprenorer and at http://www.samhallsentreprenor.sewhichisthevirtualmeetingplaceforsocietalentrepreneursinSweden.The Knowledge Foundation sees societal entrepreneurship as a key to the future. Sweden needs technologicaldevelopment–butwealsoneednewideasforourhousingestates,newwaysofproducingandconsumingthatrespecttheenvironmentandnewwaysofprovidingpublicservicesandcare:inshort,weneedsocialinnovations.Many of our social solutions were built for the structure of the industrial society, when borders were moreimportant–bordersbetweennations,betweenthemarketandthepublicsectorandbetweenworkandleisure.Thedifficultissuesthatwefacetoday–suchastheclimatechange,migrationandsegregation,globalizationandunequaldistribution–cutacrossborders.Societalentrepreneursaregoodatcrossingbordersandusedifferentlogics–bothcommercialandsocial.


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Q:Socialentrepreneurshipmainlyconcernssolvingsocialproblemsbypeoplewhotaketheirowninitiativetoimprove areas that they believe are missing or not working. It is a new concept and requires increasingawareness and education to getmore people involved.What in your view are themost effective tools andmethodstoraisepublicawareness?EM:Weneedtocollectanddemonstratethegoodexamples.Weneedtheambassadorsfromdifferentfieldswhotalkaboutsocietalentrepreneurshipasanewwayofsolvingproblems.IntheKnowledgeFoundation’sprogrammeweusemainlynetworkingasourcommunication‐strategy–insteadofmediaandlaunchingcampaignswetrytoinvolvetherightpeopleandletthembethemessengers.WehavegroupsonFacebookandweputalotofeffortsintobuildinganonlinecommunityforsocialentrepreneurs.

Q:Socialentrepreneursareactiveintheareassuchas:childrenhealth,climatecrisis,problemswithpollution,human rights, literacy in poor areas and others. Arts and culture are rarelymentioned in the literature andworldpracticeonsocialentrepreneurship.Whatistheimpactofsocialentrepreneurshipontheculturalsector?EM:InSwedenwehaveseveralexamplesofbrilliantsocietalentrepreneursfromtheculturalsector–forexample

Hultsfredsfestivalen,CirkusCirkörandDrömmarnashus.Theyareorganizationsthathaveworkedforalongtimewithandinculture,music,newcircus,theater,etc.aswaysofsolvingsocialproblemsandcontributingtothelocal

development.

Q:Thepowerofsocialnetworkingandmobilecommunicationsiswidelyusedtospreadinnovativenewideasand drive engagement in social change.What forms of social entrepreneurship are taking advantage of theexistence of the new technology? Could you give examples of online spaces for social entrepreneurship andcommentontheirusefulness?EM:Societalentrepreneursingeneralarenetworkers,andtheyuseallkindsofnewtechnologyandsocialmediatocommunicateandmobilize.TherearealsoafewexamplesinSwedenofsocietalentrepreneursactingthroughInternetorsocialmedias.AgoodexampleisthefoundationAClickfortheForest,whereyoubuytreesandsaveold forests. Or the new search engine Growyn where for every search you support the environment and asustainabledevelopmentprojects:Q: In the current situation of a global financial crisis ‐ does the new phenomena “social entrepreneurship”providenewopportunitiesandbusinessmodelsfortheculturalsector?

Ican’tcommentontheculturalsector–notmyarea–butIamsurelyconvincedthatthisisamomentintimeforsocietalentrepreneurship.Thecurrentfinancialcrisisforcespeople,organizationsandcompaniestorethinktheirwaysofdoingthings,theirbusiness‐modelsandtheirlong‐timeobjectives.Ithinkwewillseeandhearalotaboutsocialandsocietalentrepreneurshipthenextyears.


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VideointerviewwithBasRuyssenaars‐TheBeach

BasRuyssenaars

Bas Ruyssenaars has a background in international business development

and multimedia publishing. He is one of the founders of The Beach, anetworkorganisationforcreativeinnovationbasedinAmsterdam.

In these times of financial and cultural crisis, Bas exposes the need for

sustainableandsociallyresponsibleconcepts.Heshowsthatthereisarealwillingness to think outside the box and beyond an economically‐driven

logic.Heidentifiestwodistincttypesofprojects:thosethatarechangingthecultural sector from within, and those that are happening outside the

cultural sector but involving cultural and creative professionals. He alsodiscusses the use of new technologies by social entrepreneurs ‐ notably

TwitterandtheGoogleWaveproject.

Viewthevideointerviewhere!

Sampleprojects:

VisualScreenerAccording to theWorld HealthOrganization, over 150million people around theworldsufferfromdepression.Currentscientificallyvalidated(online)teststodetect

mental disorders are inaccessible for large groups of people (e.g. people whocannot read).A coalitionof creativeprofessionals initiatedaproject todevelopa

seriesof visual screeners,whichareverbalisedandvisualisedquestionnaires.ThefirstVisualScreenermeasurescommonmentaldisordersandisnowgoingthrough

the scientific validation process. Its aim is to detect relevant mood, anxiety andalcohol‐related problems and to guide people to problem‐solving measures or

Internet‐self‐helpmodulesappropriatefortheirproblem.

The Visual Screener concept is an initiative of Bas Ruyssenaars, Bert Barends and design agency Koeweiden

Postma/Becauseandisaco‐developmentwiththeTrimbosInstituteinUtrecht(NL).

PalWestFashiondesignproject

Teenagersbetweentheagesof14and17livinginAmsterdamWestarechallengedtoproducetheirownfashion

label.Theydesigntheirownlabelinsixmonthsundertheguidanceofyoungfashiondesignersandfashion


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professionals.Itgivesthemachancetoexperiencetheentrepreneurialaspectsofthefashionbusinessandalsoto

grow as a person. The Pal West Fashion Studio recently had its first business client: designing and producinguniformsforallemployeesoftheAmsterdam‐basedhotelCasa400.

HousingcorporationYmereandYoungDesigners& Industrytookthe initiativetostartPalWesttogetherwitha

broadcoalitionoforganisationsintheprivateandpublicdomain.DianaKrabbendam(DirectorofTheBeach,anddirectorofthePalWestFoundation)actedasaculturalchangeagentandcoalitionbuilderintheproject.

Strategicfuturedesign:HollandCasino2015

With the project Homo Ludens The Beach designed and facilitated a

processofstrategicfuturedesignforHollandCasinoin2015.

Corequestion:Doweplayenough in society?Asa sourceof inspiration,

HollandCasino’sjourneytowards2015wantedtostresstheimportanceofplaying in our culture and society. Play as a ‘quality of mind’ and a

powerfulwaytocreatemeaning.Playtotestwhoyouare,whatyoucando,whatyouwantandwhatplaceyouwanttotakeinthisworld.Playto

connectandcreate.


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Whatisasocialentrepreneur?

AnarrayofdefinitionsandconceptsaroundSocialEnterprise

The most comprehensive and widely used definition on social entrepreneurship is published by the BritishgovernmentinthedocumentSocialEnterprise:AStrategyforSuccess(2006):

“A social enterprise is a business with primarily social objectives whose surpluses are principallyreinvestedforthatpurposeinthebusinessorinthecommunity,ratherthanbeingdrivenbytheneedtomaximiseprofitforshareholdersandowners".

DefinitionsofSocialEntrepreneurshipfoundfromorganisationsrelatedtothisfield

“Social entrepreneurs often seem to be possessed by their ideas, committing their lives to changing thedirection of their field. They are both visionaries and ultimate realists, concerned with the practicalimplementationof theirvisionaboveallelse.Socialentrepreneursarechangeagents for thesocial sector.Theyare mission‐driven, determined to achieve results and committed to maintaining accountability to thecommunitiestheyserve.Socialentrepreneurseffectsystemictransformationbytacklingnotonlytheproblemathand, but also the roots of that problem. What’s more, social entrepreneurs are usually more effective inaddressing root causes than are supranationalNGOsbecause they are better integrated into the societies theyserve,andknowthespecificneedsoftheirbeneficiaries.”|Ashoka“Social entrepreneurship is the work of social entrepreneurs. We believe that social entrepreneurs are thoseexceptional individuals who dream up and take responsibility for an innovative and untested idea for positivesocial change, andusher that idea fromdreamto reality.Whatenables social entrepreneurs tomake lastingimpact on the most difficult problems is a special combination of groundbreaking creativity and steadfastexecution.”|EchoingGreen“Socialentrepreneurshipisdefinedhereasthepracticeofrespondingtomarketfailureswithtransformativeandfinancially sustainable innovations aimed at solving social problems. These three essential components are: 1)responsetomarketfailures;2)transformativeinnovation;and3)financialsustainability.”|PublicInnovators“Asocialentrepreneurisatypeofentrepreneurwhoreliesoninnovationtoimprovetheworldthroughmarketsolutions. Socialentrepreneursusetheirskillsandcreativity totryandsolveanurgentsocialproblem,withthegoalbeingtomakeapositiveimpact.“Social entrepreneurs drive social innovation and transformation in various fields including education, health,environment and enterprise development. They pursue poverty alleviation goals with entrepreneurial zeal,businessmethodsandthecouragetoinnovateandovercometraditionalpractices.Asocialentrepreneur,similartoabusinessentrepreneur,buildsstrongandsustainableorganizations,whichareeithersetupasnot‐for‐profitsorcompanies.”|SchwabFoundation


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DefinitionsofSocialEntrepreneurshipfrompeopleworkinginthisfield“Ithinkthebestsocial innovatorsarepreparedtopaynot justthepriceofworkingallthetimeandnotgettingrich,buteventhepriceof theirconvictions inorder to trulycreate thechangethat theywant. Inotherwords,theywillchangetheirminds.Inmyopinion,theartistassocialentrepreneurisalmostasnaturalanexpressionof entrepreneurship as it gets. Both social entrepreneurship and artistry embrace common ground in theirphilosophicalroots.Almostlikeareligion,bothdesiretospreadthe“goodword”throughtheintegrity,thoughtfulreflectionanddeterminationthatanartist’sintuitivenature,creativityandpassionnaturallycreate.”|Canning,Lisa“Social Entrepreneurs arechange friendly, opportunity‐oriented, innovative, resourceful, value creators. Theyseeresourcesandtheyfindawaytomobilizeormovethemtoareasofhigherproductivityandyield.Theyfindawaytocreatevalue.”|Dees,J.Gregory“Socialentrepreneursseeafutureinplaceswhereotherscannot.Theyseetheendresultsgloballyevenbeforestarting.Socialentrepreneurshipisaboutturningproblemsintoopportunities.Itisaboutnotjusthavinggreatideasbutknowinghowtoimplementthem.”|Drayton,Bill“Social innovation isacomplexbusiness—theseproblemsarenotsimpleproblems.They’renotproblemsyoucansolveindeterministic,rational,straightforwardways.Soifyouenterintothatworld...therearecertainkindsofrulesanddriversinit.Butit’smoreaboutsensingthemandaligningyourselfwiththem,thanitisaboutmakingthemhappenormovingthesysteminaverydeliberateway....”|Westley,Frances


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LeadingsocialentrepreneursThese indiviuals recognise a social problemand use entrepreneurial principles to organise,create, and manage a venture for social change. They have “managed to translate theirvisions intopracticalaction for thebenefitofmillionsofpeople.” ‐2006NobelpeaceprizeawardedtoMuhammadYunus.

Presentdaysocialentrepreneurs

MuhammadYunus,founderofmicrocreditandtheGrameenBank.Hewasawardedthe2006NobelPeace

Prize.

Dr.VergheseKurien,founderoftheAMULDairyProjectwhichhasrevolutionizedthedairyindustrythroughtheproductionchainofmilk,smallproducers,consumerproductsandhealthbenefits.

BillDrayton,founderofAshoka,YouthVenture,andGetAmericaWorking.

SebastienMarot,founderofFriendsInternational.

JodyWilliams,founderandchairoftheNoberWomen’sInitiative.

Matt&JessicaFlannery,launchedKiva‐theonlinemicro‐lendingventure.

JoeMadiath,founderandExecutiveDirectorofGramVikas.

SamGoldman,founderofD.lightDesign‐thesocialventurethatreceivedbesthonoursattherecentGlobal

SocialVentureCompetitionheldatBerkeley.

RoshanehZafar,founderandManagingDirectorofKashfFoundation‐Pakistan'sthirdlargestmicrofinanceinstitution.

JordanKassalov, founderofVisionSpring‐asocialenterprise,helpingwomencreatebusinessestoselleyeglassestothoseatthebottomofthepyramidwhoneedthemthemost.

Ann Cotton, founder and Executive Director of CAMFED International ‐ an international organisation

dedicated to eradicating poverty in Africa through the education of girls and the empowerment of youngwomen.


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Historicalexamplesofsocialentrepreneurs

SusanB.Anthony (U.S.) ‐ Fought forWomen's Rights in the United States, including the right to control

propertyandhelpedspearheadadoptionofthe19thamendment.

David Brower (U.S.) ‐ Environmentalist and conservationist, he served as the Sierra Club's first executive

directorandbuiltitintoaworldwidenetworkforenvironmentalissues.HealsofoundedFriendsoftheEarth,the

LeagueofConservationVotersandTheEarthIslandInstitute.

VinobaBhave(India)‐FounderandleaderoftheLandGiftMovement,hecausedtheredistributionofmore

than 7,000,000 acres of land to aid India's untouchables and landless. Mahatma Gandhi described him as his

mentor.

FrederickLawOlmstead(U.S.)‐Creatorofmajorurbanparks,includingRockCreekParkinWashingtonDC

andCentralParkinNYC,heisgenerallyconsideredtohavedevelopedtheprofessionoflandscapearchitectureinAmerica.

MaryMontessori(Italy)‐DevelopedtheMontessoriapproachtoearlychildhoodeducation

GiffordPinchot (U.S.) ‐ Champion of the forest as amultiple use environment, he helped found the Yale

SchoolofForestryandcreatedtheU.S.ForestService,servingasitsfirstchief

FlorenceNightingale (U.K.) ‐ Founder ofmodern nursing, she established the first school for nurses and

foughttoimprovehospitalconditions

MargaretSanger(U.S.)‐FounderofthePlannedParenthoodFederationofAmerica,sheledthemovement

forfamilyplanningeffortsaroundtheworld

JohnMuir (U.S.) ‐Naturalistandconservationist,heestablishedtheNationalParkSystemandhelpedfound

TheSierraClub.

Jean Monnet (France) ‐ Responsible for the reconstruction and modernization of the French economy

followingWorldWarII, includingtheestablishmentoftheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC).TheECSC

andtheEuropeanCommonMarketwereMonnet'smechanismstointegrateEuropeandweredirectprecursersoftheEuropeanUnion,whichhaveshapedthecourseofEuropeanhistoryandglobalinternationalaffairs.

JohnWoolman (U.S.) ‐LedU.S.Quakerstovoluntarilyemancipateall theirslavesbetween1758and1800,

his work also influenced the British Society of Friends, a major force behind the British decision to ban

slaveholding.Quakers,ofcourse,becameamajorforceintheU.S.abolitionistmovementaswellasakeypartoftheinfrastructureoftheUndergroundRailroad.

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