Social-Cognitive Perspective. Remember Bandura? Social learning Linked traits with our current...
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Transcript of Social-Cognitive Perspective. Remember Bandura? Social learning Linked traits with our current...
![Page 1: Social-Cognitive Perspective. Remember Bandura? Social learning Linked traits with our current situations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051619/56649e025503460f94aec2db/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Social-Cognitive Perspective
![Page 2: Social-Cognitive Perspective. Remember Bandura? Social learning Linked traits with our current situations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051619/56649e025503460f94aec2db/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Remember Bandura?
• Social learning
• Linked traits with our current situations
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• Behaviorists = environment CONTROLS us• Social cognitive = how environment and our self
interact– Goes beyond behaviorism to emphasize our cognitive
processes
• Reciprocal determinism– We are both products and architects of our
environments
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Take the anxious person…
• How do they react to events?
• How may they have created that situation?– How does his or her
disposition create a choice in environment?
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3 Ways of Reciprocal Influences
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Conclusion:• Behavior emerges from the
interplay of internal and external influences
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Personal Control: How to study personality
1. Correlate people’s feelings of control with their behaviors and achievements
2. By raising or lowering people’s sense of control and noting the effects
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Internal vs. External Locus of Control
• Julian Rotter
• “The devil made me do it”
• “I didn’t study for my test”
• “I should have known better”
• “I have a dark cloud over my life”
• “Wow, that was luck!”
• “Must be my genetics…”
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Internals
• Achieve more in school• Act more independently• Enjoy better health
– Why?
• Better at delaying gratification and coping with various stress– i.e. marital problems– How would Freud describe an “internals”
personality using his id, ego, and superego?
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Depleting and StrengtheningSelf Control
• What is self control?– real life, and psychoanalytically speaking?
• How is it like a muscle?
• Requires energy• Can spill over into other places (+/-)
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Learned helplessness vs. personal controls
• People who feel helpless often blame _______ locus of control
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Learned Helplessness and Operant Conditioning
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Human applications
• Under conditions of personal freedom and empowerment, people thrive
– West Berliners vs. East Berliners– Choice in college– Minorities in the majority classrooms– New job/work areas– Stable democracy = happy/sad people?
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Optimism vs. Pessimism
• Based on how you explain +/- events– Hopeful– Attributional style of description – “I can’t do
this”
– Difference between mere fantasy and realistic positive expectations
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Optimism and Health
• Outlive pessimists– Suppression of immune system due to stress
• Leads us to positive psychology– http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/
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Excessive Optimism
• Too much is a bad thing– Would you prefer your surgeon or pilot be too
optimistic? What about worst-case scenarios?
• “Oh it won’t be me” HIV/AIDS rates
• Dumbfounded by low scoring
• Overconfidence effect
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Conclusion
• Best means of predicting future behavior is NOT a personality test or an interview, it is the person’s PAST behavior– When that is unavailable, then you can
simulate (thru testing)
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The Self
• Modern psych – the center of personality– Organizes thoughts, feelings, and actions
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The Person-Situation Controversy
• We look for genuine personality traits that persist over time and across situations
• Although traits may be stable, consistency of behavior is not– Have you ever been described one way – and not
wanted to admit it’s true due to your own confirmation bias?
• What we find is people’s average outgoingness, happiness, or carelessness over many situations is predictable
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Applications: Sam Gosling
• On first meeting, students disclose music preferences to each other – why?
• Bedroom and offices – reasonable and accurate predictability in terms of openness to new experiences
• Personal Web sites – think of your facebook or twitter: Why did you choose that profile picture? What does it say about you and what do you want to project out to the world?
• Email, tweets, texts – Don’t you feel like you have a good sense of tone when it comes to judging voice in voiceless communication?
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Exploring the self
• Self-focused perspective does motivate, but also leads us to presume that others notice and judge us– SPOTLIGHT EFFECT: overestimating others’
noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, or blunders
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Self-esteem
• One’s feeling of high or low self-worth• Feel good do good phenomenon
• Self-esteem effect: if you temporarily deflate people’s self-image they will be more likely to disparage others or express heightened racial prejudice– Examples?
• Secure self-esteem is less fragile because of a correlation with ____?__ locus of control
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Self-serving bias
• Readiness to perceive oneself favorably– people accept more responsibility for good
deeds than for bad, and for successes rather than failures
– How does this go against Carl Roger’s 3 growth factors?